【簡譯】雙耳瓶（Amphora）

2022-07-21 16:49 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

An amphora (Greek: amphoreus) is a jar with two vertical handles used in antiquity for the storage and transportation of foodstuffs such as wine and olive oil. The name derives from the Greek amphi-phoreus meaning 'carried on both sides', although the Greeks had adopted the design from the eastern Mediterranean. Used by all the great trading nations from the Phoenicians to the Romans, the sturdy-walled amphora spread throughout the ancient world and they have become an important survivor in the archaeological record providing clues as to dates of sites, trade relations, and everyday diet.

? ? ? ? ? 雙耳瓶（希臘語：amphoreus）是一種有兩個垂直把手的罐子，在古代用于儲存和運輸食品，如葡萄酒和橄欖油。這個名字來源于希臘語amphi-phoreus，意思是 "兩邊都有"，希臘人從地中海東部地區(qū)采用了這種設計。從腓尼基人到羅馬人，所有偉大的貿(mào)易國家都在使用這種堅固的雙耳瓶，它們遍布整個古代世界，成為考古記錄中的重要遺存，為遺址的日期、貿(mào)易關系和日常飲食提供了線索。

設? ? 計

Evolving from the large Bronze Age pithoi vessels, which the Minoans and Mycenaeans used for storage purposes, the amphora became perhaps the most common ancient pottery shape. However, the size and form had a great many variations. Amphorae could also be plain – typically when used for the transport of goods – or highly decorated, just as any other red-figure or black-figure pottery. Specific places, already noted for their pottery production, such as Corinth and Attica, along with famed wine-producing islands like Chios, Lesbos, and Samos all produced distinctive amphora types. So too did colonies in the Black Sea area and Magna Graecia, although some cities were happy enough to copy tried and tested designs. All amphorae were made in stages on the wheel with a period of drying between the addition of a new section.

? ? ? ? ? 雙耳瓶從青銅時代米諾斯人和邁錫尼人用于儲存的大型pithoi容器演變而來，它可能是最常見的古代陶器形狀。然而，其尺寸和形式有很多變化。雙耳瓶是普通的、通常用于運輸貨物的器物，或者是高度裝飾的、就像其他畫有紅色圖案或黑色圖案的陶器?？屏炙购桶⑻峥ǖ纫蚱涮掌魃a(chǎn)而聞名的特定地方，以及希俄斯、萊斯博斯和薩摩斯等有名的產(chǎn)酒島嶼，都生產(chǎn)了有著獨特樣式的雙耳瓶。黑海地區(qū)和大希臘的殖民地也是如此，盡管有些城市很樂意復制經(jīng)過試驗的設計。所有的雙耳瓶都是在瓶輪上分階段制作的，在增加一個新的部分之間有一段干燥期。

The two basic types of amphora were the neck-amphora, which has the shoulder joining the neck at a sharp angle, and the belly amphora (or simply amphora) which curves continuously from neck to foot. Those vessels with broad mouths were known as either kadoi or stamnoi while the plain types for transport were referred to as amphoreus. Gradually the form of the vessel evolved to reflect its primary function as a carrier of wine and for ease of packing. The base foot became a spike and the vessel overall became taller and slimmer. In addition, during the Roman period the contents of amphorae became easily identifiable from the shape of the vessel in question, a useful feature when stored in busy ports. Decorative amphorae with a pointed base would have been kept upright in a bronze stand or deep ceramic ring.

? ? ? ? ? 雙耳瓶的兩種基本類型是頸部雙耳瓶和腹部雙耳瓶，前者的肩部與頸部呈尖角連接，后者從頸部到腳部連續(xù)彎曲。那些有寬口的容器被稱為kadoi或stamnoi，而用于運輸?shù)钠胀愋捅环Q為amphoreus。漸漸地，容器的形式發(fā)生了變化，以反映其作為酒的載體和便于包裝的主要功能。底腳變成了一個尖頭，容器整體變得更高更細了。此外，在羅馬時期，從有關容器的形狀來看，雙耳瓶的形狀變得很容易辨認，在繁忙的港口儲存時，這是一個有用的特征。帶有尖底的裝飾性雙耳瓶會被豎立在一個青銅支架或深陶環(huán)中。

功? ? 能

The average capacity for amphorae was 20-25 litres, although early versions were considerably larger. The general size became limited by the necessity for one or two persons to easily carry the vessel, and a standardisation, although attempted, was not achieved in practice until the Byzantine period. Foodstuffs transported in them included wine, olive oil, honey, milk, olives, dried fish, dry food such as cereals, or even just water. Non-food contents included pitch, and some were used in tombs as containers for the ashes of the deceased. Another special type was the Panathenaic amphora which was a large vessel of around 36 litres decorated with black-figure designs. They were filled with olives and given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games, held every four years in Athens. Finally, miniature amphorae known as amphoriskoi (sing. amphoriskos) or pelikai (pelike) were used for storing perfume.

? ? ? ? ? 雙耳瓶的平均容量為20-25升，盡管早期的樣式要大得多。一般來說，由于需要一到兩個人方便地搬運容器，因此尺寸變得有限；雖然人們嘗試過標準化，但直到拜占庭時期才在實踐中實現(xiàn)。運送的食品包括葡萄酒、橄欖油、蜂蜜、牛奶、橄欖、魚干、谷物等干糧，甚至只有水。非食物的內(nèi)容包括瀝青，有些被用在墳墓中作為死者骨灰的容器。另一種特殊的類型是泛雅典雙耳瓶，這是一種大約36升的大容器，上面有黑色的圖案裝飾。它們裝滿了橄欖，并在每四年一次在雅典舉行的泛希臘運動會上作為獎品發(fā)放。最后，被稱為amphoriskoi（單指amphoriskos）或pelikai（pelike）的微型雙耳瓶被用來儲存香水。

The Romans used amphorae in much the same way as the Greeks but with the addition of such Roman staples as fish sauce (garum) and preserved fruits. For this reason, amphorae were sealed using clay or resin stoppers, some also had a ceramic lid when used to store dry goods. Very few lids have survived in proportion to amphorae but those that do commonly have a single knob handle, sometimes made into the shape of a fruit. Finally, amphorae were used for completely unrelated purposes to their original design such as burial whole in marshy land to provide more solid foundations for buildings and walls or in roof domes as a means to provide additional support between courses.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬人使用雙耳瓶的方式與希臘人基本相同，但他們加入了魚露（garum）和腌制水果等羅馬主食。出于這個原因，雙耳瓶用粘土或樹脂塞子密封，有些用來儲存干貨時還有一個陶瓷蓋子。很少有與雙耳瓶成比例的蓋子留存下來，但那些蓋子通常有一個單把手，有時做成水果的形狀。最后，雙耳瓶被用于與其原始設計完全無關的目的，如在沼澤地中的集體埋葬、為建筑物和墻壁提供更堅實的基礎、或在屋頂穹頂中作為一種手段，在屋頂各層之間提供額外的支持。

印? ? ?章

Many amphorae (but certainly not all) used to transport goods were given a stamp before firing, typically placed on the neck, rim, or handles. This identified the place of origin (pottery workshop), indicated the vessel was part of a particular batch, named a controlling official, or guaranteed the content volume and quality. The name or monogram of the manufacturer might appear on the stamp, a month, or a regional adjective or symbol (Rhodes, for example, used a rose emblem). In the case of wine, the age of good wine was indicated and the drink-by-date (year) for cheap wine. Stamps were also a means by which authorities could exercise a control on customs duties. Stoppers could be stamped for the same purpose. In addition to stamps, the Romans painted information labels on their vessels to make their contents easily identifiable.

? ? ? ? ? ?許多用于運輸貨物的雙耳瓶（但肯定不是全部）在燒制前都有一個印章，通常是放在頸部、邊緣或手柄上。這確定了原產(chǎn)地（陶器作坊），表明該容器是特定批次的一部分，指定了一個控制官員，或保證了內(nèi)容的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。印章上可能會出現(xiàn)制造商的名字或單字，也可能是一個月份，或者是一個地區(qū)性的形容詞或符號（例如，羅得島使用的是玫瑰標志）。就葡萄酒而言，好的葡萄酒會標明酒齡，便宜的葡萄酒會標明飲用日期（年份）。印章也是當局對關稅進行控制的一種手段。為了同樣的目的，瓶塞也可以被蓋上印章。除了印章之外，羅馬人還在他們的船只上繪制信息標簽，以使其內(nèi)容易于識別。

All of this information has often been invaluable for archaeologists when attempting to date a site which contains amphorae, especially shipwrecks. Finally, the discovery of amphorae whose origin can be identified and their quantities are helpful in determining the extent of trade in the ancient world. The Monte Testaccio in Rome is an artificial mound of pottery shards coming from some 53 million discarded amphorae; impressive testimony to the fact that the amphora was one of the most common and useful objects in antiquity.

? ? ? ? ? 這些信息對于考古學家在試圖確定含有羊皮制品的遺址，特別是沉船的日期時往往是非常寶貴的。最后，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)可以確定其來源和數(shù)量，以此確定古代世界的貿(mào)易程度。羅馬的蒙特泰斯塔喬是一個人工堆積陶器碎片的土墩，在那里人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了大約5300萬個雙耳瓶殘??；雙耳瓶是古代最常見和有用的物品之一。