《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雙語:精英主義導(dǎo)致完美主義?
原文標(biāo)題:
Social psychology
The enemy of the good
The Perfection Trap
社會(huì)心理學(xué)
善之?dāng)?br>完美主義陷阱
“The Perfection Trap” decries what it calls a “hidden epidemic”
Thomas Curran finds some unusual culprits for the scourge of perfectionism
《完美主義陷阱》譴責(zé) "隱形傳染病"
托馬斯.柯倫發(fā)現(xiàn)一些導(dǎo)致完美主義禍害的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?br>
[Paragraph 1]
IN
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S short story “The Birth-Mark”, a chemist called
Aylmer marries a young woman, Georgiana, whose sole imperfection is a
red blemish on her left cheek.
在納撒尼爾·霍桑的短篇小說《胎記》中,一個(gè)叫艾爾默的化學(xué)家娶了一個(gè)年輕女子喬治安娜,她唯一的瑕疵是左臉頰上有一個(gè)紅斑。
He considers it a “fatal flaw”; she pleads with him to use his skills to remove it.
他認(rèn)為這是一個(gè) "致命缺陷";她懇求他用化學(xué)手段來消除紅斑。
Stumbling on his journal, however, Georgiana is astonished to find it is a catalogue of scientific mishaps.
然而,喬治安娜偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)他的日記是一份科學(xué)事故目錄。
Might his loathing of her birthmark stem from his professional disappointment?
他對她胎記的厭惡可能源于他對職業(yè)的失望嗎?
At length Aylmer concocts a potion that has the desired effect—and promptly kills her.
最后,艾爾默配制出一種具有預(yù)期效果的藥水——并迅速殺死了她。

[Paragraph 2]
Hawthorne’s 180-year-old tale illustrates the perils of perfectionism.
霍桑的《胎記》有180年的歷史,這個(gè)故事說明了完美主義的危害。
It is Thomas Curran’s starting-point for a study of what he calls a “hidden epidemic”.
這是托馬斯.柯倫研究他所稱 "隱形傳染病 "的起點(diǎn)。
He thinks the obsessive pursuit of ever higher standards, rather than propelling achievement, is mainly a scourge.
他認(rèn)為,對更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的執(zhí)著追求,非但沒有推動(dòng)成就,反而是一種禍害。
A social psychologist at the London School of Economics, he describes himself as “a recovering perfectionist”.
他是倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院的社會(huì)心理學(xué)家,他稱自己是 "一個(gè)正在康復(fù)的完美主義者"。
Drawing on both academic research and his own experiences of “deficit thinking”, he makes a vigorous case, albeit one occasionally marked by cliché (he sees his younger self as a “chin-stroking, cardigan-wearing intellectual”).
根據(jù)學(xué)術(shù)研究和他自己的 "缺陷思維 "經(jīng)歷,他用了一個(gè)形象的例子,盡管有時(shí)有些陳詞濫調(diào)(他認(rèn)為年輕的自己是一個(gè) "摸著下巴、穿著開襟羊毛衫的知識分子")。
[Paragraph 3]
Mr Curran distinguishes between three sorts of perfectionism.
柯倫將完美主義分為3種。
The first, which looks inward, is the relentless self-scolding of the workaholic or punctilious student.
第一種是向內(nèi)看的完美主義,是工作狂或循規(guī)蹈矩學(xué)生的不斷自責(zé)。
A
second version, directed towards others, is commonly found in bosses
who have unrealistic expectations of their staff and decry their
supposed failings (he cites Steve Jobs as an example).
第二種是針對他人的完美主義,常見于那些對員工有不切實(shí)際的期望并譴責(zé)失敗的老板(他以史蒂夫·喬布斯為例)。
The third and most troublesome kind is the form imputed to society: “an all-encompassing belief that everybody, at all times, expects us to be perfect”.
第三種是歸咎于社會(huì)的完美主義,也是最麻煩的一種:"一種涵蓋一切的信念,即要求每個(gè)人每時(shí)每刻都要保持完美"。
Its victims tend to feel lonely; often they harm themselves and harbour thoughts of suicide.
這種完美主義的受害者往往會(huì)感到孤獨(dú);他們經(jīng)常會(huì)自傷且懷有自殺的想法。
[Paragraph 4]
Having noted the ways in which this pathology inflames vulnerabilities and erodes resilience, Mr Curran suggests some causes.
柯倫注意到這種病態(tài)完美主義會(huì)加劇脆弱性和削弱韌性之后,他給出了一些原因。
These include a lack of job security, neurotic supervision by helicopter parents and the gaudy blandishments of advertising, which fuel consumption and anxiety.
這些原因包括缺乏工作保障、直升機(jī)父母的神經(jīng)質(zhì)監(jiān)督、廣告的華麗誘惑,這些都加劇了內(nèi)耗和焦慮。
“The very fabric of this economy”, he claims, “is woven from our discontent.”
他說,"這種經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的構(gòu)成要素是我們的不滿情緒"。
Inevitably he blames social media, which inundate users with images of finely sculpted bodies, flawless outfits, ambrosial holidays and exquisite weddings.
他毫不留情地指責(zé)社交媒體,稱它們讓用戶浸泡在精雕細(xì)琢的身體、完美無瑕的服裝、溫馨的假期和精美的婚禮等圖像中。
[Paragraph 5]
A
less familiar culprit is Don Hamachek, an American psychologist, who in
the 1970s coined the term “normal perfectionism”, thereby legitimising morbid self-criticism, says Mr Curran.
柯倫稱另一個(gè)不太為人所知的罪魁禍?zhǔn)资敲绹?/span>理學(xué)家唐·哈馬切克,他在1970年代創(chuàng)造了 "正常完美主義 "一詞,從而使病態(tài)的自我批評合理化。
He even reproaches Barack Obama for enjoining young people to learn from their mistakes.
他甚至指責(zé)巴拉克.奧巴馬責(zé)令年輕人從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。
Instead, he says, failures should be “allowed to simply wash through us as a joyous reminder of what it means to be a fallible human”.
相反,他說我們應(yīng)該讓失敗"從我們身邊流過,它們是讓我們記住自己是一個(gè)會(huì)犯錯(cuò)的人的快樂提示。"
[Paragraph 6]
The author’s greatest odium, though, is directed at meritocracy.
然而,作者稱最大的罪魁禍?zhǔn)资蔷⒅髁x。
In this he draws on the thinking of Michael Sandel, a philosopher at Harvard.
在這方面,他借鑒了哈佛大學(xué)哲學(xué)家邁克爾.桑德爾的思想。
Especially
in “The Tyranny of Merit” (published in 2020), Professor Sandel has
argued that using education as a giant sorting machine creates a toxic
obsession with credentials, dividing society into winners and losers and
depleting the common good.
特別是在《精英的傲慢》(2020年出版)一書中,桑德爾教授認(rèn)為,把教育當(dāng)作巨大的分類機(jī)器會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們迷戀證書,將社會(huì)分為成功者和失敗者,會(huì)耗盡共同利益。
Like other critics of meritocracy, Mr Curran has a point—until you consider the alternatives.
像其他精英主義的批評者一樣,柯倫先生的觀點(diǎn)是有道理的——除非你考慮其他選擇。
[Paragraph 7]
Daily life, in his view, now resembles an endless tribunal. Young people suffer most from the constant scrutiny of scores and rankings.
在他看來,現(xiàn)代日常生活就像一場無窮無盡的庭審。年輕人受各種分?jǐn)?shù)和排名之苦最深。
Decrying
a fixation on economic growth, he applauds countries, such as Bhutan
and New Zealand, where decision-makers take account of citizens’
happiness.
他譴責(zé)對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的迷戀,稱贊不丹和新西蘭等國家的決策者會(huì)考慮公民的幸福。
Mr Curran’s preferred fix is a universal basic income, which he says would “extinguish the fire of perfectionism”.
柯倫的首選方案是實(shí)行“全民基本收入”政策,他說這個(gè)政策可以 "撲滅完美主義之火"。
[Paragraph 8]
Whatever
its economic merits, his argument errs in treating perfectionism as a
purely cultural phenomenon. Might it not also be a disposition embedded
in the psyche?
無論其經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值如何,他將完美主義視為一種純粹的文化現(xiàn)象的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。難道它不也是一種心理傾向嗎?
Tellingly, his guidance—“Keep going. Do not yield”; “Keep practising that acceptance of fortune and fate”—is couched in the language of the perfectionist’s round-the-clock report card.
值得注意的是,他的指導(dǎo)——“繼續(xù)前進(jìn),不要放棄”;“繼續(xù)練習(xí)接受命運(yùn)的安排”——使用了完美主義者全天候成績單的說辭。
(恭喜讀完,本篇英語詞匯量693左右)
原文出自:2023年5月27日《The Economist》Culture版塊
精讀筆記來源于:自由英語之路
本文翻譯整理: Irene
本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】(來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò))
《胎記》The Birth-Mark是納撒尼爾·霍桑的一部短篇小說,講述了一個(gè)叫Aylmer的科學(xué)家,他妻子臉上的一個(gè)小胎記成為他追求完美的障礙。Aylmer相信可以通過科學(xué)手段將其消除,但是最終的結(jié)果卻是災(zāi)難性的。小說探討了人類對完美和可接受范圍的追求,以及在這種追求中可能帶來的后果。
《完美主義陷阱》The Perfection Trap是作者托馬斯.柯倫的一本書,闡述了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中追求完美所帶來的壓力和影響。書中引用了大量的研究和案例,描述了人們?nèi)绾蜗萑胪昝乐髁x的陷阱,并為此感到壓力、焦慮和不滿意。作者提出了一些解決問題的策略和建議,包括更加關(guān)注過程而非結(jié)果,擁抱個(gè)人差異以及減少社交媒體和其他外界因素的干擾。
缺陷思維Deficit thinking是一種舊的教育觀念,即將學(xué)生視為缺陷、不足或有問題的個(gè)體,并強(qiáng)調(diào)一種“補(bǔ)救”方法,試圖通過填補(bǔ)學(xué)生的缺陷來改善他們的表現(xiàn)。這種思想認(rèn)為,學(xué)生的失敗是因?yàn)樗麄兊牟蛔愫腿毕荩皇墙逃到y(tǒng)、社會(huì)或其他環(huán)境因素的影響。它通常忽略了學(xué)生的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和潛能,并在對待學(xué)生時(shí)產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響,包括削弱自尊心、限制學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)和強(qiáng)化刻板印象。許多現(xiàn)代教育者反對這種思想,強(qiáng)調(diào)以積極、多元化和包容的方式看待學(xué)生,并為每個(gè)學(xué)生提供平等的機(jī)會(huì)和資源。
唐·哈馬切克的正常完美主義是指一種積極的追求完美,但不會(huì)因?yàn)橥昝乐髁x而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的情感或行為問題。這種完美主義強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人努力和自我改進(jìn),促進(jìn)個(gè)人成長和發(fā)展。正常完美主義者通常會(huì)設(shè)定挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo),并按照自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評估自己的表現(xiàn),但同時(shí)也會(huì)接受失敗和錯(cuò)誤,并從中學(xué)習(xí)和成長。相比之下,不健康的完美主義者(也稱為神經(jīng)質(zhì)完美主義者)往往會(huì)過分關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)和錯(cuò)誤,給自己帶來極大的壓力和焦慮,并可能導(dǎo)致心理健康問題,如抑郁癥和焦慮癥等。
邁克爾·桑德爾的《精英的傲慢》The Tyranny of Merit是一本揭示美國上層社會(huì)文化和心理現(xiàn)象的暢銷書。作者認(rèn)為,美國的精英們自認(rèn)為比其他人更聰明、更有能力,但卻缺少對其他人的真正了解和尊重,并將自己看作是社會(huì)進(jìn)步和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。作者從教育、職業(yè)、社交圈子、政治等方面探討了精英主義的根源,以及這種思想如何影響他們對普通人及其價(jià)值觀和生活方式的看法。桑德爾還指出,這種傲慢和對社會(huì)問題無知的態(tài)度導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)分裂和不平等的加劇。
批評精英主義的原因主要有以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 不公平:精英主義會(huì)使社會(huì)上層人士過分享有資源和權(quán)利,而削弱社會(huì)公平和平等。這些精英們通常擁有更多的機(jī)會(huì)和財(cái)富,而且更有可能影響政策和決策,使得他們的權(quán)力和特權(quán)更加穩(wěn)固。
2. 妨礙社會(huì)流動(dòng):精英主義可能會(huì)使社會(huì)流動(dòng)性下降。如果個(gè)人的出身就決定了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)地位,那么很難通過個(gè)人的努力和成就來提高他們的社會(huì)階層和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)上層人士的壟斷和社會(huì)階層之間的隔閡。
3. 狹隘的思維:精英主義會(huì)使社會(huì)上層人士更可能只關(guān)心自己的利益和需要,而忽略其他人的需要和利益。這種狹隘的思維方式可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治決策和社會(huì)政策的偏頗,遠(yuǎn)離公正和普惠。
4. 妨礙民主:精英主義可能會(huì)妨礙民主進(jìn)程。如果社會(huì)上層人士過分掌握權(quán)力和資源,那么他們可能會(huì)通過掌控政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)來維持他們的特權(quán)地位,而不是真正為整個(gè)社會(huì)謀求最大化的利益。
【重點(diǎn)句子】(3 個(gè))
He thinks the obsessive pursuit of ever higher standards, rather than propelling achievement, is mainly a scourge.
他認(rèn)為,對更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的執(zhí)著追求,非但沒有推動(dòng)成就,反而是一種禍害。
These include a lack of job security, neurotic supervision by helicopter parents and the gaudy blandishments of advertising, which fuel consumption and anxiety.
這些原因包括缺乏工作保障、直升機(jī)父母的神經(jīng)質(zhì)監(jiān)督、廣告的華麗誘惑,這些都加劇了內(nèi)耗和焦慮。
Daily life, in his view, now resembles an endless tribunal. Young people suffer most from the constant scrutiny of scores and rankings.
在他看來,現(xiàn)代日常生活就像一場無窮無盡的庭審。年輕人受各種分?jǐn)?shù)和排名之苦最深。
