The meaning and significance of Consequentialism： The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or Hedonism) Utilitarianism, which advocates that the right or wrong of an action depends on whether the net effect of the action after the happiness of the action offsets the pain is the highest in general. Simply put, actions that cause happiness are right, and actions that cause pain are wrong, regardless of motivation. Other forms different from classical Utilitarianism, if not judged by the intrinsic value of things at all levels (i.e. G.E. Moore's ideal Utilitarianism, ethical Egoism), it is to see whether the results of various things are appropriate. Consequentialism is relative to absolutism. Absolutism (the representative character Kant) believes that morality has its absolute moral principles, that is, morality has certain norms and behavioral norms, and only needs to focus on the intention of actions, regardless of the outcome. Representative of Consequentialism: Bentham Representative work: "Introduction to Moral and Legislative Principles" Representative theory: Utilitarianism moral theory (The utility of any law should be measured by the degree to which it promotes the happiness, goodness and happiness of the relevant people.) 譯： 結(jié)果論最簡(jiǎn)單的形式又即古典的(或是享樂主義的)功利主義，它主張一個(gè)行為的對(duì)錯(cuò)，要視就總體而言該行為的快樂抵消痛苦之后的凈效應(yīng)是否達(dá)到最高。簡(jiǎn)單地說，造成快樂的行為就是對(duì)的，造成痛苦的行為就是錯(cuò)的，而不管動(dòng)機(jī)與否。其他不同于古典功利主義的形式，若非以各個(gè)等級(jí)事物的內(nèi)在價(jià)值來判定(即G.E.穆爾的理想的功利主義、倫理的利己主義)，就是看各類事物的結(jié)果是否恰當(dāng)合適。 結(jié)果主義相對(duì)于絕對(duì)主義。絕對(duì)主義(代表人物康德)認(rèn)為道德有其絕對(duì)的道德原則，即道德有一定的準(zhǔn)則和行為規(guī)范，只需注重動(dòng)作的意圖，而不管結(jié)果如何。 結(jié)果主義代表人物:邊沁 代表著作:《道德與立法原則導(dǎo)論》 代表理論:功利主義道德理論(任何法律的功利，都應(yīng)由其促進(jìn)相關(guān)者的愉快、善與幸福的程度來衡量。)