原始史料、前人著作(十六)——貝哈基史

《貝哈基史(Tarikh-i Bayhaqi)》是11世紀(jì)伽色尼史家貝哈基(亦稱白哈奇,Abu'l-Fa?l Mu?ammad ibn ?usayn Bayhaqī,995-1077)編纂的歷史著作。貝哈基出生于呼羅珊地區(qū)的拜哈克(Bayhaq,即后來的薩卜澤瓦爾[Sabzevar]),青年時(shí)期前往尼沙不爾求學(xué),后效力于伽色尼王朝,憑才干入帝國秘書處(dīvān-e resālat),擔(dān)任首席秘書阿布·納斯?fàn)枴っ资部玻?/strong>Abu Nasr Mushkan)的副手長達(dá)二十年。米什坎在1039-1040年間去世,他死前極力推薦貝哈基繼承他的位子,但是馬蘇德認(rèn)為他太年輕了(當(dāng)時(shí)他46歲),而改任皂贊尼(Abu Sahl Zawzani)。皂贊尼對貝哈基十分看不慣,特別是馬蘇德死后極力打壓,貝哈基曾秘密上疏給蘇丹投訴,但無果。在拉希德時(shí)期(1049-1052)終于媳婦熬成婆擔(dān)任首席秘書,然而隨著托格魯爾叛亂,他被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄,家產(chǎn)被奪,直到法魯克扎德繼位(1053-1059)獲釋,負(fù)責(zé)外交工作,當(dāng)時(shí)送達(dá)各國的公文國書,大多出自于貝哈基之手,可見其文采。在其統(tǒng)治末期逐漸退出政壇,定居加茲納城,搜集大量資料,開始撰寫《貝哈基史》,直到1077年死去。據(jù)后世的同鄉(xiāng)伊本·封杜克·貝哈基(Ibn Funduq)、以及米爾洪德等史家所言,全書共三十卷,卷帙浩繁,以波斯語寫成,記載了自蘇布克特勤到易卜拉欣(1059-1099在位)初期的伽色尼王朝歷史,從卷5開始記載的都是自己親身經(jīng)歷或見聞的歷史事件。貝哈基十分不看好前人那些僅僅記載“某某蘇丹派遣某某將領(lǐng)出征某地;某日與敵作戰(zhàn);某日與敵媾和”的流水賬史書,因此他在寫作過程中極力避免這種問題,對事件進(jìn)行生動形象的敘述,精細(xì)無比,因此雖然著作風(fēng)格與《記述的裝飾》截然不同,但是同樣極具史料價(jià)值與文學(xué)價(jià)值;同時(shí)由于長期任官,并處理外交工作,因此有關(guān)官場見聞、宮廷陰謀、朝廷傾軋、對外關(guān)系等相當(dāng)詳細(xì)。然而大都佚失,目前僅剩馬蘇德時(shí)期(卷6后半部分、卷7-9、卷10一部分),目前波斯語有幾個(gè)版本,附伊朗百科全書的原文:
(1) The Calcutta edition (1862), edited by W. H. Morley and W. N. Lees and published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, containing no notes or indexes
(2) the lithographed edition by A?mad Adīb Pī?āvarī (Tehran, 1305/1887-88), with annotations including definitions of words and explanations of historical and geographical names, occasional variant readings, but mainly general comments on moral and philosophical issues as they occurred to the author;
(3) Tārī?-emas?ūdī ma?rūf be Tārī?-e Bayhaqī, edited by Nafīsī (Tehran, 1319 ?./1940), containing only half the text;
(4) Tārī?-eBayhaqī, edited by ?A.-A. Fayyā? and Q. ?anī (Tehran, 1324 ?./1945), containing the complete text, with an introduction, notes, and indexes
(5) Tārī?-emas?ūdī, edited by Nafīsī (Tehran, 1319-32 ?./1940-53), with copious notes in three volumes;
(6) Tārī?-eBayhaqī, edited by Fayyā? (Ma?had, 1350 ?./1971; 2nd ed., Ma?had, 1355 ?./1976), with an introduction and incomplete notes and, in the second edition, a glossary of words and phrases prepared by M.-J. Yā?aqqī (pp. 1021-90);
(7) Tārī?-eBayhaqī, edited by ?A. E?sānī (Tehran, 1358 ?./1980) and based on Fayyā?’s edition;
(8) Gozīda-ye tārī?-eBayhaqī (selections from the Tārī?-e Bayhaqī), edited by M. Dabīrsīāqī, Tehran, 1348 ?./1970;
(9) an edition of the complete work with glossaries and indexes, as well as a selection, prepared by ?. ?a?īb Rahbar is in press.
至于其他語言,目前已知有:
阿拉伯語本:書名Ta?rī? al-Bayhaqī,伊歷1376年(1956)由Ya?yā al-?a??āb和?ādeq Na??at出版于開羅
俄文本:書名為Istoriya Masuda,1962年由A. K. Arends出版于塔什干,1969年再版于莫斯科
其英譯本同樣由咱們的老朋友博斯沃思在2011年出版,書名為The History of Beyhaqi (The History of Sultan Masud of Ghazna, 1030-1041) by Abu'l-Fazl Beyhaqi,Translated with a historical, geographical, linguistic and cultural commentary and notes by C.? E.? Bosworth,F(xiàn)ully revised and with further commentary by Mohsen Ashtiany,共三卷,卷一講1030-1032年事,卷二講1032-1041年事兼花剌子模史;卷三則是評注、書目和索引
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