Non-Scholastic Writing

1. Letters; e.g. Abelard & Heloise
2. Mystical writers; e.g. Bernard of Clairvaux; Monks of the School of St. Victor
3. Satire; e.g. The Gospel According to the Silver Marks
4. Latin Poetry

Peter Abelard, 1079-1142; "David's Lament for Jonathan"; Sic et Non (1120)

influence of the Islamic world

• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 980-1037
• Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 1126-1198; the distinguish between knowledge by reason and by divine
• Solomon ibn Gebirol (Avicebron) 1021-1070
• Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides) 1135-1204
• Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi) 1040-1105

Talmud: Commentary on the scriptural studies of the ancient rabbis who themselves commented on the Hebrew scriptures

The increasing application of dialectic and logical reasoning and its impact on teaching methods, and the supreme reigned of logic

Scholasticism

1. A name for a period of time (12th & 13th centuries) when the competing claims of faith and reason were explored.
2. "Schoolism": the masters, the books, the curriculums, the attitudes of the medieval schools
3. Scholastic Method: Involved the very close reading of set texts coupled with the commentaries on those texts.
4. A particular method of formal reasoning based on dialectical analysis

Concordance of Discordant Canons, aka Decretum (ca. 1140); Gratian

• Sententia: A conclusion reached at the end of a process of logical reasoning
• Quaestio: Question
• Disputatio: Disputation

Four Books of Sentences (1158); Peter Lombard (1100-1160)

Treated:

1. The Trinity
2. Creation and Sin
3. The Incarnation and Virtues
4. Last Things

13th Century, Large-scale treatments of whole realms of knowledge: Summas

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the relationship between faith and reason, natural and revealed truth

• Summa Contra Gentiles (1264)
• Summa Theologiae (1270)

the advent of universities

• Studium Generale: A place where all studies could be pursued
• Universitas: The "whole", the totality of the scholars who made up the university
• Four Faculties: Arts, Theology, Law, Medicine