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懸鏈線與雙曲函數(shù)、反雙曲函數(shù)(3)

2022-02-11 07:57 作者:匆匆-cc  | 我要投稿

????????認(rèn)識(shí)反雙曲函數(shù),我們也從一個(gè)熟悉的角度。

????????在做奇偶函數(shù)題目中,一定有幾個(gè)函數(shù)常常映入眼簾。

f(x)%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%5Cright)

g(x)%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%5Cright)

h(x)%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx%7D%7B1-x%7D

????????容易證明,f(x)為奇函數(shù),g(x)為非奇非偶函數(shù)函數(shù),h(x)為奇函數(shù)。

????????其實(shí),這三個(gè)函數(shù)分別為反雙曲正弦函數(shù)、反雙曲余弦函數(shù)反雙曲正切函數(shù)。

????????分別記作

f(x)%3D%5Coperatorname%7Barsinh%7Dx%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%5Cright)

g(x)%3D%5Coperatorname%7Barcosh%7Dx%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%5Cright)

h(x)%3D%5Coperatorname%7Bartanh%7Dx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx%7D%7B1-x%7D

????## 注意:這里不是arc開頭,而是ar開頭,是因?yàn)檫@里ar表示area(面積),而不是arc(?。?。

????????所以,這些名稱是怎么來的?

????????首先,我們需要了解雙曲函數(shù),可以參考以下鏈接。

????????反雙曲函數(shù),顧名思義就是雙曲函數(shù)的反函數(shù)。

? ? ? ? 那么,對于雙曲正弦函數(shù)

y%3D%5Csinh%20x%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ex-e%5E%7B-x%7D%7D%7B2%7D

????????取其反函數(shù)

x%3D%5Csinh%20y%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ey-e%5E%7B-y%7D%7D%7B2%7D

????????化簡為關(guān)于e%5Ey的一元二次方程,得到

(e%5Ey)%5E2-2xe%5Ey-1%3D0

????????解得

e%5Ey%3Dx%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D

????????或

e%5Ey%3Dx-%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%EF%BC%88%5Ctextbf%7B%E8%88%8D%7D%EF%BC%89

????????所以

y%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%2B1%7D%5Cright)

????????這就是反雙曲正弦函數(shù)的表達(dá)式,記作

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????????同樣的,對于反雙曲余弦函數(shù)

y%3D%5Ccosh%20x%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ex%2Be%5E%7B-x%7D%7D%7B2%7D

? ? ????取其反函數(shù)

x%3D%5Ccosh%20y%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ey%2Be%5E%7B-y%7D%7D%7B2%7D

? ? ????化簡為關(guān)于e%5Ey的一元二次方程,得到

(e%5Ey)%5E2-2xe%5Ey%2B1%3D0

? ? ????解得

e%5Ey%3Dx%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D

????????或

e%5Ey%3Dx-%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D

????????人為規(guī)定,取第一個(gè)等式成立。我們得到

y%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%5Cright)

? ? ????這就是反雙曲余弦函數(shù)的表達(dá)式,記作

%5Coperatorname%7Barcosh%7Dx%3D%5Cln%5Cleft(x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%5Cright)

????## 事實(shí)上,其間關(guān)系如圖所示。

? ? ????同樣的,對于反雙曲正切函數(shù)

y%3D%5Ctanh%20x%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ex-e%5E%7B-x%7D%7D%7Be%5Ex%2Be%5E%7B-x%7D%7D

? ? ????取其反函數(shù)

x%3D%5Ctanh%20y%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5Ey-e%5E%7B-y%7D%7D%7Be%5Ey%2Be%5E%7B-y%7D%7D

? ? ? ? 化簡為關(guān)于e%5Ey的一元二次方程,得到

(x-1)(e%5Ey)%5E2%2B(x%2B1)%3D0

? ? ? ? 解得

e%5Ey%3D%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx%7D%7B1-x%7D%7D

????????或

e%5Ey%3D-%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx%7D%7B1-x%7D%7D%EF%BC%88%5Ctextbf%7B%E8%88%8D%7D%EF%BC%89

? ? ????所以

y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7B1%2Bx%7D%7B1-x%7D

? ? ????這就是反雙曲正切函數(shù)的表達(dá)式,記作

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面積函數(shù)的由來

????????反雙曲函數(shù),又稱面積函數(shù)。

????????圖中雙曲線為

x%5E2-y%5E2%3D1

????????過E點(diǎn)直線為

x%3Da

????????考察圖中雙曲扇形ACBD的面積,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)

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????## 這里用到積分公式

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????????同時(shí),我們有

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S%3D%5Coperatorname%7Barcosh%7DCE

AE%3D%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E2-1%7D%3D%5Csqrt%7B%5Ccosh%5E2S-1%7D%3D%5Csinh%20S

S%3D%5Coperatorname%7Barsinh%7DAE

DF%3D%5Cfrac%7BAE%7D%7BCE%7D%5Ccdot1%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csinh%20S%7D%7B%5Ccosh%20S%7D%3D%5Ctanh%20S

S%3D%5Coperatorname%7Bartanh%7DDF

反雙曲函數(shù)的導(dǎo)數(shù)

????????來看反雙曲正弦函數(shù)。

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x%3D%5Csinh%20y

1%3D%5Ccosh%20y%5Ccdot%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D

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????## 這里%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B%5Ccosh%20y%3E0%7D

(%5Coperatorname%7Barsinh%7Dx)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Carcsin%20x)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1-x%5E2%7D%7D%7D

????????再來看反雙曲余弦函數(shù)。

y%3D%5Coperatorname%7Barcosh%7Dx

x%3D%5Ccosh%20y

1%3D%5Csinh%20y%5Ccdot%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D

%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csinh%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%5Ccosh%5E2%20y-1%7D%7D

? ? ## 這里%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7By%3E0%2C%5Csinh%20y%3E0%7D

(%5Coperatorname%7Barcosh%7Dx)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Carccos%20x)'%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1-x%5E2%7D%7D%7D

????????再來看反雙曲正切函數(shù)。

y%3D%5Coperatorname%7Bartanh%7Dx

x%3D%5Ctanh%20y

1%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Ccosh%5E2%20y%7D%5Ccdot%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D

%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D%5Ccosh%5E2y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-%5Ctanh%5E2y%7D

(%5Coperatorname%7Bartanh%7Dx)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%5E2%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Carctan%20x)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D

????????限于篇幅與繁復(fù)的計(jì)算,下面不加證明地給出剩余幾個(gè)反雙曲函數(shù)的定義及諸多相關(guān)式子。

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(%5Coperatorname%7Barcoth%7Dx)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x%5E2%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Coperatorname%7Barccot%7D%20x)'%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D

????## 看起來和反雙曲正切函數(shù)的導(dǎo)數(shù)相同,但兩者定義域不同!

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(%5Coperatorname%7Barsech%7Dx)'%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Csqrt%7B1-x%5E2%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Coperatorname%7Barcsec%7D%20x)'%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%7Cx%7C%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%7D%7D

%5Coperatorname%7Barcsch%7Dx%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D%7B%7Cx%7C%7D%5Cright)

(%5Coperatorname%7Barcsch%7Dx)'%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%7Cx%7C%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E2%7D%7D

%5Ccolor%7Bgray%7D%7B(%5Coperatorname%7Barccsc%7D%20x)'%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%7Cx%7C%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2-1%7D%7D%7D


????????另外,我們有

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懸鏈線與雙曲函數(shù)、反雙曲函數(shù)(3)的評論 (共 條)

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