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【簡(jiǎn)譯】葡占長(zhǎng)崎（Portuguese Nagasaki）

2022-12-01 13:36 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Nagasaki, on the northwest coast of Japan’s Kyushu Island, was an important Portuguese trading base from c. 1571 to 1639, and the most eastern outpost of the Portuguese empire. The Portuguese presence transformed Nagasaki from a small fishing village into one of the great trade centres of Japan and East Asia.

? ? ? ? ? 長(zhǎng)崎位于日本九州島的西北海岸，從大約1571年到1639年就是葡萄牙的一個(gè)重要貿(mào)易基地，也是葡萄牙帝國(guó)的最東邊的前哨。葡萄牙人的存在使長(zhǎng)崎從一個(gè)小漁村變成了日本和東亞重要的貿(mào)易中心之一。

Only briefly under direct Portuguese administration (1571-1614), the city was used as an access point to the lucrative Japanese market where goods like silk, silver, and gold were exchanged between China, Portuguese Macao, and Lisbon, as well as many other colonial outposts in Asia. The Portuguese presence came to an end in 1639 when the Japanese military government or shogunate decided to expel all foreigners from the Japanese mainland.

? ? ? ? ? 在葡萄牙的直接管理下（1571-1614年），這座城市是葡萄牙商隊(duì)進(jìn)入利潤(rùn)豐厚的日本市場(chǎng)的通道；在那里，中國(guó)、葡屬澳門和里斯本以及亞洲許多其他殖民前哨之間進(jìn)行絲綢、白銀和黃金等貨物的交換。1639年，當(dāng)日本幕府（軍政府或）決定將所有外國(guó)人驅(qū)逐出日本本土?xí)r，葡萄牙人的存在就結(jié)束了。

一幅彩繪屏風(fēng)的細(xì)節(jié)展示了日本人對(duì)葡萄牙商人的看法

葡萄牙帝國(guó)

Ever since 1497-1499, when Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) had sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and shown the possibilities of a maritime route between Europe and Asia, the Portuguese had been busy building an empire. Portuguese Cochin was founded in 1503, and Portuguese Goa was established in 1510. Portuguese Malacca in Malaysia was set up in 1511. The Portuguese sailed relentlessly eastwards, and c. 1557 Portuguese Macao was established on the coast of southern China near Guangzhou (Canton). This gave the Portuguese merchants direct access to the trade fairs of Canton where such goods as precious silk could be acquired. Always eager for more, the Europeans next wanted a foothold in Japan.

? ? ? ? ? 自1497-1499年，瓦斯科·達(dá)·伽馬（約1469-1524年）繞過(guò)好望角，展示了歐亞之間海上航線的可能性以來(lái)，葡萄牙人一直在忙于建立一個(gè)帝國(guó)。葡屬科欽建立于1503年；葡屬果阿建立于1510年；位于馬來(lái)西亞的葡屬馬六甲于1511年建立。葡萄牙人不懈東航，大約在1557年，葡屬澳門在中國(guó)南部沿?？拷鼜V州的地方建立。這使葡萄牙商人可以直接進(jìn)入廣州的貿(mào)易集市，在那里可以獲得珍貴的絲綢等貨物。歐洲人總是渴望得到更多，接下來(lái)他們想在日本站穩(wěn)腳跟。

Three Portuguese mariners were the first Europeans to set foot on Japanese soil in September 1543, albeit by accident. These intrepid traders were on board a Chinese junk, which was aiming for Ningpo in China, but the junk’s Chinese pilots could do little to prevent a storm blowing them to western Japan and the island of Tanegashima. Significantly, the Portuguese were carrying firearms, and these greatly impressed the Japanese, even if these were crude harquebuses. Oda Nobunaga would import these handy weapons and use them to great effect when he established himself as Japan’s foremost military leader between 1568 and 1582.

? ? ? ? ? 1543年9月，三名葡萄牙航海家成為第一批踏上日本土地的歐洲人，盡管是處于意外。這些無(wú)畏的商人登上了一艘中國(guó)船只，該船的目標(biāo)是中國(guó)的寧波，但中國(guó)航員無(wú)法阻止風(fēng)暴將船吹向日本西部和種子島。值得注意的是，葡萄牙人攜帶了火器，這些火器給日本人留下了深刻的印象，即使這些是簡(jiǎn)陋的火繩槍。織田信長(zhǎng)在 1568 年至 1582 年間確立了自己作為日本最重要的軍事領(lǐng)袖的地位時(shí)，進(jìn)口了這些方便的武器并使用它們發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。

長(zhǎng)? 崎? 港

Nagasaki is located on the northwest coast of Kyushu, Japan. The Portuguese established a permanent presence there from c. 1571 when the viceroy of the Portuguese Indies (Estado da India) based at Goa decided that this should be the principal base for their China-Japan trade. Nagasaki was a modest fishing port when the Portuguese arrived, but it would be transformed into a thriving trade centre that eventually became one of the major cities of Japan. The state of Japan was not yet fully unified, and Nagasaki harbour was given as a fiefdom to the Portuguese by Omura Sumitada, a daimyo (feudal lord) from Hizen in the northwest of Kyushu. Specifically, the port was handed over to the Jesuit Gaspar Vilela who was selected thanks to persuasion by a vassal of Sumitada’s. Both Japanese men had recently converted to Christianity. The handover occurred c. 1571, but the formal deed was not signed until 1580. As a bonus, Sumitada gave the Jesuits the nearby fortress of Mogi. A condition was that there would be no permanent Portuguese military presence in the port area.?

? ? ? ? ? 長(zhǎng)崎位于日本九州島的西北部海岸。大約從1571年開始，葡萄牙人在那里建立了永久性的駐地，當(dāng)時(shí)駐扎在果阿的葡屬印度總督?jīng)Q定將這里作為其中國(guó)和日本貿(mào)易的主要基地。當(dāng)葡萄牙人到達(dá)時(shí)，長(zhǎng)崎只是一個(gè)普通的漁港，但后來(lái)變成了繁榮的貿(mào)易中心，最終成為日本的主要城市之一。當(dāng)時(shí)的日本國(guó)還沒(méi)有完全統(tǒng)一，長(zhǎng)崎港被九州西北部肥前國(guó)大名（封建主）大村純忠作為封地送給了葡萄牙人。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，該港口被交給了耶穌會(huì)士的加斯帕·維萊拉，后者在純忠家臣的勸說(shuō)下被選中。這兩位日本人都皈依了基督教。移交工作大約發(fā)生在1571年，但正式契約直到1580年才簽署。作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，純忠將附近的茂木交給了耶穌會(huì)士。條件是港口地區(qū)不會(huì)有永久的葡萄牙軍事存在。 ?

The port was, then, administered by the Jesuit Society of Jesus, and it was their only sovereign territory. Nagasaki thus became an important headquarters of Jesuit missionary work in East Asia. Missionaries, beginning in 1549 with the Spaniard Jesuit Francis Xavier (aka Francisco de Javier, l. 1505-1552), spread Christianity with surprising success in Nagasaki and the surrounding region. Indeed, the religion remains significant in the city even today. The Jesuit management of Nagasaki lasted until 1614. After this date, the Portuguese were content to maintain a trade-only foothold in the lucrative Japanese market. Nagasaki remained the most eastern outpost of the Portuguese Empire.

? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)時(shí)，該港口由耶穌會(huì)管理，而且是他們唯一的主權(quán)領(lǐng)土。長(zhǎng)崎因此成為耶穌會(huì)在東亞傳教的一個(gè)重要總部。傳教士們從1549年西班牙耶穌會(huì)士弗朗西斯科·哈維爾（又名方濟(jì)·沙勿略，1505-1552）開始，在長(zhǎng)崎和周邊地區(qū)傳播基督教，取得了令人驚訝的成功。事實(shí)上，即使在今天，基督教在這個(gè)城市仍然很重要。耶穌會(huì)對(duì)長(zhǎng)崎的管理一直持續(xù)到1614年。此后，葡萄牙人滿足于在利潤(rùn)豐厚的日本市場(chǎng)上維持一個(gè)僅有貿(mào)易的立足點(diǎn)。長(zhǎng)崎仍然是葡萄牙帝國(guó)最東邊的前哨。

The Portuguese base of merchants, missionaries and immigrants at Nagasaki prospered for around 60 years. The port was (despite the original agreement) given fortifications, and a large cathedral was built to replace the early chapel built by Vilela. Most of the permanent residents were Japanese Christians who had converted from Buddhism, while Portuguese traders tended to visit only for trade purposes and so lived in temporary residences. Unlike in other colonies, there was not a great deal of social relations with the local people and intermarriages which produced a new (lower) class of mixed-race descendants. Rather, the temporary traders at Nagasaki were content to make use of young Japanese prostitutes sent to the port for that express purpose by families keen to acquire a dowry for their daughters that could then be used to marry a Japanese man back home. The port was not formally part of the Portuguese Empire, a situation that was familiar to other ports in Asia where the Portuguese had established a presence and trading concessions with the local government.

? ? ? ? ?長(zhǎng)崎的葡萄牙商人、傳教士和移民基地繁榮了約60年。港口（盡管有最初的協(xié)議）添加了防御工事，并建造了一個(gè)大型教堂以取代早期由維萊拉建造的小教堂。大多數(shù)永久居民是從佛教皈依的日本基督徒，而葡萄牙商人往往只為貿(mào)易目的來(lái)訪，因此住在臨時(shí)住所。與其他殖民地不同，這里沒(méi)有與當(dāng)?shù)厝私⒋罅康纳鐣?huì)關(guān)系，也沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生新的（低級(jí)）混血后代的通婚。相反，長(zhǎng)崎的臨時(shí)商人滿足于年輕的日本妓女，這些家庭熱衷于為他們的女兒獲得嫁妝，然后可以用來(lái)與家鄉(xiāng)的日本男人結(jié)婚，這就是明確的目的。該港口在形式上并不是葡萄牙帝國(guó)的一部分，這種情況對(duì)于葡萄牙人在亞洲的其他港口來(lái)說(shuō)很常見(jiàn)。在這些港口，葡萄牙人已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了存在感，并與當(dāng)?shù)卣炗喠速Q(mào)易特許權(quán)。

東亞貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)

Following the establishment of Portuguese Nagasaki, each year until 1618, a single large carrack vessel, the ‘Great Ship’, sailed from Macao to Japan (having arrived from Goa). From 1619 to 1639 this single ship was substituted with a fleet of smaller vessels. The large Portuguese carrack cargo ships that plied the route between Macao and Nagasaki had Chinese pilots but were packed with goods and Portuguese traders who appear on Japanese screen paintings of the period. The carracks themselves appear on these screens, too, the 'black ships' as the Japanese called them because of their treated hulls designed to keep marine parasites at bay. The Japanese called these foreigners Nanbanjin ('southern barbarian people') and the trade with them the 'Nanban trade'.

? ? ? ? ? 在葡萄牙長(zhǎng)崎建立后，直到1618年，每年都有一艘大型克拉克大帆船從澳門駛往日本（從果阿抵達(dá)）。從1619年到1639年，這艘單船被一支較小的船隊(duì)所取代。在澳門和長(zhǎng)崎之間航行的葡萄牙大型架子帆貨船有中國(guó)領(lǐng)航員，但船上裝滿了貨物和葡萄牙商人，他們出現(xiàn)在當(dāng)時(shí)的日本屏風(fēng)畫上。貨船本身也出現(xiàn)在這些屏風(fēng)上，日本人稱它們?yōu)椤昂诖保驗(yàn)樗鼈兊拇w經(jīng)過(guò)防腐處理，旨在防止海洋寄生蟲。日本人稱這些外國(guó)人為南蠻津（"南蠻人"），與他們的貿(mào)易為“南蠻貿(mào)易”。

Goods exported from Japan included silver (from the mines on Honshu), copper, painted screens, lacquerware, cabinets, kimonos, swords, and pikes. The Portuguese ships were able to bring silk, gold, and Ming porcelain from their contacts between Canton and Portuguese Macao, and spices and other goods from their Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia trade networks.

? ? ? ? ? 從日本出口的貨物包括銀（來(lái)自本州的礦場(chǎng)）、銅、彩繪屏風(fēng)、漆器、櫥柜、和服、劍和長(zhǎng)矛。葡萄牙船只能夠從他們?cè)趶V州和葡屬澳門之間的往來(lái)中帶來(lái)絲綢、黃金和明代瓷器，以及從他們的印度洋和東南亞貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)中帶來(lái)香料和其他貨物。

The British and Dutch arrived to cash in on the Japan trade from the early years of the 17th century and were permitted by the Japanese authorities to trade, even if the Portuguese at Nagasaki tried to have their European rivals executed as pirates. Despite the new competition, the Portuguese traders in Nagasaki continued to thrive for another three decades.

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)人和荷蘭人從17世紀(jì)初年來(lái)到日本做生意，并獲得日本當(dāng)局的許可進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，即使長(zhǎng)崎的葡萄牙人試圖將他們的歐洲對(duì)手作為海盜處決。盡管面臨新的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，長(zhǎng)崎的葡萄牙商人又繼續(xù)繁榮了三十年。

一張地圖，展示了葡萄牙在 15 世紀(jì)歐洲探險(xiǎn)之后演變?yōu)槿蛑趁翊髧?guó)的過(guò)程。

德川幕府將軍

Relations with Japan began to turn sour from the 1630s when the Japanese government, the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868), began to detain Portuguese vessels arriving at Nagasaki. The confiscations were a direct result of a Spanish captain hijacking a Japanese junk. Since Spain and Portugal were now unified, the Japanese treated ships of both nations in the same way. The shoguns then imposed a trade embargo on the two European kingdoms. A representative was sent from Macao to Japan in 1630, one Dom Gon?alo de Silveira, to try and negotiate a lifting of the ban. It took the emissary four years but, at last, the Japanese government consented to resume trade with the Portuguese. It was to be a temporary respite.

? ? ? ? ? 與日本的關(guān)系從17世紀(jì)30年代起開始變壞，當(dāng)時(shí)日本政府，即德川幕府（1603-1868），開始扣留抵達(dá)長(zhǎng)崎的葡萄牙船只。沒(méi)收的直接原因是一位西班牙船長(zhǎng)劫持了一艘日本貨船。由于西班牙和葡萄牙此時(shí)是統(tǒng)一的，日本人以同樣的方式對(duì)待兩個(gè)國(guó)家的船只。隨后，幕府對(duì)這兩個(gè)歐洲王國(guó)實(shí)施了貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)。1630年，一位名叫Dom Gon?alo de Silveira的代表從澳門被派往日本，試圖通過(guò)談判來(lái)解除禁令。這位使者花了四年時(shí)間，但最后，日本政府同意恢復(fù)與葡萄牙人的貿(mào)易。這只是一個(gè)暫時(shí)的喘息機(jī)會(huì)。

Things got much worse for the Portuguese in 1639 when two of their ships returned to Macao with the disturbing news that they had not been allowed to lower anchor and unload at Nagasaki. The Tokugawa shoguns had formally changed their foreign trade policy. As the military leaders of Japan grew suspicious of foreigners and the spread of Christianity, all Portuguese were expelled from the country and trade halted with the likes of Macao. Even Japanese people abroad were not permitted to return home and if they tried, execution awaited them. The catalyst for this expulsion had been the Shimabara Uprising of December 1637 to April 1638. The shogunate blamed the uprising on the Shimabara peninsula of Kyushu on Christians, although many of the 35-40,000 people killed during the disturbance were of that religion and many of the protestors were peasants unhappy over tax increases and were not concerned with religious matters.

? ? ? ? ? 1639年，葡萄牙人的情況變得更加糟糕，他們的兩艘船返回澳門時(shí)帶回了一個(gè)令人不安的消息，即他們不被允許在長(zhǎng)崎下錨和卸貨。德川幕府正式改變了其對(duì)外貿(mào)易政策。由于日本的軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)外國(guó)人和基督教的傳播越來(lái)越懷疑，所有葡萄牙人都被驅(qū)逐出國(guó)，與澳門等地的貿(mào)易也停止了。即使是在國(guó)外的日本人也不被允許回國(guó)，如果他們?cè)噲D回國(guó)，等待他們的將是死刑。這次驅(qū)逐的催化劑是1637年12月至1638年4月的島原之亂。幕府將九州島原半島的起義歸咎于基督徒，盡管在動(dòng)亂中被殺的35-40,000人中有許多是基督徒，但許多抗議者是對(duì)增稅感到不滿的農(nóng)民，并不關(guān)心宗教問(wèn)題。

Macao sent delegates to the Tokugawa shogun to negotiate a reopening of Portuguese trade in 1640, but these four unfortunate ambassadors were imprisoned, tried, and then executed along with 57 of their attendants and crew. The trade was never revived and even a visit from a royal ambassador of the Portuguese king in July-August 1647 brought no change of policy, but at least he was allowed to return to Lisbon.

? ? ? ? ? 1640年，澳門向德川幕府派出代表，就重新開放葡萄牙貿(mào)易進(jìn)行談判，但這四位不幸的大使被監(jiān)禁、審判，然后與他們的57名隨從和船員一起被處決。貿(mào)易從未恢復(fù)，甚至在1647年7月至8月葡萄牙國(guó)王的皇家大使的訪問(wèn)也沒(méi)有帶來(lái)政策的改變，但至少他被允許返回里斯本。

This period of cultural isolation, known in Japan as the Sakoku Period (‘chained off nation’), continued until the mid-19th century, even if a very small number of Dutch traders were permitted to stay on the tiny man-made island of Dejima in the Nagasaki Bay. The Dutch could not leave the island without express permission from the shogun, and they seem to have been tolerated because they had no interest in spreading their religion. Not until the mid-19th century did European ‘foreign devils’, particularly the British and Americans, return to live and trade in Japan.

? ? ? ? ? 這段文化隔離的時(shí)期，在日本被稱為鎖國(guó)時(shí)代（"被鎖住的國(guó)家"），一直持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)中期，即使有極少數(shù)的荷蘭商人被允許留在長(zhǎng)崎灣的出島上。沒(méi)有幕府的明確許可，荷蘭人不能離開該島，他們似乎得到了容忍，因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)傳播其宗教沒(méi)有興趣。直到19世紀(jì)中期，歐洲的“洋鬼子”，特別是英國(guó)人和美國(guó)人，才前往日本生活和貿(mào)易。