原文初讀

P1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise . Yet pleasure at your own can

vanish

if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one .

Indeed

, if he has a reputation for

slacking

, you might even be

outraged

. Such behaviour is regarded as " all too human ", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this

finely

developed sense of?

grievance

. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , which has just been published in Nature , suggests that it is all too monkey , as well .

P2

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys . They look cute . They are

good-natured

, co-operative creatures , and they share their food

readily

. Above all , like their female human

counterparts

, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of " goods and services " than males .

P3

Such characteristics make them perfect

candidates

for Dr. Brosnan ' s and Dr. de Waal ' s study . The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange

tokens

for food . Normally , the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber . However , when two monkeys were placed in separate but

adjoining

chambers

, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock , their behaviour became

markedly

different .

P4

In the world of capuchins , grapes are luxury goods ( and much preferable to cucumbers ). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token , the second was

reluctant

to hand hers over for a

mere

piece of cucumber . And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all , the other either

tossed

her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber , or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed , the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber ( without an actual monkey to eat it ) was enough to

induce resentment

in a female capuchin .

P5

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys , like humans , are guided by social emotions . In the wild , they are a co-operative , group-living species . Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated . Feelings of

righteous indignation

, it seems , are not the

preserve

of people alone . Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings

abundantly

clear to other members of the group . However , whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans , or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago , is , as yet , an unanswered question .

重點(diǎn)單詞/短語

vanish：v 不復(fù)存在，消亡

Indeed：adv（表遞進(jìn)語氣）其實(shí)，事實(shí)上

slack：v 松懈，懈怠

outrage：v 使震怒；激怒

finely：adv 精巧地，精確地

grievance：n（因不公平的事）不滿

good-natured：adj 性情溫和的，和善的

readily：adv 欣然地，樂意地

counterpart：n 相當(dāng)/對(duì)應(yīng)的人或物

candidate：n 被認(rèn)定的合適者

token：n（用作支付方式的）代幣

adjoining：adj 鄰接的，毗連的

chamber：n（用作特定用途的）房間，室

markedly：adv 顯著地，明顯地

reluctant：adj 不情愿的；勉強(qiáng)的

mere：adj 僅僅的

toss：v 扔

induce：v 引起；導(dǎo)致

righteous：adj 公正的，正義的

indignation：n 憤慨，義憤

preserve：n（某種群體活動(dòng)、工作等的）專門領(lǐng)域，獨(dú)攬之事

abundantly：adv 十分地，非常地

真題再現(xiàn)

21.In the opening paragraph , the author introduces his topic by [ A ] posing a contrast . [ B ] justifying an assumption . [ C ] making a comparison . [ D ] explaining a phenomenon . 22.The statement " it is all too monkey "( Last line , Paragraph l ) implies that . [ A ] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals . [ B ] resenting unfairness is also monkeys 'nature . [ C ] monkeys , like humans , tend to be jealous of each other . [ D ] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions . 23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [ A ] more

inclined

to weigh what they get . [ B ] attentive to researchers ' instructions . [ C ] nice in both appearance and temperament . [ D ] more generous than their male companions . 24.Dr . Brosnan and Dr . de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [ A ] prefer grapes to cucumbers . [ B ] can be taught to exchange things . [ C ] will not be co - operative if feeling cheated . [ D ] are unhappy when separated from others . 25.What can we infer from the last paragraph ? [ A ] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions . [ B ] Human indignation evolved from an?uncertain source . [ C ] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do . [ D ] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild .

答案速查：CBACB

真題解析

21.在文章的開頭，作者先描述了人類因不公平而產(chǎn)生不滿的行為，然后通過比較，引出猴子也存在這種行為。A項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)，并沒有形成對(duì)照。 22.對(duì)上文的理解，人類對(duì)不公平會(huì)產(chǎn)生不滿情緒，猴子和人類在這一方面是相似的。對(duì)文章主旨的把握，AC都是對(duì)上文事例片面的看法，D前面沒有提到，理解錯(cuò)誤 23.第三段第一句Such characteristics make them perfect

candidates

for Dr. Brosnan ' s and Dr. de Waal ' s study . 表明應(yīng)該從前文中找答案。由二段中 Above all , like their female human

counterparts

, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of " goods and services " than males .知，雌猴比雄猴更傾向于權(quán)衡它們獲得的東西。所以選A。C項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng)，確實(shí)是雌猴的特性，但不是用來做研究的原因。BD項(xiàng)無中生有，主觀臆斷，文中并沒有提到。 24.題目問的是最終研究成果。而AB是研究過程中所用到的它們的一些特性，D項(xiàng)主觀臆斷。把握文章主旨就好作出選擇了。 25.對(duì)最后一段的理解。A，猴子的社會(huì)情感不是訓(xùn)練得來的，而是它們本身就有的。B，文中最后一句話。C，最后一段并沒有提到公開表達(dá)情感。D，不是在野外它們的合作才能穩(wěn)定，而是Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated .感到?jīng)]有受欺騙的時(shí)候是穩(wěn)定的。