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《ADP 3-90 進(jìn)攻與防御》是美國(guó)陸軍條例出版物（Army Doctrine Publications），文章中涉及到的內(nèi)容均來(lái)自向公眾開(kāi)放的網(wǎng)站的免費(fèi)內(nèi)容及其機(jī)翻，不涉及任何國(guó)家的保密政策。

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新人up，英語(yǔ)水平不咋地，中文部分都是機(jī)翻潤(rùn)色的，所以附上英文原版供大家對(duì)照參考

前面還有一部分介紹和術(shù)語(yǔ)更新的內(nèi)容，我懶得扔翻譯器了

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給個(gè)三聯(lián)吧

以下正文

第一章 戰(zhàn)術(shù)基礎(chǔ)

Chapter 1??Tactical Fundamentals

?指揮官根據(jù)他們是否實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略、作戰(zhàn)或戰(zhàn)術(shù)目標(biāo)來(lái)考慮他們的行動(dòng)是戰(zhàn)略性的、作戰(zhàn)性的還是戰(zhàn)術(shù)性的。本章討論戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面、戰(zhàn)術(shù)的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)、解決戰(zhàn)術(shù)問(wèn)題以及倉(cāng)促與蓄意的行動(dòng)。

?Commanders consider their actions strategic, operational, or tactical based on whether ?they achieve a strategic, operational, or tactical objective. This chapter addresses the ?tactical level of warfare, the art and science of tactics, solving tactical problems, and ?hasty versus deliberate operations.?

策略

TACTICS??

?1-1.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)是力量相互關(guān)聯(lián)的使用、有序安排和定向行動(dòng)。ADP?3-90?是戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面進(jìn)攻和防守的主要出版物。它具有權(quán)威性，并以經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)戰(zhàn)考驗(yàn)的概念和想法的形式提供指導(dǎo)，以利用陸軍和聯(lián)合能力進(jìn)行修改。它側(cè)重于用于利用當(dāng)前能力在戰(zhàn)斗中獲勝的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。戰(zhàn)術(shù)不是規(guī)定性的。戰(zhàn)術(shù)家利用創(chuàng)造力來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)敵軍既沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備也沒(méi)有能力應(yīng)對(duì)的解決方案。

1-1. Tactics is the employment, ordered arrangement, and directed actions of forces in relation to ?each other. ADP 3-90 is the primary publication for the offense and defense at the tactical level. It is authoritative and provides guidance in the form of combat-tested concepts and ideas modified to take ?advantage of Army and joint capabilities. It focuses on the tactics used to employ current capabilities to ?prevail in combat. Tactics are not prescriptive. Tacticians use creativity to develop solutions for which enemy ?forces are neither prepared nor able to cope.?

?1-2.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)總是需要判斷和適應(yīng)情況的獨(dú)特情況。技術(shù)和程序是既定的模式或過(guò)程，可以反復(fù)應(yīng)用，無(wú)需對(duì)各種情況做出判斷。戰(zhàn)術(shù)、技術(shù)和程序(TTP)共同為指揮官和參謀人員提供了制定戰(zhàn)術(shù)問(wèn)題解決方案的基礎(chǔ)。任何特定問(wèn)題的解決方案是這些基本原理、當(dāng)前TTP以及基于對(duì)情況的評(píng)估創(chuàng)建新TTP的獨(dú)特組合。指揮官通過(guò)掌握條令和當(dāng)前的TTP來(lái)確定可接受的解決方案。他們通過(guò)教育、培訓(xùn)和運(yùn)營(yíng)方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)掌握。

1-2. Tactics always require judgment and adaptation to a situation’s unique circumstances. Techniques and ?procedures are established patterns or processes that can be applied repeatedly with little judgment to various circumstances. Together, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) provide commanders and staffs with the ?fundamentals to develop solutions to tactical problems. The solution to any specific problem is a unique ?combination of these fundamentals, current TTP, and the creation of new TTP based on an evaluation of the ?situation. Commanders determine acceptable solutions by mastering doctrine and current TTP. They gain ?this mastery through experiences in education, training, and operations.

戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)水平

THE TACTICAL LEVEL OF WARFARE

?1-3.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)級(jí)別的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是計(jì)劃和執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)斗和交戰(zhàn)以實(shí)現(xiàn)分配給戰(zhàn)術(shù)單位或特遣部隊(duì)的軍事目標(biāo)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)級(jí)別（JP?3-0）。這一級(jí)別的活動(dòng)側(cè)重于通過(guò)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)相互之間和與敵軍之間的有序安排、移動(dòng)和機(jī)動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)指定目標(biāo)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)略和作戰(zhàn)層面為戰(zhàn)術(shù)作戰(zhàn)提供了背景。（參見(jiàn)JP3-0和ADP3-0了解更多關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略和作戰(zhàn)層面的討論）如果沒(méi)有這種背景，戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動(dòng)就會(huì)與作戰(zhàn)最終狀態(tài)和戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)脫節(jié)。

1-3. The tactical level of warfare is the level of warfare at which battles and engagements are planned and ?executed to achieve military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces (JP 3-0). Activities at this ?level focus on achieving assigned objectives through the ordered arrangement, movement, and maneuver of ?combat elements in relation to each other and to enemy forces. The strategic and operational levels of warfare ?provide the context for tactical operations. (See JP 3-0 and ADP 3-0 for more discussions on strategic and ?operational levels of warfare.) Without this context, tactical operations become disconnected from ?operational end states and strategic goals.??

?1-4.?交戰(zhàn)是一種戰(zhàn)術(shù)沖突，通常發(fā)生在對(duì)立的低級(jí)機(jī)動(dòng)部隊(duì)之間（JP?3-0）。旅和下級(jí)單位通常進(jìn)行交戰(zhàn)。交戰(zhàn)源于與兩個(gè)對(duì)手的故意接近或偶然相遇。

1-4. An engagement is a tactical conflict, usually between opposing lower echelon maneuver forces ?(JP 3-0). Brigades and lower echelon units generally conduct engagements. Engagements result from ?deliberate closure with or chance encounters between two opponents.

?1-5.?一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗是一組相關(guān)的交戰(zhàn)，比一場(chǎng)交戰(zhàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，涉及的力量更大。戰(zhàn)斗影響戰(zhàn)役或主要行動(dòng)的進(jìn)程，因?yàn)樗鼈儧Q定了師或軍梯隊(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)或多個(gè)重要目標(biāo)的結(jié)果。戰(zhàn)斗的結(jié)果決定了戰(zhàn)略和作戰(zhàn)的成功，并有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略目的的整體作戰(zhàn)或戰(zhàn)役。交戰(zhàn)的結(jié)果決定了戰(zhàn)術(shù)的成功，并有助于友軍贏得戰(zhàn)斗。

1-5. A battle is a set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an ?engagement. Battles affect the course of a campaign or major operation, as they determine the outcome of a ?division or corps echelon achieving one or more significant objectives. The outcomes of battles determine ?strategic and operational success and contribute to the overall operation or campaign achieving a strategic ?purpose. The outcomes of engagements determine tactical success and contribute to friendly forces winning ?a battle.?

??1-6.?指揮梯隊(duì)、單位規(guī)模、裝備類型或組件并不能定義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)略、作戰(zhàn)或戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面。相反，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的級(jí)別取決于行動(dòng)達(dá)到的級(jí)別目標(biāo)。國(guó)家資產(chǎn)，包括以前主要被認(rèn)為具有戰(zhàn)略意義的天基和網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間能力，為戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動(dòng)提供重要支持。

1-6. Echelons of command, sizes of units, types of equipment, or components do not define the strategic, ?operational, or tactical levels of warfare. Instead, the level of warfare is determined by what level objective ?is achieved by the action. National assets, including space-based and cyberspace capabilities previously ?considered principally strategic, provide important support to tactical operations.

??1-7.?戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)級(jí)別幫助指揮官將作戰(zhàn)的邏輯嵌套，分配資源可視化，并將任務(wù)分配給適當(dāng)?shù)闹笓]梯隊(duì)。技術(shù)進(jìn)步和復(fù)雜的信息環(huán)境壓縮了時(shí)間和空間關(guān)系。這一現(xiàn)實(shí)模糊了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)級(jí)別之間的界限。在一個(gè)持續(xù)和即時(shí)通信的世界中，一個(gè)事件可能同時(shí)影響所有三個(gè)級(jí)別的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

1-7. The levels of warfare help commanders to visualize a logical nesting of operations, to allocate ?resources, and to assign tasks to the appropriate echelon of command. Advances in technology and a complex ?information environment compress time and space relationships. This reality blurs the boundaries among the ?levels of warfare. In a world of constant and immediate communication, a single event may affect all three ?levels of warfare simultaneously.??

戰(zhàn)術(shù)的藝術(shù)與科學(xué)

THE ART AND SCIENCE OF TACTICS??

?1-8.?各個(gè)梯隊(duì)的陸軍領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都掌握了戰(zhàn)術(shù)藝術(shù)和科學(xué)——兩個(gè)截然不同但又密不可分的概念——來(lái)解決他們將在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上面臨的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)所需戰(zhàn)術(shù)情況的任務(wù)變量——任務(wù)、敵人、地形和天氣、可用的部隊(duì)和支持、可用時(shí)間和民事考慮（稱為METT-TC）——與當(dāng)前情況不同時(shí)，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)術(shù)問(wèn)題。（有關(guān)任務(wù)變量的討論，請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)ADP?6-0）

1-8. Army leaders at all echelons master the art and science of tactics—two distinct yet inseparable ?concepts—to solve the problems they will face on the battlefield. A tactical problem occurs when the mission ?variables—mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil ?considerations (known as METT-TC)—of the desired tactical situation differ from the current situation. (See ?ADP 6-0 for a discussion of the mission variables.)??

戰(zhàn)術(shù)的技巧

THE?ART OF?TACTICS?

1-9.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧是三個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方面：完成任務(wù)的創(chuàng)造性和靈活的一系列手段，面對(duì)具有思維和適應(yīng)性的敵人時(shí)在不確定條件下的決策，以及對(duì)戰(zhàn)斗對(duì)士兵影響的理解。與科學(xué)相反，技巧需要基于操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)鍛煉直覺(jué)，而不能僅僅通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通過(guò)平衡學(xué)習(xí)與各種相關(guān)和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)鍛煉戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧。在各種現(xiàn)實(shí)條件下的重復(fù)練習(xí)增加了個(gè)人對(duì)戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧的掌握。

1-9. The art of tactics is three interrelated aspects: the creative and flexible array of means to ?accomplish missions, decision making under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and ?adaptive enemy, and the understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers. An art, as opposed to a ?science, requires exercising intuition based on operational experiences and cannot be learned solely by study. ?Leaders exercise the art of tactics by balancing study with a variety of relevant and practical experiences. ?Repetitive practice under a variety of realistic conditions increases an individual’s mastery of the art of ?tactics.????

1-10.?領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通過(guò)從相互關(guān)聯(lián)的選項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行選擇，運(yùn)用戰(zhàn)術(shù)藝術(shù)來(lái)解決指揮官意圖內(nèi)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)問(wèn)題，包括——
?????作戰(zhàn)類型、機(jī)動(dòng)形式和戰(zhàn)術(shù)任務(wù)任務(wù)。
????可用力量的任務(wù)組織和資源的分配。
????控制措施的安排和選擇。
????控制操作的節(jié)奏。
????必要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)。

1-10. Leaders apply the art of tactics to solve tactical problems within their commander’s intent by choosing ?from interrelated options, including—?

? The types of operations, forms of maneuver, and tactical mission tasks.?

? Task organization of available forces and allocation of resources. ?

? The arrangement and choice of control measures. ?

? Controlling the tempo of the operation. ?

? The level of necessary risk.??

?1-11.?戰(zhàn)斗是對(duì)立意志的致命沖突，是具有相反目標(biāo)的思維和適應(yīng)性指揮官之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)。指揮官努力打敗他們的敵人。失敗是使一支力量無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)（ADP?3-0）。指揮官尋求完成支持作戰(zhàn)或戰(zhàn)略目的的任務(wù)，同時(shí)防止他們的敵人這樣做。

1-11. Combat is a lethal clash of opposing wills and a violent struggle between thinking and adaptive ?commanders with opposing goals. Commanders strive to defeat their enemies. Defeat is to render a force ?incapable of achieving its objectives (ADP 3-0). Commanders seek to accomplish missions that support ?operational or strategic purposes while preventing their enemies from doing the same.???

1-12.?這些支持運(yùn)營(yíng)或戰(zhàn)略目的的選項(xiàng)代表了針對(duì)特定戰(zhàn)術(shù)問(wèn)題制定行動(dòng)方案(COA)的起點(diǎn)。每個(gè)決定都代表一系列選項(xiàng)中的一個(gè)選擇。每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都平衡了相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的需求并需要判斷。戰(zhàn)術(shù)家利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和創(chuàng)造力來(lái)超越對(duì)手的敵方指揮官。任務(wù)變量有許多組合，使每個(gè)新的戰(zhàn)術(shù)情況都獨(dú)一無(wú)二。由于敵軍在作戰(zhàn)過(guò)程中會(huì)發(fā)生變化并適應(yīng)友軍行動(dòng)，因此無(wú)法保證當(dāng)前計(jì)劃在一次作戰(zhàn)中始終有效。

1-12. These options that support operational or strategic purposes represent a starting point for developing a ?course of action (COA) to a specific tactical problem. Each decision represents a choice among a range of ?options. Each option balances competing demands and requires judgment. Tacticians use experience and ?creativity to outthink their opposing enemy commanders. The mission variables have many combinations ?that make each new tactical situation unique. Because enemy forces change and adapt to friendly moves ?during operations, there is no guarantee that the current plan remains valid throughout a single operation.??

技巧的創(chuàng)造性和靈活的應(yīng)用

Creative and Flexible Application of Means?

?1-13.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧的第一個(gè)方面是創(chuàng)新地應(yīng)用可用的手段來(lái)奪取、保持和利用對(duì)敵軍的主動(dòng)權(quán)。這些手段包括友軍能力、組織和物資。有效使用可用手段需要了解友軍如何與進(jìn)攻和防御作戰(zhàn)。有效的使用還需要了解敵人的目標(biāo)及其組織和操作部隊(duì)的方法。

1-13. The first aspect of the art of tactics is the innovative application of the means available to seize, retain, ?and exploit the initiative against enemy forces. These means include friendly capabilities, organizations, and ?materiel. Effective employment of available means requires an understanding of how friendly forces fight ?the offense and defense. Effective employment also requires understanding the enemy’s objectives and ?methods it uses to organize and operate its forces.???1-14.?奪取、保留和利用主動(dòng)權(quán)并運(yùn)用運(yùn)動(dòng)和機(jī)動(dòng)的軍隊(duì)不僅僅在陸地領(lǐng)域作戰(zhàn)。通過(guò)戰(zhàn)略地面作戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)取決于陸軍部隊(duì)影響其作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域(AO)內(nèi)敵人、對(duì)手和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦男袨楹湍芰Φ哪芰?。影響相關(guān)參與者的能力需要了解信息環(huán)境以及信息影響他們和軍事行動(dòng)的方式。影響他們的行為和能力需要友軍有效地將信息作戰(zhàn)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間作戰(zhàn)和電子戰(zhàn)能力酌情整合到盡可能低的梯隊(duì)。

1-14. Military forces that seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and employ movement and maneuver operate ?in more than just the land domain. Tactical through strategic land operations depend on the ability of Army ?forces to affect the behavior and capabilities of enemies, adversaries, and the local population in their area of ?operations (AO). The ability to influence relevant actors requires an understanding of the information ?environment and the ways that information affects them and military operations. Affecting their behavior and??capabilities requires friendly forces effectively integrating information operations, cyberspace operations, ?and electronic warfare capabilities, as appropriate, to the lowest possible echelons.

不確定條件下的決策

Decision Making Under Conditions of Uncertainty?

?1-15.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧的第二個(gè)方面是在時(shí)間受限的環(huán)境中在不確定條件下做出決策。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者需要高度的創(chuàng)造力和清晰的思路來(lái)理解在混亂和模棱兩可的情況下所帶來(lái)的影響和機(jī)會(huì)。在這種環(huán)境下，陸軍要求領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者行動(dòng)果斷（基于他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)）、準(zhǔn)確的運(yùn)行估計(jì)和具有良好判斷力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。雖然詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃可以在戰(zhàn)斗前提供一定程度的參考，但通過(guò)行動(dòng)發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)理解的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者最有可能掌握主動(dòng)權(quán)并利用稍縱即逝的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)位置。態(tài)勢(shì)理解是對(duì)相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行分析和判斷以確定作戰(zhàn)變量和任務(wù)變量之間關(guān)系的產(chǎn)物。（ADP?6-0）

1-15. The second aspect of the art of tactics is decision making under conditions of uncertainty in a ?time-constrained environment. Leaders need a high degree of creativity and clarity of thought to understand ?the implications and opportunities afforded in chaotic and ambiguous situations. In this environment, the ?Army requires leaders who act decisively (based on their experiences), accurate running estimates, and ?leaders with good judgment. While detailed planning provides a level of awareness before a battle, leaders ?who develop situational understanding through action are the ones most likely to seize the initiative and ?exploit fleeting positions of relative advantage. Situational understanding is the product of applying analysis ?and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the operational and mission ?variables (ADP 6-0). ?

??1-16.?在不確定的環(huán)境中做出決策需要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的參與。指揮員和參謀人員需要掌握軍事決策過(guò)程的基本原理，然后才會(huì)對(duì)過(guò)程進(jìn)行縮略。當(dāng)時(shí)間不允許制定多個(gè)COA時(shí)，指揮官會(huì)根據(jù)參謀人員的意見(jiàn)和他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)指導(dǎo)合適的解決方案。各單位使用警告令來(lái)最大化并行計(jì)劃并盡早與下屬共享信息。聯(lián)絡(luò)官和協(xié)作系統(tǒng)的使用加快了這一進(jìn)程。

1-16. Decision making in an uncertain environment demands leader involvement. Commanders and staffs ?need to master the fundamentals of the military decision-making process before they can abbreviate the ?process. When time does not allow for developing multiple COAs, commanders apply staff input and their ?experiences to direct a suitable solution. Units use warning orders to maximize parallel planning and share ?information with subordinates as early as possible. The use of liaison officers and collaborative systems ?accelerate the process.?

了解戰(zhàn)斗對(duì)士兵的影響

Understanding of the Effects of Combat on Soldiers?

?1-17.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)技巧的第三個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)方面是理解戰(zhàn)斗對(duì)士兵的影響。這種理解是實(shí)戰(zhàn)與訓(xùn)練期間遇到的情況的區(qū)別。暴力、死亡和偶然性造成的摩擦是戰(zhàn)斗的特征。持續(xù)的戰(zhàn)斗行動(dòng)——進(jìn)攻和防御的行為——對(duì)士兵造成傷害，嚴(yán)重地消耗他們的身心耐力。戰(zhàn)斗產(chǎn)生的情緒反應(yīng)會(huì)影響人類的行為。耐力的喪失會(huì)降低勇氣、信心和紀(jì)律。如果不加以控制，這些影響會(huì)導(dǎo)致警惕性下降、感知減慢、無(wú)法集中注意力、決策失誤以及無(wú)法執(zhí)行日常任務(wù)。

1-17. The third and final aspect of the art of tactics is the understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers. ?This understanding is what differentiates actual combat from the circumstances encountered during training. ?Friction resulting from violence, death, and chance characterize combat. Continuous combat operations—the ?conduct of the offense and defense—take a toll on Soldiers, severely straining their physical and mental ?stamina. The emotional responses resulting from combat influence human behavior. Loss of stamina ?degrades courage, confidence, and discipline. If left unchecked, these effects can result in decreased ?vigilance, slowed perception, inability to concentrate, poor decision making, and an inability to perform ?routine tasks.?

??1-18.?戰(zhàn)斗的成功取決于對(duì)戰(zhàn)斗的情感和身體方面的理解，以及對(duì)數(shù)量和技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)方面的理解。戰(zhàn)術(shù)家解釋了戰(zhàn)斗的這些方面。他們尋求引起和利用恐懼和身體虛弱來(lái)侵蝕并最終擊敗敵軍。

1-18. Success in combat depends on understanding the emotional and physical aspects of combat as well as ?understanding the aspects of numerical and technological superiority. Tacticians account for these aspects of ?combat. They seek to cause and exploit fear and physical weakness to erode and ultimately defeat enemy ?forces.?

?1-19.?領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人必須警惕疲勞、恐懼、紀(jì)律或道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)失誤以及友軍和敵軍士氣低落的跡象。有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在利用對(duì)敵軍的影響的同時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)這些對(duì)友軍的影響。保持戰(zhàn)術(shù)壓力會(huì)導(dǎo)致敵軍不斷做出反應(yīng)，使他們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)恢復(fù)。壓力為友軍提供了利用的機(jī)會(huì)，而敵軍越來(lái)越無(wú)法進(jìn)行有效抵抗，這可能導(dǎo)致他們的崩潰。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者將戰(zhàn)斗對(duì)人類耐力的負(fù)面影響納入他們的計(jì)劃，他們理解將士兵推向極限以利用成功與冒著單位凝聚力崩潰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的微妙區(qū)別。

1-19. Leaders must be alert to indicators of fatigue, fear, lapses in discipline or ethical standards, and reduced ?morale among both friendly and enemy forces. Effective leaders counter these effects on friendly forces while ?exploiting the effects on enemy forces. Maintaining tactical pressure causes enemy forces to react ?continuously and affords them no chance to recover. Pressure provides friendly forces opportunities to exploit ?while enemy forces become increasingly unable to mount effective resistance, which can lead to their collapse. Leaders factor the negative effects of combat on human endurance into their plans, and they ?understand the subtle difference between pushing Soldiers to their limits to exploit success and risking the ?collapse of unit cohesion.??

1-20。巧妙的戰(zhàn)術(shù)要求指揮官在制定和執(zhí)行計(jì)劃時(shí)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。運(yùn)營(yíng)中的成功取決于是否愿意將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)視為機(jī)遇，而不是將其視為可以避免的事情。最好的 COA 可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大的 COA。成功的指揮官會(huì)平衡保護(hù)部隊(duì)和接受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以完成任務(wù)之間的緊張關(guān)系。

1-20. Artful tactics require commanders to accept risk when formulating and executing plans. Success during ?operations depends on a willingness to embrace risk as opportunity rather than treating it as something to ?avoid. The best COA may be the one with the greatest risk. Successful commanders balance the tension ?between protecting their force and accepting risks to accomplish their mission.

戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)

THE SCIENCE OF TACTICS

?1-21.?戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)是對(duì)戰(zhàn)術(shù)的軍事方面的理解——能力、技術(shù)和程序——可以衡量和編纂。戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)包括友方和敵方組織和系統(tǒng)的物理能力。它還包括用于完成特定任務(wù)的技術(shù)和程序。戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)很簡(jiǎn)單。下屬條令出版物所包含的大部分內(nèi)容是戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)——用于使用合成兵種團(tuán)隊(duì)的各種要素的技術(shù)和程序。聯(lián)合兵種團(tuán)隊(duì)是使用聯(lián)合兵種的團(tuán)隊(duì)——同步和同時(shí)應(yīng)用兵種以達(dá)到比單獨(dú)或順序使用每個(gè)要素更大的效果（ADP?3-0）。

1-21. The science of tactics is the understanding of those military aspects of tactics—capabilities, ?techniques, and procedures—that can be measured and codified. The science of tactics includes the ?physical capabilities of friendly and enemy organizations and systems. It also includes techniques and ?procedures used to accomplish specific tasks. The science of tactics is straightforward. Much of what ?subordinate doctrine publications contain are the science of tactics—techniques and procedures for??employing the various elements of the combined arms team. A combined arms team is a team that uses ?combined arms—the synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than if ?each element was used separately or sequentially (ADP 3-0). ?

1-22.?掌握戰(zhàn)術(shù)科學(xué)對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者了解物理和程序限制是必要的。這些限制包括任務(wù)變量的影響或交戰(zhàn)規(guī)則對(duì)友軍和敵軍能力的影響。

1-22. Mastery of the science of tactics is necessary for leaders to understand physical and procedural ?constraints. These constraints include the effects from mission variables or the effects of rules of engagement ?on friendly and enemy force capabilities.