小白自學(xué)筆記之Python入門(mén)-第四章 常用模塊-turtle
4.1 turtle
turtle庫(kù)是Python語(yǔ)言中一個(gè)內(nèi)置的繪圖的函數(shù)庫(kù)，在一個(gè)橫軸為x、縱軸為y的坐標(biāo)系原點(diǎn)，(0,0)開(kāi)始，它根據(jù)一組函數(shù)指令的控制，在這個(gè)平面坐標(biāo)系中繪制圖形。使用turtle庫(kù)前，要用import導(dǎo)入該庫(kù)，下面直接介紹繪圖步驟。?
1導(dǎo)入turtle庫(kù)
使用turtle進(jìn)行繪圖必須導(dǎo)入turtle庫(kù)，具體代碼如下
import turtle?
2設(shè)置畫(huà)布大?。梢圆辉O(shè)置）
畫(huà)布就是turtle給我們提供的繪圖區(qū)域，坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)位于中心位置，向右x增加，向上y增加?？梢允褂胻urtle的screensize函數(shù)設(shè)置畫(huà)布的大小和初始位置。turtle.screensize (canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)，參數(shù)分別為畫(huà)布的寬（以像素為單位），高和背景顏色。如：turtle.screensize(80,60, "green")。?
3使用畫(huà)筆繪圖
畫(huà)筆是圖形繪制的工具，畫(huà)筆的屬性，顏色、畫(huà)線的寬度可以使用設(shè)置。
(1) turtle.pensize()：設(shè)置畫(huà)筆的寬度（以像素為單位）
(2) turtle.pencolor()：沒(méi)有參數(shù)傳入，返回當(dāng)前畫(huà)筆顏色，傳入?yún)?shù)設(shè)置畫(huà)筆顏色，可以是字符串如"green", "red"。
(3) turtle.speed(speed)：設(shè)置畫(huà)筆移動(dòng)速度，畫(huà)筆繪制的速度范圍[0,10]整數(shù)，數(shù)字越大越快。使用turtle畫(huà)圖時(shí)，能夠看到繪制過(guò)程，畫(huà)筆速度可以影響繪制速度。
繪圖有三種命令：一種為運(yùn)動(dòng)命令，一種為畫(huà)筆控制命令，還有一種是全局控制命令。
命令????????????說(shuō)明
turtle.forward(distance)????向當(dāng)前畫(huà)筆方向移動(dòng)distance像素長(zhǎng)度
turtle.backward(distance)????向當(dāng)前畫(huà)筆相反方向移動(dòng)distance像素長(zhǎng)度
turtle.right(degree)????順時(shí)針移動(dòng)degree°
turtle.left(degree)????逆時(shí)針移動(dòng)degree°
turtle.pendown()????移動(dòng)時(shí)繪制圖形，缺省時(shí)也為繪制
turtle.goto(x,y)????將畫(huà)筆移動(dòng)到坐標(biāo)為x,y的位置
turtle.penup()????提起筆移動(dòng)，不繪制圖形，用于另起一個(gè)地方繪制
turtle.circle()????畫(huà)圓，半徑為正(負(fù))，表示圓心在畫(huà)筆的左邊(右邊)畫(huà)圓
setx( )????將當(dāng)前x軸移動(dòng)到指定位置
sety( )????將當(dāng)前y軸移動(dòng)到指定位置
setheading(angle)????設(shè)置當(dāng)前朝向?yàn)閍ngle角度
home()????設(shè)置當(dāng)前畫(huà)筆位置為原點(diǎn)，朝向東。
dot(r)????繪制一個(gè)指定直徑和顏色的圓點(diǎn)
表 畫(huà)筆運(yùn)動(dòng)命令
turtle.circle()語(yǔ)法為 ?turtle.circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)
??? radius(半徑)：半徑為正(負(fù))，表示圓心在畫(huà)筆的左邊(右邊)畫(huà)圓；
??? extent(弧度) (optional)；弧形角度。當(dāng)無(wú)該參數(shù)或參數(shù)為None時(shí)，繪制整個(gè)圓形。當(dāng)extent值為正數(shù)時(shí)，順小海龜當(dāng)前方向繪制。當(dāng)extent值為負(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，小海龜當(dāng)前方向的逆方向繪制。
??? steps (optional) (做半徑為radius的圓的內(nèi)切正多邊形，多邊形邊數(shù)為steps)。
?
命令????????????說(shuō)明
turtle.fillcolor(colorstring)????繪制圖形的填充顏色
turtle.color(color1, color2)????同時(shí)設(shè)置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2
turtle.filling()????返回當(dāng)前是否在填充狀態(tài)
turtle.begin_fill()????準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始填充圖形
turtle.end_fill()????填充完成
turtle.hideturtle()????隱藏畫(huà)筆的turtle形狀
turtle.showturtle()????顯示畫(huà)筆的turtle形狀
表 畫(huà)筆控制命令
命令????????????說(shuō)明
turtle.clear()????清空turtle窗口，但是turtle的位置和狀態(tài)不會(huì)改變
turtle.reset()????清空窗口，重置turtle狀態(tài)為起始狀態(tài)
turtle.undo()????撤銷上一個(gè)turtle動(dòng)作
turtle.isvisible(????)????返回當(dāng)前turtle是否可見(jiàn)
stamp()????復(fù)制當(dāng)前圖形
turtle.write(s [,font=("font-name", font_size, "font_type")])
寫(xiě)文本，s為文本內(nèi)容，font是字體的參數(shù)，分別為字體名稱，大小和類型；font為可選項(xiàng)，font參數(shù)也是可選項(xiàng)
turtle.clear()????清空turtle窗口，但是turtle的位置和狀態(tài)不會(huì)改變
表 全局控制命令
例子們乘風(fēng)破浪的來(lái)了！此部分參考網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料。有的圖形可以自己參考改造，我等著你們的原創(chuàng)，漂亮的圖形會(huì)替換下面的例子！有的圖形復(fù)制一下代碼看看運(yùn)行結(jié)果得了，反正現(xiàn)在也不明白！
（1）五角星
import turtle
turtle.screensize(200,200, "green")
turtle.pencolor("blue")
turtle.pensize(2)
turtle.speed(2)
?
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-100,50)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.color("red")
turtle.begin_fill()
for i in range(5):
??? turtle.forward(200)
??? turtle.right(144)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.done()
（2）心形
import turtle
turtle.color('red','pink')
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.left(135)
turtle.fd(100)
turtle.right(180)
turtle.circle(50,-180)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.circle(50,-180)
turtle.right(180)
turtle.fd(100)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.done()
（3）太陽(yáng)花
import turtle
turtle.color("red", "yellow")
turtle.begin_fill()
for _ in range(50):
??? turtle.forward(200)
??? turtle.left(170)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.done()
（4）peppa pig
import turtle
turtle.screensize(200,200, "green")
turtle.pensize(4)
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.colormode(255)
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
turtle.setup(840, 500)
turtle.speed(10)
# 鼻子
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(-100, 100)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-30)
turtle.begin_fill()
a = 0.4
for i in range(120):
??? if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
??????? a = a + 0.08
??????? turtle.lt(3)? # 向左轉(zhuǎn)3度
??????? turtle.fd(a)? # 向前走a的步長(zhǎng)
??? else:
??????? a = a - 0.08
??????? turtle.lt(3)
??????? turtle.fd(a)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(25)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(10)
turtle.pd()
turtle.pencolor(255, 155, 192)
turtle.seth(10)
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(5)
turtle.color(160, 82, 45)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.pd()
turtle.pencolor(255, 155, 192)
turtle.seth(10)
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(5)
turtle.color(160, 82, 45)
turtle.end_fill()
# 頭
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(41)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(0)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.seth(180)
turtle.circle(300, -30)
turtle.circle(100, -60)
turtle.circle(80, -100)
turtle.circle(150, -20)
turtle.circle(60, -95)
turtle.seth(161)
turtle.circle(-300, 15)
turtle.pu()
turtle.goto(-100, 100)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-30)
a = 0.4
for i in range(60):
??? if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
??????? a = a + 0.08
??????? turtle.lt(3)? # 向左轉(zhuǎn)3度
??????? turtle.fd(a)? # 向前走a的步長(zhǎng)
??? else:
??????? a = a - 0.08
??????? turtle.lt(3)
??????? turtle.fd(a)
turtle.end_fill()
# 耳朵
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-7)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(70)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.seth(100)
turtle.circle(-50, 50)
turtle.circle(-10, 120)
turtle.circle(-50, 54)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-12)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(30)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.seth(100)
turtle.circle(-50, 50)
turtle.circle(-10, 120)
turtle.circle(-50, 56)
turtle.end_fill()
# 眼睛
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), "white")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-20)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-95)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(15)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.color("black")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(12)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-3)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(3)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), "white")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-25)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(15)
turtle.end_fill()
?
turtle.color("black")
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(12)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-3)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(3)
turtle.end_fill()
# 腮
turtle.color((255, 155, 192))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-95)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(65)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(30)
turtle.end_fill()
# 嘴turtle.color(239, 69, 19)
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(15)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-100)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-80)
turtle.circle(30, 40)
turtle.circle(40, 80)
# 身體
turtle.color("red", (255, 99, 71))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-20)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-78)
turtle.pd()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.seth(-130)
turtle.circle(100, 10)
turtle.circle(300, 30)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(230)
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.circle(300, 30)
turtle.circle(100, 3)
turtle.color((255, 155, 192), (255, 100, 100))
turtle.seth(-135)
turtle.circle(-80, 63)
turtle.circle(-150, 24)
turtle.end_fill()
# 手
turtle.color((255, 125, 192))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-40)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-27)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-160)
turtle.circle(300, 15)
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(15)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(0)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-10)
turtle.circle(-20, 90)
?
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(30)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(237)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-20)
turtle.circle(-300, 15)
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(0)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-170)
turtle.circle(20, 90)
# 腳
turtle.pensize(10)
turtle.color((112, 128, 128))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(-75)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(-180)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-90)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.seth(-180)
turtle.color("black")
turtle.pensize(15)
turtle.fd(20)
?
turtle.pensize(10)
turtle.color((240, 128, 128))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(90)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(-90)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.seth(-180)
turtle.color("black")
turtle.pensize(15)
turtle.fd(20)
# 尾巴
turtle.pensize(4)
turtle.color((255, 155, 192))
turtle.pu()
turtle.seth(90)
turtle.fd(70)
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.fd(95)
turtle.pd()
turtle.seth(0)
turtle.circle(70, 20)
turtle.circle(10, 330)
turtle.circle(70, 30)
turtle.done()
（5）櫻花樹(shù)：這個(gè)就屬于復(fù)制一下代碼看看運(yùn)行結(jié)果得了，反正現(xiàn)在也不明白！
import turtle as T
import random
import time
?
# 畫(huà)櫻花的軀干(60,t)
def Tree(branch, t):
??? time.sleep(0.0005)
??? if branch > 3:
??????? if 8 <= branch <= 12:
??????????? if random.randint(0, 2) == 0:
??????????????? t.color('snow')? # 白
??????????? else:
??????????????? t.color('lightcoral')? # 淡珊瑚色
??????????? t.pensize(branch / 3)
?????? ?elif branch < 8:
??????????? if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
??????????????? t.color('snow')
??????????? else:
??????????????? t.color('lightcoral')? # 淡珊瑚色
??????????? t.pensize(branch / 2)
??????? else:
??????????? t.color('sienna')? # 赭(zhě)色
??????????? t.pensize(branch / 10)? # 6
??????? t.forward(branch)
??????? a = 1.5 * random.random()
??????? t.right(20 * a)
??????? b = 1.5 * random.random()
??????? Tree(branch - 10 * b, t)
??????? t.left(40 * a)
??????? Tree(branch - 10 * b, t)
??????? t.right(20 * a)
??????? t.up()
??????? t.backward(branch)
??????? t.down()
?
# 掉落的花瓣
def Petal(m, t):
??? for i in range(m):
??????? a = 200 - 400 * random.random()
??????? b = 10 - 20 * random.random()
??????? t.up()
??????? t.forward(b)
??????? t.left(90)
??????? t.forward(a)
??????? t.down()
??????? t.color('lightcoral')? # 淡珊瑚色
??????? t.circle(1)
??????? t.up()
??????? t.backward(a)
??????? t.right(90)
??????? t.backward(b)
?
# 繪圖區(qū)域
t = T.Turtle()
# 畫(huà)布大小
w = T.Screen()
t.hideturtle()? # 隱藏畫(huà)筆
t.getscreen().tracer(5, 0)
w.screensize(bg='wheat')? # wheat小麥
t.left(90)
t.up()
t.backward(150)
t.down()
t.color('sienna')
?
# 畫(huà)櫻花的軀干
Tree(60, t)
# 掉落的花瓣
Petal(200, t)
w.exitonclick()
（6）鬧鐘：這個(gè)是目前難度最大的，復(fù)制一下代碼看看運(yùn)行結(jié)果得了，反正現(xiàn)在也不明白！
import turtle
from datetime import *
?
# 抬起畫(huà)筆，向前運(yùn)動(dòng)一段距離放下
def Skip(step):
??? turtle.penup()
??? turtle.forward(step)
??? turtle.pendown()
?
def mkHand(name, length):
??? # 注冊(cè)Turtle形狀，建立表針Turtle
??? turtle.reset()
??? Skip(-length * 0.1)
??? # 開(kāi)始記錄多邊形的頂點(diǎn)。當(dāng)前的烏龜位置是多邊形的第一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)。
??? turtle.begin_poly()
??? turtle.forward(length * 1.1)
??? # 停止記錄多邊形的頂點(diǎn)。當(dāng)前的烏龜位置是多邊形的最后一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)。將與第一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)相連。
??? turtle.end_poly()
??? # 返回最后記錄的多邊形。
??? handForm = turtle.get_poly()
??? turtle.register_shape(name, handForm)
?
def Init():
??? global secHand, minHand, hurHand, printer
??? # 重置Turtle指向北
??? turtle.mode("logo")
??? # 建立三個(gè)表針Turtle并初始化
??? mkHand("secHand", 135)
??? mkHand("minHand", 125)
??? mkHand("hurHand", 90)
??? secHand = turtle.Turtle()
??? secHand.shape("secHand")
??? minHand = turtle.Turtle()
??? minHand.shape("minHand")
??? hurHand = turtle.Turtle()
??? hurHand.shape("hurHand")
?
??? for hand in secHand, minHand, hurHand:
??????? hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
??????? hand.speed(0)
?
??? # 建立輸出文字Turtle
??? printer = turtle.Turtle()
??? # 隱藏畫(huà)筆的turtle形狀
??? printer.hideturtle()
??? printer.penup()
?
def SetupClock(radius):
??? # 建立表的外框
??? turtle.reset()
??? turtle.pensize(7)
??? for i in range(60):
??????? Skip(radius)
??????? if i % 5 == 0:
??????????? turtle.forward(20)
??????????? Skip(-radius - 20)
?
??????????? Skip(radius + 20)
??????????? if i == 0:
??????????????? turtle.write(int(12),, font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??????????? elif i == 30:
??????????????? Skip(25)
??????????????? turtle.write(int(i / 5),, font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??????????????? Skip(-25)
??????????? elif (i == 25 or i == 35):
??????????????? Skip(20)
??????????????? turtle.write(int(i / 5),, font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??????????????? Skip(-20)
? ??????????else:
??????????????? turtle.write(int(i / 5),, font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??????????? Skip(-radius - 20)
??????? else:
??????????? turtle.dot(5)
??????????? Skip(-radius)
??????? turtle.right(6)
?
def Week(t):
??? week = ["星期一", "星期二", "星期三",
??????????? "星期四", "星期五", "星期六", "星期日"]
??? return week[t.weekday()]
?
def Date(t):
??? y = t.year
??? m = t.month
??? d = t.day
??? return "%s %d%d" % (y, m, d)
def Tick():
??? # 繪制表針的動(dòng)態(tài)顯示
??? t = datetime.today()
??? second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
??? minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
??? hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
??? secHand.setheading(6 * second)
??? minHand.setheading(6 * minute)
??? hurHand.setheading(30 * hour)
?
??? turtle.tracer(False)
??? printer.forward(65)
??? printer.write(Week(t),,
????????????????? font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??? printer.back(130)
??? printer.write(Date(t),,
????????????????? font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
??? printer.home()
??? turtle.tracer(True)
?
??? # 100ms后繼續(xù)調(diào)用tick
??? turtle.ontimer(Tick, 100)
def main():
??? # 關(guān)閉動(dòng)畫(huà)，并為更新圖紙?jiān)O(shè)置延遲。
??? turtle.tracer(False)
??? Init()
??? SetupClock(160)
??? turtle.tracer(True)
??? Tick()
??? turtle.mainloop()
?
if __name__ == "__main__":
??? main()
