19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 00:18

Edmund Husserl, influenced by Franz Brentano

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 01:34

Logical Investigation, Ideas, Cartesian Meditations, The crisis

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 02:13

meanings and concepts could not psychological naturalistic creations. The notion of logic and mathematics are not a posteriori drawn from experience or natural instincts.

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 03:16

phenomenology, Wissenschaft: "science" (inquiry): non-empiricist, non-naturalist, ideal clarification of the meanings that compose experience or consciousness, understood not as what happens to a human being in nature but as a pure field of evidence. It considers intentional acts and objects independent of empirical psychology, the biology of the organism or the naturally perceived environment

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 04:30

"to the things themselves": forget about representational theory of perception (Descartes, Locke), sheer experience without any presuppositions, any metaphysical additions, the intrusion of science, the intrusion of Aristotle's substance metaphysics

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 06:31

?begin with carefully "scientific"experience, holistic not atomistic, preferred to the flowing life of consciousness as it occurs

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 08:02

?Epochē: suspension of judgement, or bracketing( bracket the natural standpoint)

The natural standpoint, assuming that my experience is taking place inside a physical world described by science, somehow causing my experience; or the experience is inside and is causally related to a natural world, should be suspended or bracketed

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 09:38

eidetic (eidos, "forms" or "ideas")reduction: the attempt to discover the essence of each type of intentional act or object

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 12:19

?A phenomenologist is an ideal, non-naturalistic and non-empirical scientist: more like a mathematician or geometer

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 16:38

?The phenomenology of internal time consciousness (1905): time is not a point in a line, must contain an experiential retention of past moments and an experiential protension/anticipation of the future.

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 18:03

?Transcendental ego: "the being of the pure ego, and his cogitations... is antecedent to the natural being of the world. ... the latter continually presupposes the realm of transcendental being"

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 23:12

The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936): response to Heidegger and German economic crisis, we are estranged from our primary, immediate, authentic and basic life experience of the world because of technological improvements, the complexity of our bureaucratic society and our belief that science is the ultimate truth about the world.

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 26:11

influenced continental philosophers, liberated the investigation of lived experience from both empiricism and naturalism, the foremost humanistic alternative to a philosophy based in natural science

19_20世紀(jì) - 現(xiàn)象學(xué)的興起 P7 - 30:15

Heidegger, along with other French and German students, whose phenomenology had been influenced by Husserl, altered and rejected the remnant idealism, namely the transcendental ego.And finally influenced by both existentialism and phenomenology, existential phenomenology became dominant in France and Germany, being pushed further away from English language philosophy.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 06:25

• Logical empiricism/positivism

• Vienna Circle: Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap

• Ernst Mach

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 07:24

?positivist: empirical, dealing with empirical data, coming with sense experience narrowly construed ?without theoretical additions, expressed in atomic statements or protocol sentences of the most primitive data we have

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 09:17

• ideological language

• justify inferences

• physical reductionist

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 11:04

?They have meanings as logical statements which real logical structure and have verifiable empirical ?claims about observations. Verifiability is the criterion of meaning, not merely of truth.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 12:32

"principle of tolerance" (Carnap): there by no means clear that there is only one theory of reality/ontology that would explain all those.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 13:53

the distinction between observation statements and theory statements (we may make error interpreting signs)

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 16:35

Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951

Tractatus-Logico Philosohicus: developed after Frege's new logic

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 18:37

All phenomena are state of affairs or facts. Language picture those states of affairs or facts. Logic gives language the structure that make this representation possible. The way the language hooks on to the world is that there is an underlying from (logic)shared by both.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 20:07

?Logic is pure syntax, a structure necessary for meaning but by itself is meaningless (sinnlos). Logic shows or displays structure but does not say it. Saying is something language does.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 22:07

Statements of ethics and metaphysics are not senseless (sinnlos) but rather nonsense (unsinnig). They neither say or show.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 22:58

?However, ethics, metaphysics and religion are not unimportant nonsense. it is das Mystische (the mystical). Whatever can be said can be said logically, and beyond that one must be silent. They are the most important things but cannot be discussed rationally.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 24:57

• The belief that science is last word on fact

• All such facts ultimately reduced to basic atomic facts of physics in principle

• the observation language and theoretical language must be strictly separated

• Philosophy is to clarify concepts and to form logic (from the perspective of logic positivist, the aim is to explain science, logic and math works within the realm of reason, while outside of which cannot be discussed)

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 27:04

One part of this scheme failed early. The logicist project , started by Frege, Russell and Whitehead, was to derive all mathematics from simple logical notions. This project faltered because of the paradox of set theory.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 27:46

It was Kurt Godel who showed that it was impossible for any logical system rich enough to include arithmetic. This ?holistic system cannot prove all statements made in it to be true or false, and not be able to prove that contradictions can never occur.

20_物理學(xué)，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)，維特... P8 - 29:13

?The attempt to form a complete logical language that would be self-enclosed/-contained failed in 1931. There is no complete ideal language.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 01:03

?Henri Bergson 1859-1941: post-Darwinian naturalist philosophers who tried to extend the notion of evolution to all of nature

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 01:22

He denied that time can be analyzed as points on a line. The smallest component of time is a duration, a finite span of time revealed in experience rather than the abstract mathematical notion of time.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 02:00

?elan vital: a vital impetus that drives the evolution of ?biological forms. Later natural scientists most objected to Bergson's notion that if biology can't be reduced to physics and chemistry, living forms must have their special life force.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 03:08

?Naturalist (narrowly used in this course): for pluralistic thinkers who take the physical as an inexhaustive account of nature. Nature has more in it than just physical.

non-reductive naturalists

• not reductive materialists or reductive physicalists

• believe everything is natural, but refuse to accept that the natural can be reduced to the physical or material

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 03:51

Reduction

• ontological: the claim that a complex system is nothing but an aggregation of its simpler components

• explanatory: the claim that a complex system can be explained by the theory governing its component alone

Philosophers in the 21st century accept the first one (I am nothing but a collection of subatomic physical particles, such as quarks and leptons)rather than the second one. However, they also admit that we will never be able to substitute a purely physical explanation of me due to the complexity of biological and psychological accounts of me. Therefore the latter one will alway exist.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 05:51

?1920s brought the school of emergence or emergent thought represented by Samuel Alexander and Lloyd Morgan.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 06:25

• Mechanism: the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry

• Vitalism: the view that there is a unique "life force" over and above the physical and chemical components of an organism

• Emergent ideas: an organism can be reduced to simpler component, but the complex relations and processes holding among those components could generate novel property at a higher level that couldn't be reduced (psychological, biological, chemical and physical). Those entities and properties could downwardly have a causal influence on what's happening at lower levels.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 10:57

?Alfred North Whitehead

Principia Mathematics (1910-1913)

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 12:08

Process and Reality (influenced by Bergson and William James)

"process philosopher": the ontological focus is on processes of which entities are phases rather than on substances or entities whose interactions must then be explained

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 13:06

Things (Atoms/substance/corpuscles) are not the most fundamental or invariant or decisive elements of reality. The things are a consequence of a more fundamental and comprehensive process.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 13:51

event-ontology (in accordance with special relativity): reality are simple events, not atomic substances. And each event or happening has a non-zero duration. Spacetime is a set of relations among them.

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 17:18

?Reality is a creative process in which unities are formed out of components

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 18:46

"concrescence": each actual occasion becomes a systemic whole until, at full integration, the occasion actually "dies" (ceases to become/change).

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 21:35

All properties are eternal objects which ingress into the concrescence of an actual occasion. (in response to universals in the doctrine of Platonic realism)

21_涌現(xiàn)與懷特海 P9 - 24:19

?God is a unique actual occasion that has tripartite nature.

• consequent nature of God: God prehends all actual occasions (preserve past actualities)

• primordial nature of God: God prehends all eternal objects (embody possibilities for the future)

• God as superject: God creatively unifies both the eternal objects and the actual occasions

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 00:16

John Dewey 1859-1952, Columbia Naturalism

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 01:34

humanistic naturalism: unique properties of human mind, ethics, aesthetics could be incorporated into naturalism instead of declaring that these are irrational and impossible to account for, as with the positivists.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 02:08

the philosophical importance of democracy: the existence of democracy allows us to see things philosophically that couldn't be seen in earlier, pre-democratic regimes.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 02:56

From Hegelian to Darwinism, He re-conceived the Hegelian dialectic in naturalistic terms

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 03:31

"The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology": one-way relationship between stimulus and response that could be set up by operant conditioning (Pavlov's dogs), but Dewey claimed this process was a circuit/circle (see the perception of a stimulus in the context of activity/organism)

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 06:24

process philosopher like Bergson and Whitehead

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 08:27

?The value of action and work (practice)in intellectual problems, merger of thought and practice. Knowledge is the fruit of an active response to problems, just like how modern scientists valued the need for experiments, which is an active and structural process or an active pursuit of knowledge.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 11:55

open inquiry, free individualism and egalitarianism go together with science. Our search of knowledge is is service of our need to act and achieve an equilibrium with the world. Philosophy is conceived as an attempt to reconstruct the world.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 14:00

?a humanist naturalism, a naturalism that does not believe complex levels of natural operation can be reduced to their simplest physical components. (implicitly accepted emergent theory )

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 15:04

Mind is not a thing/mental substance, but a type of activity/a means of adjustment that emerges from social communication among social organism.

Thought is simply reflexive or internalized communication. Social communication is the source of mind, not the other way around.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 16:26

Value in nature: any nature event can serve as means or as an end. The former status signifies that the natural event or property or object leads to other changes, is a process. The latter status states that a thing is the culmination of a process or change. Value is the latter on.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 18:30

?Mill, Habermas, continuous modern science and political philosophy. The only true form of political regime is democracy, other forms are negation of politics since they don't include discourse among citizens about their communal interests. His political views lies within the progressive wing of the liberals.

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 23:49

?Art as Experience (1934), criticized modern western aesthetics, the museum concept of aesthetics,

22_杜威 - 美國自然主義 P10 - 26:53

?espoused the ultimate value of growth

opposed three type of Historical moral values:

1. Virtue ethics (Aristotle)

2. Utilitarianism (Mill, Bentham)

3. Deontological ethics/moral duty (Kant)

salutary only when they expand the range of the desirable and the valuable, not ultimate goal or criteria

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 01:04

Martin Heidegger, converted to Lutheranism and being influenced by Aristotle, Kierkegaard and Brentano

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 01:52

?Sein (Being/Existence) and Seiende (beings or things)

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 02:18

?Entities exist. He was not interested in the characters as entities, but what it means for them to exist (mode of being/existence). Existence is an activity, which is what these entities have and do.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 06:26

He produced the kind of phenomenology of appearances as they present themselves in experience, but not Aristotelian, Cartesian, Kantian or Husserlian. The old way of describing existence that a mental substance/ego/mind inside a physical world is banished. We have a different way of the human existence, a bodily, active agent open/vulnerable to the world. A being that is finite both in time and moral capacities.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 08:06

?1.Being-there: Dasein (etymology), da sein, there being. We are Dasein that are thrown into and open to the world.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 10:40

2.Being-in-the-world (in-der-Welt Sein): Dasein is in the world by definition.?

3a. Being-in, Disclosedness, Clearing, There (Erscholossenheit, Lichtung, Da): Lichtung means both light and clearing in the woods, when I enter the room, I bring the capacity to reveal things.

3b. Worldhood (Weltlichkeit): Ready-to-hand, Present-at-hand

eg. The way of my existence is different form the lectern because I experience the world.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 13:27

?Tripartite structure

1.Projection→4a. Understanding→Existentiality: We carry around with us and project around us a network of meanings in which the objects of experience are revealed and that shows how they are related. Dasein, as it lives, is constantly projecting out from itself contexts of possibilities (of use, towards possible actions and experience that can be had with an object in the future) in which experience is revealed to it.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 16:04

?2.Throwness (Geworfenheit)→ 4b. State of Mind/Mood (Befindlichkeit)→Facticity: I am just in some contingent state or another at every moment, carrying the weight of the just past.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 16:52

3.Fallingness (Verfallen)→4c. The They (das Man, the one, they self)→Falling: inauthentic identification of Dasein with things within the world, living according to they

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 18:53

?(Existentiality, Facticity, Falling)→5. Anxiety, the Uncanny (Angst, Unheimlichkeit): Anxiety is the proper response to the finite, open-ended nature of human experience. Anxiety is an open-ended sense of fear or dread about existing as a human being.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 19:56

?6.Care (Sorge): we/Dasien are care.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 20:43

?<Ahead-of-itself> in <Being-Already-in-the-World> as <Being-Alongside Entities>

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 22:34

?Authentic Dasien, being in a whole

<Ahead-of-itself> → Authentic Potentiality-for-Being-a-Whole: 7a. Death Being toward Death: living with its being ?towards death.

<Being-Already-in-the-World> → Authentic Potentiality-for-Being-one's-Self: 7b. Guilt, Conscience (Schuld): recognizing what I am not, has not ever been and will never be. The awareness of my finitude, lacks and absences.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 26:09

?<Death> <Guilt, Conscience> → Anticipatory resoluteness: a resolute acceptance of my guilt in the anticipation of my death

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 26:49

?<Future: Letting-Itself-Come-towards-Itself> <Past: Having-Been> <Present: Making Entities Present> →

Temporality (Zeitlichkeit): to be a finite entity in time

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 27:60

?Dasine's existence is based on a time structure.

23_海德格爾 - 存在與時(shí)間 P11 - 29:46

Impact: the core of 20th century's existentialism, the way of understanding human existence in terms of finitude, without God, without an unending future, but simply recognizing one's limited time as a kind of template or scaffolding on which one must hang one's own resolute acts, realizing at all times one's limitations and guilt.

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 01:46

French added literary elements to the existentialism. eg. Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Simone de Beauvoir, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 02:26

French existentialism makes existence logically and temporarily prior to essence. For Aristotle and Aquinas, humans have a nature independent of and before their actual existence in the world. From Aquinas's point of view, God dictated that nature. We are free to make and define ourselves in action.

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 04:46

Jean-Paul Sartre 1905-1980

"Being and Nothingness": consciousness is non-being/not a thing but a pure intentionality. We humans are utterly free without guidance from outside ourselves (God/nature).

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 06:54

Human flee from this fear and anxiety to "bad faith", ? which is lying to myself. We are absolutely free= We are absolutely responsible.

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 08:51

French version of existentialism considered it as the engagement. Actions reveal self.

"We were never as free as during the German occupation."

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 10:00

?The Flies

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 12:21

?Albert Camus 1913-1960

The Myth of Sisyphus, The Plague, The Rebel

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 12:40

Simone de Beauvoir 1908-1986

The Second Sex, The Ethics of Ambiguity

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 13:14

Maurice Merleau-Ponty 1908-1961, The Phenomenology of Perception, The primacy of Perception, The Visible and Invisible

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 15:23

The Frankfurt School

Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse: combined Hegel, Marx and Frued

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 15:53

Western Marxism:a Marxism that tries to avoid Leninist party authoritarianism and be compatible with Western democracy

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 16:49

?Dialectic of Enlightenment: how in the world at the height of European civilization and individualism, did Fascism appear.

The progress brings the separation of the rational ego from emotions and the body. They repressed their bodily impulses that have in common with lower classes.

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 20:07

However, the modern scientific rationality since 18th century has perform a critique of this?rational ego or self, emptying it of concrete values, sentimental commitments and religious metaphysics. Ego that can do anything but not ?believe in anything. The reason has nothing substantive to say morally. The enlightenment notion itself ,the coming together of freedom and power, will inevitably turn into the fascist self and destroy itself.

24_存在主義與法蘭克福學(xué)派 P12 - 22:01

Marquis de Sade