Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) was an Enlightenment philosopher who, as author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, is widely credited as the founder of feminism. Wollstonecraft called for equal education opportunities for men and women, and she stressed the benefits to society as a whole of improving the situation of women in this and other areas of daily life.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft，1759-1797 年）是一位啟蒙哲學(xué)家，作為《女權(quán)辯護(hù)：關(guān)于政治和道德問(wèn)題的批評(píng)》（A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects）的作者，她被公認(rèn)為女權(quán)主義的創(chuàng)始人。沃斯通克拉夫特呼吁男女享有平等的受教育機(jī)會(huì)，她還強(qiáng)調(diào)了改善女性在日常生活和其他領(lǐng)域的狀況會(huì)給整個(gè)社會(huì)帶來(lái)益處。 ?

早期生活

Mary Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in London into a farming family suffering difficult circumstance, largely due to her father's actions. Mary's father was a brutal man, and Mary was essentially self-taught. To make her own way in life, Mary faced the significant challenge that the possibilities were severely limited due to the social conventions of the period. Mary was determined to improve the fortunes of her family, and so she found work as a companion to a wealthy lady who lived in Bath and as a governess for the children of another wealthy patron, Mr Kingsborough, an Irish landowner. More ambitiously, in 1784, Mary created and managed her own nonconformist school. This enterprise, located in Newington Green (then outside London), also involved Mary's sisters, but unfortunately, it was not a lasting success.

? ? ? ? ? 1759 年 4 月 27 日，瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特出生在倫敦一個(gè)農(nóng)民家庭，家庭條件艱苦，很大程度上是由她父親造成的?，旣惖母赣H是個(gè)殘暴的人，她基本上是自學(xué)成才。為了開創(chuàng)自己的人生道路，瑪麗面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)習(xí)俗嚴(yán)重限制了她的發(fā)展空間?，旣悰Q心改善家庭的命運(yùn)，因此她找到了一份工作，給一位住在巴斯的富裕女士當(dāng)女傭，還為另一位富裕的贊助人、愛(ài)爾蘭地主金斯伯勒先生的孩子當(dāng)家庭教師。1784 年，瑪麗雄心勃勃地創(chuàng)建并管理了自己的非教會(huì)學(xué)校。這所學(xué)校位于紐因頓格林（當(dāng)時(shí)在倫敦郊外），瑪麗的姐妹們也參與其中，但不幸的是，這所學(xué)校并沒(méi)有取得持久的成功。

成功的作家

Wollstonecraft was keen to challenge the social conventions of her day, which resulted in young women not having the same educational, work, and social opportunities as men. She wrote her Thoughts on the Education of Daughters in 1787, which was published by Joseph Johnson, who became her long-time publisher. The current situation was that girls were given a basic education, but there were no secondary schools since they did not need any preparation for colleges and universities because they were not permitted to enter higher education. The only girls who received an education anything like that open to boys were those whose wealthy fathers decided to employ private tutors for the purpose. Wollstonecraft proposed radically changing this situation.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特?zé)嶂杂谔魬?zhàn)當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)習(xí)俗，這些習(xí)俗導(dǎo)致年輕女性無(wú)法獲得與男性同等的教育、工作和社交機(jī)會(huì)。她于 1787 年撰寫了《女教論》（Thoughts on the education of daughters: with reflections on female conduct, in the more important duties of life），該書由約瑟夫·約翰遜（Joseph Johnson）出版，約翰遜也成為她的長(zhǎng)期出版商。當(dāng)時(shí)的情況是，女孩可以接受基礎(chǔ)教育，但沒(méi)有中學(xué)，因?yàn)樗齻儾恍枰獮檫M(jìn)入學(xué)院和大學(xué)做任何準(zhǔn)備，且不被允許接受高等教育。只有那些富有的父親決定聘請(qǐng)私人教師的女孩才能接受與男孩類似的教育?，旣惤ㄗh從根本上改變這種狀況。

Wollstonecraft was not the first author to demand better rights for women. Marie Le Jars de Gournay (1565-1645), known as an expert in alchemy, had written The Equality of Men and Women, which was published in 1622. Fran?ois Poullain de la Barre (1647-1723) had proposed similar ideas in his The Equality of the Sexes, published in 1673 in French and then translated into English in 1677. Many of the ladies who managed the salons of Paris, where intellectuals of both sexes mingled in an informal setting, had made similar calls for greater equality. Education for women, in particular, had preoccupied many of the scientists of the Scientific Revolution, too. Bathsua Makin (c. 1612 to c. 1674) had proposed that women should be given access to a scientific education. Despite these calls by some intellectuals, not much had been achieved in practical terms. Further, women intellectuals still faced ridicule from many of their male counterparts, as can be seen in such satires as The Learned Ladies by the playwright Molière (1622-1673), first staged in 1672.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗并不是第一位要求提高女性權(quán)利的作家。被譽(yù)為“煉金術(shù)專家”的瑪麗·德·古納（Marie de Gournay）（1565-1645 年）撰寫的《男女平等》（égalité des Hommes et des Femmes）于 1622 年出版。浦蘭·德·拉巴爾（?Fran?ois Poullain de La Barre）（1647-1723 年）在 1673 年出版的法文版《論兩性平等》（De l’égalité des deux sexes）中提出了類似的觀點(diǎn)，該書于 1677 年被翻譯成英文。巴黎的沙龍是男女知識(shí)分子非正式交流的場(chǎng)所，許多管理沙龍的女士也曾發(fā)出過(guò)類似的呼吁，要求實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的平等。科學(xué)革命時(shí)期的許多科學(xué)家也一直在關(guān)注女性教育問(wèn)題。巴蘇亞·梅金（Bathsua Makin）（約 1612 年至約 1674 年）建議女性應(yīng)該有機(jī)會(huì)接受科學(xué)教育。盡管一些知識(shí)分子發(fā)出了這些呼吁，但實(shí)際取得的成果并不多。此外，女性知識(shí)分子仍然面臨著許多男性同行的嘲笑，這一點(diǎn)可以從劇作家莫里哀（Molière，1622-1673）于 1672 年首次上演的諷刺劇《博學(xué)的女士們》（The Learned Ladies）中看出。

The fledgling feminist movement was gaining momentum, though, and Wollstonecraft gave it a tremendous new drive. She continued the battle, along with other female writers, against the male misogynistic view that women were intellectually inferior to men and less capable than males of maintaining good morals. This negative view of women was even expounded by such prominent thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).

? ? ? ? ? 然而，剛剛起步的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)正蓄勢(shì)待發(fā)，沃斯通克拉夫特為其注入了巨大的新動(dòng)力。她與其他女作家一起，繼續(xù)與男性厭惡女性的觀點(diǎn)作斗爭(zhēng)，這種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為女性在智力上不如男性，在保持良好道德方面也不如男性。這種對(duì)女性的負(fù)面看法甚至被讓·雅克·盧梭（Jean-Jacques Rousseau，1712-1778）等著名思想家所闡述。

Wollstonecraft moved to London in 1787 to further pursue her career as a writer. Johnson secured her a post as a permanent writer of reviews for the journal he ran, Analytical Review. Wollstonecraft also worked as a translator, published a text for education, Original Stories from Real Life, and wrote a novel, Mary, or the Wrongs of Women (aka Mary: A Fiction), which was not published until 1798. Through Johnson, Wollstonecraft met other writers and artists, notably the Romantic poet William Blake (1757-1827), the Swiss painter Henry Fuseli (1741-1825), the biblical scholar Alexander Geddes (1737-1802), and Thomas Paine (1737-1809), the philosopher, revolutionary, and Founding Father of the United States. One writer who caught more than Wollstonecraft's intellectual interest was the radical author William Godwin (1756-1836). Godwin was also a political philosopher, and the couple's mutual interest in reform blossomed into a romantic relationship; the couple married in 1797.

? ? ? ? ? 1787 年，瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特搬到倫敦，繼續(xù)她的作家生涯。約翰遜為她爭(zhēng)取到了一個(gè)職位，讓她在自己經(jīng)營(yíng)的雜志《分析評(píng)論》上長(zhǎng)期撰寫評(píng)論?，旣愡€從事翻譯工作，出版了教育讀物《真實(shí)生活的原創(chuàng)故事》，并創(chuàng)作了小說(shuō)《瑪麗：女人之罪》（又名《瑪麗：一部小說(shuō)》），這部小說(shuō)直到 1798 年才出版。通過(guò)約翰遜，瑪麗結(jié)識(shí)了其他作家和藝術(shù)家，特別是浪漫主義詩(shī)人威廉·布萊克（William Blake，1757-1827 年）、瑞士畫家約翰·亨利?！し扑估℉enry Fuseli，1741-1825 年）、圣經(jīng)學(xué)者亞歷山大·格迪斯（Alexander Geddes，1737-1802 年）以及哲學(xué)家、革命家和美國(guó)國(guó)父托馬斯·潘恩（Thomas Paine，1737-1809 年）。激進(jìn)作家威廉·戈德溫（William Godwin，1756-1836 年）引起瑪麗的注意。戈德溫也是一位政治哲學(xué)家，這對(duì)夫婦對(duì)改革的共同興趣發(fā)展成了浪漫的關(guān)系，他們于 1797 年結(jié)婚。

Given this circle of associates, it is not surprising that Wollstonecraft turned to political philosophy and revolutionary ideas. In 1790, Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men, a critical response to Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (1729-1797), which contained Burke's defence of institutions and time-tested traditions. Wollstonecraft ridiculed the veneration of precisely those institutions which were holding women back. She memorably describes the House of Commons as very often resembling a "beer-garden" (Robertson, 739) and the periodic elections to that house as "scenes of drunken riot and beastly gluttony" (ibid). Unimpressed with what she regarded as Burke's backward-looking stance, Wollstonecraft summarised his view as giving "reverence to the rust of antiquity" (ibid). Wollstonecraft maintained a much more positive attitude to progress than thinkers like Burke, and her chief interest remained the task of convincing men of the necessity for improving women's rights. Accordingly, she now set about writing her most famous work on that subject.

? ? ? ? ? 有了這個(gè)伙伴圈子，瑪麗轉(zhuǎn)向政治哲學(xué)和革命思想也就不足為奇了。1790 年，瑪麗出版了《人權(quán)辯護(hù)》，這是對(duì)埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797 年）的《對(duì)法國(guó)大革命的反思》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）的批判性回應(yīng)?，旣惓靶Φ恼悄切┳璧K女性發(fā)展的制度。她描述下議院經(jīng)常像一個(gè) “啤酒花園”（Robertson, 739），而下議院的定期選舉則是“醉酒騷亂和野獸般的饕餮”（同上）?，旣悓?duì)伯克落后的立場(chǎng)不以為然，她將伯克的觀點(diǎn)概括為“對(duì)古代銹跡的敬畏”（同上）。與伯克等思想家相比，瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特對(duì)進(jìn)步持更加積極的態(tài)度，她的主要興趣仍然是說(shuō)服男性必須改善女性的權(quán)利。因此，她開始著手撰寫在這方面（最著名）的作品。

女性權(quán)利

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was published in 1792. Wollstonecraft here proposed again that men and women should receive the same educational opportunities. Further, she "criticized the formal and informal limitations imposed on women in contemporary society, and demanded that the rights being newly acquired by men be extended to women also" (Burns, 436). Wollstonecraft even went so far as to state that the current state of women's education was a deliberate attempt to reduce their capabilities, a policy of what we might describe as "keep them in their place". Women were being treated as mere decorative appendages to men's lives, and their value in society was far too dependent on their looks or on restricted roles such as motherhood, Wollstonecraft argued. Women were also, because they had only very limited educational and employment opportunities, being pushed by society into marriages in order to gain the financial support they needed to live, a situation Wollstonecraft describes as ‘legal prostitution'. Women needed more opportunities to be able to fulfill themselves, employ the reason they possessed (which was the same as any man possessed, she argued), and be happier in their lives in general. She also points out the advantages to society as a whole of not wasting the talents of half the population. Wollstonecraft argued that women should have some sort of political representation and that they should be allowed into what were then male-only professions such as medicine and commerce.

? ? ? ? ? 1792 年瑪麗出版了《女權(quán)辯護(hù)》。她在該書中再次提出，男女應(yīng)享有同等的教育機(jī)會(huì)。此外，她“批評(píng)了當(dāng)代社會(huì)對(duì)女性施加的正式和非正式限制，并要求將男性新近獲得的權(quán)利也賦予女性”（Burns, 436）?，旣惿踔林赋?，當(dāng)前女性的教育狀況是在蓄意削弱她們的能力，這是一種我們可以稱之為“讓她們留在自己的位置”的政策。她認(rèn)為，女性僅僅被當(dāng)作男人生活中的裝飾品，她們?cè)谏鐣?huì)中的價(jià)值過(guò)于依賴于她們的容貌或受限制的角色，如母親。此外，由于女性受教育和就業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)非常有限，她們被社會(huì)推向婚姻，以獲得生活所需的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持，瑪麗將這種情況描述為“合法賣淫”。女性需要更多的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)自我，運(yùn)用她們所擁有的理性（她認(rèn)為這與任何男人所擁有的理性是一樣的），并在生活中更加幸福。她還指出，不浪費(fèi)一半人口的才能對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)都有好處。她還認(rèn)為，女性應(yīng)該有一定的政治代表權(quán)，應(yīng)該允許她們從事當(dāng)時(shí)只有男性才能從事的職業(yè)，如醫(yī)學(xué)和商業(yè)。

Wollstonecraft makes a powerful summary aimed at the ears of men in the final paragraph of chapter nine of her book:

? ? ?Would men but generously snap our chains, and be content with rational fellowship, instead of slavish obedience, they would find us more observant daughters, more affectionate sisters, more faithful wives, more reasonable mothers—in a word, better citizens. We should then love them with true affection, because we should learn to respect ourselves; and the peace of mind of a worthy man would not be interrupted by the idle vanity of his wife, nor his babes sent to nestle in a strange bosom, having never found a home in their mother's.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特在書中第九章最后一段針對(duì)男人做了有力的總結(jié)：

? ? ? ? ? 如果男人們能慷慨地解下我們的枷鎖，滿足于理性的交往，而不是奴顏婢膝的順從，他們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我們是更守規(guī)矩的女兒、更有感情的姐妹、更忠誠(chéng)的妻子、更通情達(dá)理的母親。總之，是更好的公民。到那時(shí)，我們會(huì)以真正的感情去愛(ài)他們，因?yàn)槲覀儜?yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)尊重自己；一個(gè)有價(jià)值的人的心靈平靜不會(huì)被他妻子無(wú)所事事的虛榮心所打擾，他的孩子也不會(huì)被送到一個(gè)陌生的懷抱中依偎，因?yàn)樗麄儚奈丛谀赣H的懷抱中找到過(guò)家的感覺(jué)。

Wollstonecraft gives a final and succinct plea at the very end of the book:

? ? ?Let woman share the rights, and she will emulate the virtues of man.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特在書的最后給出了最后簡(jiǎn)潔的懇求：

? ? ? ? ? 讓女人分享權(quán)利，她就會(huì)效仿男人的美德。

The book caused controversy since its ideas were radical indeed, but it sold very well. Alas, Wollstonecraft's ideas were not adopted by those with the power to make them a reality.

? ? ? ? ? 這本書引起了爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)樗乃枷氪_實(shí)激進(jìn)，但銷量卻非常好?？上У氖?，瑪麗的觀點(diǎn)并沒(méi)有被那些有能力將其變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的人采納。

法國(guó)大革命

Wollstonecraft was keen to see for herself the tremendous upheaval going on in France, and so she went to live in Paris as 1792 came to a close. The result of her observations of the ongoing French Revolution (1789-1799), which witnessed the end of the French monarchy, were published in 1794 in her book An Historical and Moral View of Origins and Progress of the French Revolution.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特非常想親眼目睹法國(guó)發(fā)生的巨大動(dòng)蕩，因此在 1792 年即將結(jié)束時(shí)，她前往巴黎居住。她對(duì)法國(guó)大革命（1789-1799 年）的觀察結(jié)果于 1794 年發(fā)表在她的《法國(guó)大革命起源和進(jìn)展的歷史觀和道德觀》（An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution; and the Effect It Has produced in Europe）一書中。

While in Paris, Wollstonecraft conducted an affair with Gilbert Imlay, an American businessman. The couple had a daughter together (Fanny, b. 1794) and briefly travelled through various Scandinavian countries. Wollstonecraft wrote of her experience in Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, published in 1796. In the following passage, she describes in detail her thoughts on the sublime, then a growing concept in aesthetics where there is a blending of emotion and reason in a single experience:

? ? ?Reaching the cascade, or rather cataract, the roaring of which had a long time announced its vicinity, my soul was hurried by the falls into a new train of reflections. The impetuous dashing of the rebounding torrent from the dark cavities which mocked the exploring eye, produced an equal activity in my mind: my thoughts darted from earth to heaven, and I asked myself why I was chained to life and its misery? Still the tumultuous emotions this sublime object excited, were pleasurable; and, viewing it, my soul rose, with renewed dignity, above its cares – grasping at immortality – it seemed as impossible to stop the current of my thoughts, as of the always varying, still the same, torrent before me – I stretched out my hand to eternity, bounding over the dark speck of life to come. (Robertson, 510)

? ? ? ? ? 在巴黎期間，瑪麗與美國(guó)商人吉爾伯特·伊姆萊（Gilbert Imlay）發(fā)生了婚外情。這對(duì)夫婦育有一女（芬妮，生于 1794 年），并曾短暫旅行過(guò)斯堪的納維亞各國(guó)?，旣愒?1796 年出版的《瑞典、挪威和丹麥書簡(jiǎn)》中記述了她的經(jīng)歷。在下面這段文字中，她詳細(xì)描述了自己對(duì)“崇高”的看法，“崇高”是當(dāng)時(shí)美學(xué)中一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展的概念，在這種體驗(yàn)中，情感和理性融為一體：

? ? ? ? ? 到達(dá)瀑布時(shí)，瀑布的轟鳴聲早已宣告了它的臨近，我的靈魂被瀑布急速帶入了一連串新的思考。我的思緒從人間飛到了天堂，我問(wèn)自己為什么要被生活和苦難所束縛？然而，這個(gè)崇高的對(duì)象所激起的騷動(dòng)情緒還是令人愉悅的；看著它，我的靈魂以新的尊嚴(yán)升起，超越了煩惱（抓住了不朽）我的思緒似乎無(wú)法停止，就像我面前的這股始終不斷變化、卻又亙古不變的洪流一樣，我向永恒伸出手，跨越未來(lái)生命的黑暗點(diǎn)。(羅伯遜，510 頁(yè)）

Wollstonecraft returned to London, but after the break-up with Imlay, she was driven to attempt suicide; she survived. All of these events caused a public scandal. A new relationship then began with William Godwin from 1796, as noted above. The couple married just before their child was born, a daughter who became better known as Mary Shelley (1797-1851) and who wrote the celebrated gothic novel Frankenstein (1818).

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗回到倫敦，但在與伊姆萊分手后，她被迫試圖自殺，但幸免于難。這些事件都引發(fā)了公眾丑聞。如上所述，從 1796 年起，瑪麗開始了與威廉·戈德溫的新戀情。這對(duì)夫婦在他們的孩子出生前結(jié)了婚，他們的女兒就是后來(lái)廣為人知的瑪麗·雪萊（Mary Shelley，1797-1851 年），她創(chuàng)作了著名的哥特式小說(shuō)《弗蘭肯斯坦》（Frankenstein，1818 年）。

瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特的主要作品

Mary Wollstonecraft's most important works include:

Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787)

Original Stories from Real Life (1788)

Mary, or the Wrongs of Women (1788)

A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

An Historical and Moral View of Origins and Progress of the French Revolution (1794)

Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796)

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特最重要的作品包括：

• 《女教論》（1787 年）

• 《真實(shí)生活的原創(chuàng)故事》（1788 年）

• 《瑪麗：女人之罪》（1788 年）

• 《人權(quán)辯護(hù)——致埃德蒙·伯克閣下的一封信》（1790 年）

• 《女權(quán)辯護(hù)——關(guān)于政治和道德問(wèn)題的批評(píng)》（1792 年）

• 《法國(guó)大革命起源和進(jìn)展的歷史觀和道德觀》（1794 年）

• 《瑞典、挪威和丹麥書簡(jiǎn)》 (1796)

?離世與遺產(chǎn)

Mary Wollstonecraft died in London on 10 September 1797, ten days after giving birth to her daughter. Wollstonecraft proved an inspiration, particularly from the mid-19th century in the United States, to later leaders of the women's rights movement such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and Margaret Fuller (1810-1850). Early biographies of Wollstonecraft tended to overemphasise her tumultuous non-marital relationships. A more balanced view was given in Godwin's biography of his wife which was first published in 1798. Thankfully, Wollstonecraft's ideas on equality rather than her personal life have been her lasting legacy. In 2006, the British cultural commentator Melvyn Bragg placed A Vindication of the Rights of Woman on his list of 12 books that changed the world.

? ? ? ? ? 1797 年 9 月 10 日，瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特在生下女兒十天后于倫敦去世。事實(shí)證明，瑪麗激勵(lì)了后來(lái)的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖，如伊麗莎白·卡迪·斯坦頓（Elizabeth Cady Stanton，1815-1902 年）和瑪格麗特·富勒（Margaret Fuller，1810-1850 年），尤其是在 19 世紀(jì)中期的美國(guó)?，旣愒缙诘膫饔浲^(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)她動(dòng)蕩的非婚姻關(guān)系。戈德溫于 1798 年首次出版的《女權(quán)辯護(hù)作者回憶錄》對(duì)她的評(píng)價(jià)較為中肯。值得慶幸的是，瑪麗的平等思想成為了她的永久遺產(chǎn)。2006 年，英國(guó)文化評(píng)論家梅爾文·布拉格（Melvyn Bragg）將《女權(quán)辯護(hù)》列入他的 12 本改變世界的書籍名單。

參考書目：

lackburn, Simon. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Burns, William E. The Scientific Revolution. ABC-CLIO, 2001.

Chisick, Harvey. Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Press, 2005.

Robertson, Ritchie. The Enlightenment. Harper, 2021.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Vindication of the Rights of WomanWith Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, by Mary WollstonecraftAccessed 6 Dec 2023.

Yolton, John W. & Rogers, Pat & Porter, Roy & Stafford, Barbara. A Companion to the Enlightenment. Wiley-Blackwell, 1991.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址: https://www.worldhistory.org/Mary_Wollstonecraft/