TED演講者：Huma Yusuf / 休馬·尤瑟夫

演講標題：A new social contract for global climate justice / 為全球氣候正義而制定的新型社會契約

內(nèi)容概要：Pakistan contributes less than one percent to the global greenhouse gas emissions perpetrating climate change, yet one-third of the country was recently inundated with "biblical" floods that killed hundreds and displaced millions. If we're to move towards a sustainable future in the wake of such tragedies, the response will require more than just infrastructure repairs and a return to the status quo, says columnist Huma Yusuf. She shares a vision for global climate diplomacy where the countries responsible for pollution pay reparations for the damage they've caused, while developing countries bring forward a clean, green future. (Followed by a Q&A with TED Global Curator Bruno Giussani)

巴基斯坦在全球碳排放份額中僅僅占據(jù)不到 1%，然而這個國家 1/3 的國土最近被“圣經(jīng)級別的”大洪水淹沒。數(shù)百人失去生命。數(shù)百人萬流離失所。 專欄作家休馬·尤瑟夫 (Huma Yusuf) 說，如果我們想要去到悲劇后的可持續(xù)未來，那么我們要做的就不僅僅是基礎建設的修復和將一切恢復原狀。 休馬設想了一種全球氣候外交的愿景，發(fā)達國家應該為他們造成的污染以及帶來的損失進行賠償。而發(fā)展中國家也要提出更清潔、更綠色未來的想法。 演講后是休馬與TED全球策展人布魯諾·朱薩尼 (Bruno Giussani) 進行的問答環(huán)節(jié)。

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【1】One third of my country, Pakistan, is under water.

我的祖國,巴基斯坦, 有三分之一的國土正泡在水里。

【2】An exceptional monsoon coupled with flash flooding due to the accelerated melting of the Himalayan glaciers has led to devastating flooding.

超強季風伴隨著 喜馬拉雅冰川加速融化 所帶來的山洪爆發(fā) 導致了毀滅性的洪水災害。

【3】Floods so destructive, so all-consuming, that the adjective most frequently used to describe them is “biblical.”

洪水破壞力巨大,氣吞山河, 現(xiàn)在最常用來形容這場洪水的 形容詞是“圣經(jīng)級別的” (biblical)。

【4】The area of land that is underwater is larger than Britain.

泡在水里的土地面積比 英國的國土面積還要大。

【5】Over 33 million people are affected, stripped of homes and livelihoods.

已有超過 3300 萬人受到影響, 失去了家園與生計。

【6】Hundreds have been killed, and those that survived are now dying of malaria, dengue fever, diarrhea.

數(shù)百人喪生, 那些幸存者因為瘧疾、 登革熱以及痢疾而命懸一線。

【7】The crops that we planted have been washed away, and our fields will be waterlogged for many months to come, imperiling the critical wheat-planting season.

我們種植的農(nóng)作物被沖走了, 未來數(shù)月,土地會充滿積水, 嚴重威脅著 至關重要的小麥種植季節(jié)。

【8】Pakistan is in shock, and all it can look ahead to is food insecurity, famine, climate migration and conflict.

巴基斯坦備受沖擊, 接下來估計還會有以下問題: 糧食危機、饑荒、 氣候遷徙以及沖突。

【9】Pakistan needs tens of billions in emergency relief funds, and it needs them right now.

巴基斯坦需要 數(shù)百億的緊急救濟資金, 現(xiàn)在就需要。

【10】But I'm not here to talk about today's crisis.

但我今天不是來討論這些危機的。

【11】I'm here to talk about the way forward.

我是來討論今后的道路的。

【12】As the scale of devastation becomes apparent, the sense of climate injustice is mounting.

這次大洪水的破壞規(guī)模 顯而易見, 氣候不公正的情況 也愈加明顯。

【13】Pakistan emits less than one percent of global greenhouse gases, and yet it is consistently among the countries most vulnerable to disasters caused by climate change.

巴基斯坦在全球碳排放份額中 僅僅占據(jù)不到 1%, 卻始終是受到氣候變化影響 最為顯著的脆弱國家之一。

【14】That vulnerability has been horrifyingly laid bare over the last few months.

過去幾個月,這種脆弱已經(jīng) 駭人聽聞地暴露無疑。

【15】Calls are growing for the global North to compensate the global South for the fact that high-emitting activities in developed economies are leading to catastrophic climate change-linked events in less developed countries.

要求發(fā)達國家對發(fā)展中國家 進行補償?shù)暮袈曉絹碓酱? 發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體的高碳排放活動正在導致 災難性氣候變化相關事件 發(fā)生在相對不發(fā)達的國家。

【16】Since the Industrial Revolution, today's wealthy nations have benefited economically from high-emitting activities.

自工業(yè)革命以來, 如今的富裕國家 均從高碳排放活動中獲得了經(jīng)濟利益。

【17】The G20 are still responsible for 80 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.

二十國集團 (G20) 的排放量依舊 占全球溫室氣體排放量的 80%。

【18】The logic is simple: industrialized nations that have profited from fossil-fuel-driven development should be the ones to pay the bill when climate disasters strike poor countries such as mine.

這個邏輯很簡單: 受益于化石燃料發(fā)展的工業(yè)化國家 應該為巴基斯坦這樣的貧窮國家 所遭受的氣候災害買單。

【19】This idea is not new, nor is it particularly controversial.

這種想法既不新鮮, 也沒有頗具爭議。

【20】In 2009, developed countries promised to mobilize billions in climate finance to support emerging economies.

2009 年, 發(fā)達國家承諾籌措上千億氣候融資 來支持新興經(jīng)濟體。

【21】That funding has not materialized.

這筆資金尚未得到兌現(xiàn)。

【22】And so the demands for reparations have.

同樣落空的還有氣候賠償。

【23】But let's be clear.

不過我們要說清楚。

【24】Developing countries are not asking for charity.

發(fā)展中國家并不是在要求慈善捐款。

【25】Having polluted only marginally, they are climate creditors, and that credit is now due.

發(fā)展中國家 只制造了微不足道的污染, 但它們才是犧牲了自己氣候權益的 債主,而還債的期限到了。

【26】As I said, the logic is simple.

正如我所說,邏輯很簡單。

【27】But the politics are complicated.

但是政治很復雜。

【28】Developing countries have not consistently demanded reparations for climate change-linked loss and damage.

發(fā)展中國家并未一致對外地 對氣候問題所造成的損失要求賠償。

【29】Many countries in the Global South, led by India and China, subscribe to the “catch up” argument: the notion that developing countries should now be allowed their share of pollutants and greenhouse gases in order to build infrastructure and spur economic growth.

以印度和中國為主的 很多發(fā)展中國家 選擇的立場是“追趕”: 意思是發(fā)展中國家 現(xiàn)在應被允許他們自己的 污染物與溫室氣體排放份額, 來進行基礎設施建設和 促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。

【30】This reasoning envisions the West curtailing emissions and bearing the financial cost of the economic slowdown, while developing countries continue to emit, build and grow.

這個推論設想的是 西方國家會減少碳排放, 并承受經(jīng)濟放緩所帶來的損失, 而發(fā)展中國家會繼續(xù) 排放,建設,增長。

【31】It's a way of saying, "Hey, it's our turn."

這是“嘿,輪到我們了?！钡恼f法。

【32】This "catch up" argument is compelling, but it does not speak the language of reparations.

這種“追趕”理論很有說服力, 但是它所說的不是賠償。

【33】Climate justice is based on the notion of not being punished for someone else's bad behavior.

氣候正義是基于 不為其他人的不良行為買單。

【34】It does not sanction more bad behavior.

它不應該批準更多的惡劣行為。

【35】You cannot both demand reparations and the right to emit.

你不能既提出賠償?shù)脑V求 又要求排放的權利。

【36】But many developing countries have yet to engage in climate diplomacy, a process of reconciling the demand for reparations with existing security and foreign policies.

但是很多發(fā)展中國家還沒有參與到 這場氣候外交當中, 這是一個用現(xiàn)有的安全與外交政策來 協(xié)調(diào)賠償訴求的過程。

【37】And so you'll see cases where some government departments are demanding climate justice, while others are seeking foreign funding for coal and gas projects or pursuing defense deals with high-emitting nations.

你將會看到有些政府部門 在要求氣候正義, 而另外一些在尋求外國資金 來發(fā)展煤炭燃氣項目 或者努力促進 與高碳排放國家的防御協(xié)議。

【38】It is difficult to have it both ways.

兩者兼得是很難的。

【39】And that's why demanding reparations also means bringing forward a clean, green vision -- one which includes leapfrogging the high emitting stage of economic development into a more sustainable future.

這就是為什么要求賠償其實等同于 提出了一個清潔、綠色的愿景—— 從經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的高排放階段 跨越到一個更加可持續(xù)的未來。

【40】For countries like mine, that means no more poorly planned expressways or elite real estate developments dotted with swimming pools or golf courses in drought-hit areas.

對于像巴基斯坦這樣的國家, 這意味著不再有 規(guī)劃混亂的高速公路, 帶泳池的奢華房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)項目, 或是在受旱災影響的地區(qū) 開設高爾夫課程。

【41】Because sadly, it is true that the scale of devastation in Pakistan, and in climate calamities elsewhere, is not just the result of climate change but also a consequence of poor governance, of inadequate planning, the lack of infrastructure, corruption and the lack of accountability.

因為,令人遺憾的是, 巴基斯坦所遭受的大規(guī)模破壞 以及其他地方的氣候災害, 并不只是由氣候變化造成的, 其它原因包括治理不善、規(guī)劃不當、 缺乏基礎設施、腐敗 以及缺乏責任追究制度。

【42】This is something the Global South must acknowledge.

這是發(fā)展中國家必須要承認的事。

【43】But this is absolutely not to place the onus back on climate vulnerable developing countries.

但是這絕不是要將責任推向 受氣候變化影響嚴重的 脆弱的發(fā)展中國家。

【44】No.

絕不是。

【45】Instead, it is to say that the time has come for the global North and South to agree [on] the terms of a just transition.

相反地,它是在說 發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家 就公平轉型條款 達成一致的時候到了。

【46】Are we ready for a new social contract within countries and between countries?

我們準備好在國家內(nèi)部以及國家之間 實行新型社會契約了嗎？

【47】One way forward is to adopt a more expansive definition of reparations.

一條出路是對氣候賠償 進行更廣泛的定義。

【48】This should take the form of funding for emergency relief, loss and damage, but it should also include technical assistance, adaptation planning and the skills development needed to tackle the climate challenge.

賠償形式應該包括 緊急救濟資金,損失損壞賠款, 還應該包括技術援助,適應性規(guī)劃 以及對抗氣候挑戰(zhàn)所需的技能開發(fā)。

【49】Developed countries should provide funding, but they should also provide access to the green technologies that can help countries such as Pakistan catch up, but without the high emissions.

發(fā)達國家應該提供資金, 還應該提供綠色科技的技術支持, 幫助像巴基斯坦這樣的國家在不進行 高碳排放的情況下,技術也可以趕上。

【50】Pakistan is drowning, and its people are desperate.

巴基斯坦正在被淹沒, 它的人民非常絕望。

【51】Their present is your future.

他們的現(xiàn)在就是你們的未來。

【52】We need a new era of climate diplomacy, and we need a new recognition that we are in this together.

我們需要一個氣候外交的新時代, 我們需要所有人的認同并加入進來。

【53】We can adapt, mitigate, build resilience, but only if we do it together.

我們能夠適應,遷移, 增強防御和復原能力, 但前提是我們所有人 都要一起加入。

【54】The logic of climate justice is simple.

氣候正義的邏輯很簡單。

【55】Let's make the politics simpler to.

讓我們將政治也變得簡單。

【56】Thank you.

謝謝。

【57】(Applause and cheers) Bruno Giussani: Huma, thank you.

（掌聲與歡呼聲） 布魯諾·朱薩尼 (Bruno Giussani): 休馬 (Huma),謝謝你。

【58】So when introduced you, I said that the floods have not received enough attention in the global media.

介紹你時, 我說過大洪水并沒有在全球媒體 受到足夠的關注。

【59】But how are the Pakistani media talking and reporting about them?

巴基斯坦媒體是怎樣 討論以及報道的？

【60】Huma Yusuf: Thank you for that question.

休馬·尤瑟夫 (Huma Yusuf): 謝謝提問。

【61】You know, we’re just a month into the declaration of a national emergency, and the floods are already slipping out of the news headlines in Pakistan.

距離我們宣布全國進入緊急狀態(tài) 僅僅過去了一個月, 洪水的話題已經(jīng)開始不再是 巴基斯坦的新聞頭條。

【62】I think we're really suffering from the fact that the 24-hour news cycle does not know how to tell this story, a story so big, a story that requires you to connect the dots to every other story you will ever tell, whether we're talking about food, the economy, insecurity, domestic militancy.

我們面臨的困難是 我們的 24 小時滾動新聞 并不知道應該怎樣去講這個故事。 這個故事太大了, 它需要你將現(xiàn)有的內(nèi)容與 之后要講的故事都串聯(lián)起來, 無論是談論食物、經(jīng)濟、保障問題, 還是國家的激進戰(zhàn)斗情緒。

【63】There is no story that can be told without also telling this story.

不先講好洪水的新聞, 其他故事都沒法進行下去。

【64】But unfortunately, I don’t think we have that media literacy, and the floods are already receding out of our own headlines.

然而不幸的是,我覺得 我們并不具備足夠的媒體素養(yǎng), 洪水的頭條新聞已經(jīng)開始 逐漸消失在我們自己的視野里。

【65】So what can we expect from the international press?

那我們還能在國際媒體那里 期待些什么呢？

【66】BG: Well, is aid already coming, at least?

布魯諾:至少援助已經(jīng)在路上了？

【67】HY: Aid is coming, but not enough and not fast enough.

休馬:援助正在路上, 但是不夠多也不夠快。

【68】And, you know, Pakistan has said that they need about 30 billion dollars to help with the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase.

巴基斯坦說過需要 300 億美金 來進行修復與重建。

【69】And we're at a stage where, for example, I think the UN tomorrow launches a new appeal that's for 600 million dollars.

目前的情況,比如說, 我認為聯(lián)合國明天 會發(fā)布一個新的募捐呼吁, 金額是 6 億美金。

【70】So I don’t think that there will ever be enough aid.

所以我覺得不會有足夠的援助。

【71】We do need some of these reparations.

我們需要氣候賠償。

【72】We need a better plan for how we're going to fund these kinds of climate disasters.

我們需要一個更好的計劃, 在面對此類氣候災難時, 可以更好地籌措應對資金。

【73】But unfortunately, even before the money has started flowing, those questions have started.

令人遺憾的是,資金還沒到賬呢, 有些問題也開始了。

【74】You know, where's the money that's already come through gone?

那些已經(jīng)到賬的資金 到底都去了哪里？

【75】Who is tracking it? What is it being spent on?

誰在追蹤記錄這些款項？ 錢都被花在了哪里？

【76】And I fear that those kinds of questions deter more funding, when actually it's the absolute need of the hour.

我擔憂此類問題會阻礙我們獲取更多 已是眼下當務之急的援助資金。

【77】BG: Now, I want just to put an image in the mind of people here.

布魯諾:現(xiàn)在,我想為在座的各位 講述一個畫面。

【78】One of our conversations, you told me a story about people in flooded areas going around in small boats and hitting structures under water.

我們談話提到的, 你給我講了一個故事, 洪澇地區(qū)的人們 坐著小船漂著, 船會撞到水下的各種建筑物。

【79】Tell us about that.

給大家講講。

【80】HY: Yes, you saw the pictures that I started with.

休馬:是的, 我一開始也看到了這些照片。

【81】And I’ve been seeing those, and I haven’t visited myself the most badly affected areas.

我最近一直看到這些照片。 我還沒去到災害最嚴重的地區(qū)。

【82】And it was only when I received a video from a friend of mine who was out there reporting in the field, which showed her on a boat going through what I thought was a lake, and then they start bumping up against things --

我的一位朋友將視頻發(fā)給我, 她去到洪澇地區(qū)進行報道。 視頻里她坐著小船, 我原本以為她是漂在湖里, 然后他們開始撞到東西,船只顛簸,

【83】and you realize that it’s the top of electricity pylons, and it's the top of school buildings and it's the top of petrol stations with the little, you know, advertising symbol -- that I really understood that my country is submerged.

我才意識到撞到的是輸電塔頂部, 是學校大樓的頂部, 是加油站的頂部, 還有廣告牌—— 我深深地理解了, 我的祖國被淹沒了。

【84】It is truly underwater.

真真切切地淹沒在水里了。

【85】And I don't know how you come back from that.

我不知道怎樣 才能從這一切中恢復過來。

【86】BG: Thank you for sharing this story and thank you for your talk.

布魯諾:感謝你分享這個故事。 謝謝你的演講。

【87】HY: Thank you for having me.

休馬:謝謝你的邀請。

【88】(Applause)