The Evolution of the Special Forces (SF) Operational Detachment-Alpha (ODA)

作者：TROY J. SACQUETY

Today, the Special Forces (SF) Operational Detachment-Alpha (ODA) consists of twelve soldiers. However, that has not always been the case. Its number of personnel has ranged from twelve to fifteen, depending upon era and contemporary doctrine and force structure requirements. What follows is a brief look at the historic organization of the lowest SF unit of action, the ODA. This study starts even before the creation of SF in 1952 by going back to World War II, specifically, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Operational Group (OG) section.

目前美軍特種部隊(duì)ODA由12名士兵組成。但是ODA并非總是12人。取決于不同時(shí)期的條令要求和部隊(duì)架構(gòu)，它的規(guī)模在12-15人之間。接下來(lái)我們將簡(jiǎn)述特種作戰(zhàn)的基礎(chǔ)單位ODA組織演變歷史。ODA的歷史淵源甚至早于1952年特種部隊(duì)成立，而是要追溯到二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期美國(guó)戰(zhàn)略情報(bào)局（OSS）下屬的行動(dòng)組（OG）。

Created on 13 June 1942, the OSS was a separate, joint military service that reported directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its primary mission was to collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence. The second was to conduct unconventional warfare (UW). The OG was one of the key OSS UW elements.

OSS成立于1942年6月13日，是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的，由多軍種聯(lián)合組成的，由美軍參聯(lián)會(huì)直接管轄的機(jī)構(gòu)。主要負(fù)責(zé)情報(bào)的收集分析和發(fā)布。其次就是施行非對(duì)稱作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)。行動(dòng)組就是OSS下屬的重要非對(duì)稱作戰(zhàn)組織。

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On 4 May 1943, the OSS activated the OG Branch as a “separate tactical unit” within the OSS. Although it was not a U.S. Army element, it was manned almost exclusively with Army personnel detailed to the OSS who possessed the cultural background and spoke the languages of the areas to be infiltrated. The OGs trained and were employed as small groups. Their mission was to infiltrate enemy-occupied areas to harass the enemy and to be the “operational nuclei of guerrilla units” through organizing, training, equipping, and advising them. OGs operated in France, Norway, Yugoslavia, Italy, Greece, Burma, and China.

在1943年5月4日，OSS啟動(dòng)了一支名為“獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)術(shù)小組”的OG小組。盡管它并非美國(guó)陸軍下屬的單位，但是其成員卻主要由借調(diào)到OSS的陸軍人員組成。OSS要求他們熟悉行動(dòng)地區(qū)的文化背景和語(yǔ)言。這些行動(dòng)人員隨后接受了訓(xùn)練并以小組為單位進(jìn)行了部署。他們的任務(wù)是滲透到敵人后方，對(duì)敵人進(jìn)行襲擾，以及組織、訓(xùn)練當(dāng)?shù)氐挠螕絷?duì)，并為游擊隊(duì)提供裝備和顧問(wèn)。他們?cè)诜▏?guó)、挪威、南斯拉夫、意大利、希臘、緬甸和中國(guó)都有行動(dòng)。

The basic organizational unit in the OG Branch was an Operational Group. An OG fluctuated in size throughout the war but was designed to operate in two independent sections. The main structure for how the OG operated in the field, was the section which could be further divided into two semi-independent squads. The final OG table of organization and equipment (TO&E), dated 20 February 1945, had a fifteen-man section comprised of a commanding officer (usually a Lieutenant), a senior non-commissioned officer (NCO), a medical sergeant, two radio operators, two squad sergeants, and eight riflemen. This structure later became the basis for the ODA.

OG的基本單位是行動(dòng)小組。行動(dòng)小組的規(guī)模在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間經(jīng)常變動(dòng)。但是總是由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立部門構(gòu)成。而在行動(dòng)中每個(gè)獨(dú)立部門又可以被拆分為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立小隊(duì)。行動(dòng)組在1945年2月20日時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)架構(gòu)如下圖。由15人構(gòu)成，包括一名指揮官（通常是一個(gè)中尉），一個(gè)高級(jí)軍士，一個(gè)醫(yī)療士官，兩名無(wú)線電操作員，兩名小隊(duì)長(zhǎng)和8名步槍兵組成。這個(gè)架構(gòu)隨后成為ODA的基礎(chǔ)。

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After World War II, the OSS disbanded on 1 October 1945, and the Army similarly deactivated its special operations units. Within five years, however, the U.S. was again at war. Korea, the first major flare-up of the Cold War, highlighted that the Army needed to recreate special operations units. Therefore, U.S. Army leaders looked to create an unconventional warfare element to work with guerrilla forces. Rather than invent a new structure, they looked at the OG section as a model.

二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，OSS與1945年10月1日解散。陸軍也同樣逐漸裁撤了自己的特種作戰(zhàn)單位。但是五年后美國(guó)陷入了一場(chǎng)新的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)——朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。冷戰(zhàn)中的第一次大規(guī)模熱戰(zhàn)。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中重新出現(xiàn)了特種作戰(zhàn)的需求。因此美國(guó)陸軍高層開始構(gòu)思成立新的非常規(guī)作戰(zhàn)單位來(lái)同當(dāng)?shù)剀婈?duì)合作。他們并沒(méi)有發(fā)明新的架構(gòu)，而是沿襲了行動(dòng)組的架構(gòu)。

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One of the earliest field manuals (FM) on unconventional warfare, which provided the doctrinal foundation for Army SF, was FM 31-21: Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare, dated October 1951. Its author was Colonel (COL) Russell W. Volckmann, leader of Philippine guerrillas on Luzon during World War II. Although COL Volckmann had extensive UW experience, his Philippine formations did not have a codified structure. He therefore looked to the OSS OG, a TO&E element that did. COL Volckmann even borrowed the OSS nomenclature in FM 31-21, when he called for an “Operational Group” of unspecified size, composed of “specially qualified military personnel in uniform, organized, trained, and equipped to operate as teams within enemy territory,” to be the main element to form and assist guerrilla forces.

陸軍特種部隊(duì)最早的關(guān)于非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)地手冊(cè)是1952年10月發(fā)布的FM 31-21“游擊戰(zhàn)的組織和實(shí)施”，它奠定了陸特非對(duì)稱戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的基本教條。他的作者是Russell W. Volckmann上校——一名二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期在菲律賓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)游擊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的指揮官。上校雖然經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，但是他在菲律賓時(shí)期并沒(méi)有確立一個(gè)成型的隊(duì)伍架構(gòu)。因此他研究了OSS的行動(dòng)組的架構(gòu)。他甚至在FM 31-21里沿襲了OG的術(shù)語(yǔ)。他同樣將一個(gè)規(guī)模靈活，由“經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練、組織和使用特殊裝備的專門挑選的軍隊(duì)人員組成，在敵占區(qū)以小組規(guī)?；顒?dòng)”的“行動(dòng)小組”作為組織和協(xié)助游擊戰(zhàn)的基礎(chǔ)單位。

The proposed TO&E 33-510, dated 14 May 1952, set the organization for an FA Team (no acronym assigned but in current parlance, an ODA). Like the OSS OG section, it was fifteen personnel comprised as follows: a Detachment Commander (上尉), Executive Officer (XO) (Lieutenant), Platoon Sergeant (三等士官長(zhǎng)), Medic (三等士官長(zhǎng)), two Leader Heavy Weapons (上士), two Leader Light Weapons (上士), four Demolition Specialists (中士), and three Radio Operators (中士). This same organization was reflected in FM 31-20: U.S. Army Special Forces Group (Airborne), dated August 1955.

他提出的TO&E（編裝表）33-510在1952年5月14日通過(guò)。確立了一個(gè)火力小組的裝備架構(gòu)（當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有指定的字母縮寫，但事實(shí)上是現(xiàn)在的ODA）。像OSS的行動(dòng)組一樣，由以下15名隊(duì)員組成：一個(gè)指揮官（上尉），一個(gè)副官（中尉），排士官（三等士官長(zhǎng)），醫(yī)療兵（三等士官長(zhǎng)），兩名使用重武器的小隊(duì)長(zhǎng)（上士），兩名使用輕武器的小隊(duì)長(zhǎng)（上士），四名爆破專家（中士），三名無(wú)線電操作員（中士）。這個(gè)架構(gòu)體現(xiàn)在美國(guó)陸軍特種部隊(duì)1955年8月發(fā)布的戰(zhàn)地手冊(cè)FM 31-21中。

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The first change to the ODA structure came in Army FM 31-21: Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations, dated 8 May 1958. This manual retained the fifteen-man construct but changed the rank structure and job descriptions of the FA team. It now had a commander (上尉), XO (Lieutenant), Team Sergeant (二等士官長(zhǎng)), Medic (二等士官長(zhǎng)), four Weapons Specialists (三等士官長(zhǎng)), four Demolition Specialists (Specialist 2), one Radio Repairman (中士), one Radio Operator (中士), and one Radio Operator (Specialist 3).

ODA的組織架構(gòu)在1958年5月8日發(fā)布的FM31-21：游擊戰(zhàn)和特種作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)中發(fā)生了變化。這本手冊(cè)保留了15人的編制，但是改變了軍階結(jié)構(gòu)和任務(wù)分配。新組織如下：一名指揮官（上尉），副官（中尉），士官長(zhǎng)（二等士官長(zhǎng)），醫(yī)療兵（二等士官長(zhǎng)），四名武器專家（三等士官長(zhǎng)），四名爆破專家（二級(jí)技術(shù)士官），一名無(wú)線電維修工（中士），一名無(wú)線電操作員（中士）還有另一名無(wú)線電操作員（三級(jí)技術(shù)士官）。

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The first personnel reduction came with TO&E 31-107E, dated 25 September 1963. The FA team, renamed to ODA, was changed to twelve soldiers and restructured the ranks. It had a commander (上尉), an XO (Lieutenant), an Operations Sergeant (二等士官長(zhǎng)), a Heavy Weapons Leader (三等士官長(zhǎng)), an Intelligence Sergeant (三等士官長(zhǎng)), a Light Weapons Leader (三等士官長(zhǎng)), a Medical Specialist (三等士官長(zhǎng)), and Radio Operator Supervisor (三等士官長(zhǎng)), an Assistant Medical Specialist and Demolitions Sergeant (上士), and a Chief Radio Operator and Combat Demolition Specialist (中士). TO&E 31-107G, dated 28 June 1968, kept the same general organization as the 1963 version but increased the rank of the Demolitions Sergeant, now called a Special Forces Engineer Sergeant, to an 三等士官長(zhǎng), and renamed the 中士 Combat Demolition Specialist to a Special Forces Engineer.

在1963年9月25日發(fā)布的TO&E 31-107E中，ODA的名字被正式使用，并且迎來(lái)了規(guī)?？s減。ODA改由12人組成，并調(diào)整了軍銜構(gòu)成。由：一名指揮官（上尉），一名副官（中尉），一名行動(dòng)士官（二等士官長(zhǎng)），一名使用重武器的小隊(duì)長(zhǎng)（三等士官長(zhǎng)），一名情報(bào)士官（三等士官長(zhǎng)），一名使用輕武器的小隊(duì)長(zhǎng)（三等士官長(zhǎng)），一名醫(yī)療專家（三等士官長(zhǎng)），一名無(wú)線電監(jiān)管員（三等士官長(zhǎng)），一名醫(yī)療專家助手（上士），一名爆破專家（上士），一名首席無(wú)線電操作員（中士），一名戰(zhàn)斗爆破專家（中士）。在1968年6月28日發(fā)布的TO&E 31-107G中，這個(gè)架構(gòu)基本被沿襲下來(lái)，但是提升了上士爆破專家的等級(jí)到三等士官長(zhǎng)，并改稱為“特種部隊(duì)工程師士官”。并且將中士戰(zhàn)斗爆破專家改稱為“特種部隊(duì)工程師”

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The twelve-man ODA lasted until TO&E 31-107H, dated 10 June 1970. This document increased the ODA structure to fourteen by adding a Supply Sergeant (三等士官長(zhǎng)) and an Assistant Operations/Intelligence Sergeant (上士). A subsequent change to this TO&E on 1 March 1974 reduced the ODA to thirteen men by removing the 三等士官長(zhǎng) Radio Operations Supervisor.Another change on 1 September 1974 brought the ODA back down to twelve by removing the 三等士官長(zhǎng) Supply Sergeant (三等士官長(zhǎng)) and Assistant Operations/Intelligence Sergeant (上士) but bringing back the Radio Operations Supervisor (三等士官長(zhǎng)). It also changed the Intelligence Sergeant position to an Assistant Operations Sergeant.

這個(gè)12人的ODA結(jié)構(gòu)一直持續(xù)到1970年6月10日發(fā)布的TO&E 31-107H。新文件為ODA加入了支援士官（三等士官長(zhǎng)）和助理行動(dòng)/情報(bào)士官（上士），從而將ODA擴(kuò)充為14人。在1974年3月1日這個(gè)TO&E發(fā)生了變化，無(wú)線電監(jiān)管員（三等士官長(zhǎng)）的編制被撤銷，ODA成為13人小組。隨后在1974年9月1日支援士官（三等士官長(zhǎng)）和助理/情報(bào)士官（上士）被裁減，無(wú)線電監(jiān)管員（三等士官長(zhǎng)）回歸，ODA重回12人編制。同時(shí)，情報(bào)士官也改稱為助理行動(dòng)士官。

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The final significant change occurred in 1984 when the first SF warrant officers (WO) began to replace lieutenants on ODAs. This change was motivated by a study conducted by COLs Charles A. Beckwith and J.H. “Scotty” Crerar, who were concerned about the lack of continuity and competency within the ODAs. In their estimation, the seconds-in-command, being lieutenants, were still learning their profession; had spent little time on the team; and did not have enough team time to gain adequate experience and knowledge to become an ODA commander. In COL Crerar’s words, “justly or not [lieutenants] were viewed as burdens on their detachments,” necessitating replacing them with a more experienced warrant officer that could provide more seasoned leadership to the ODA.

ODA最后一次大的行動(dòng)變動(dòng)來(lái)自于1984年，準(zhǔn)尉開始取代中尉在ODA中的位置。這項(xiàng)改革由Charles A. Beckwith J.H. “Scotty” Crerar兩位上校推動(dòng)。他們擔(dān)心ODA內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)的斷層現(xiàn)象。他們認(rèn)為正處在學(xué)習(xí)階段的中尉沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間呆在隊(duì)伍里，因此沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間去積累成為一名ODA指揮官的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。就像Crerar上校所言“不管這個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)是否公正，中尉往往被視為隊(duì)伍里的累贅”應(yīng)當(dāng)使用基層經(jīng)驗(yàn)更豐富的準(zhǔn)尉來(lái)代替中尉，準(zhǔn)尉可以提供更加老練的指揮。

The ODA structure has not changed since 1984. Currently it is as follows: Detachment Commander (上尉), Assistant Detachment Commander (Chief Warrant Officer 2), Operations Sergeant (二等士官長(zhǎng)), Operations/Intelligence Sergeant, Senior Weapons Sergeant, Senior Engineer Sergeant, Senior Medical Sergeant, Senior Communications Sergeant (三等士官長(zhǎng)), and Weapons Sergeant, Engineer Sergeant, Medical Sergeant, and Communications Sergeant (上士).

ODA的架構(gòu)從1984年至今就沒(méi)有發(fā)生改變。目前的架構(gòu)如下：一名指揮官（上尉），一名助理指揮官（三級(jí)準(zhǔn)尉），一名行動(dòng)/情報(bào)士官，高級(jí)槍炮士官，高級(jí)工程士官，高級(jí)醫(yī)療士官，高級(jí)通訊士官（均為三等士官長(zhǎng)），以及一名武器士官，一名工程士官，一名醫(yī)療士官和一名通訊士官（均為上士）。

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As this brief article has detailed, the ODA structure has its roots in the final version of the OSS OG section, which developed based on personnel availability and operational requirements. Since 1952, the SF ODA has had numerous changes to its personnel and rank structure, albeit with a few constants: a captain as commander, a second-in-command (lieutenant and then warrant officer), a senior NCO, and medical, communications, weapons, and demolition (engineer) personnel. With the ODA having fluctuated between twelve and fifteen soldiers, it has historically been treated as a “l(fā)iving” structure and subject to change based on existing requirements.

正如文章所展示的那樣，ODA的架構(gòu)生根于OSS的行動(dòng)組，并隨著人員能力和行動(dòng)需求不斷變化。從1952年來(lái)，ODA在人員和軍銜構(gòu)成上發(fā)生了多次變化，不過(guò)也有一些不變的東西：一名擔(dān)任指揮官的上尉，一名副官（中尉或準(zhǔn)尉），一名高級(jí)士官，以及醫(yī)療兵、通訊人員、武器操作員、爆破專家（工程師）。ODA的人數(shù)在12-15名之間來(lái)回變動(dòng)，因此被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)根據(jù)需求而變動(dòng)的“靈活”架構(gòu)。

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參考文獻(xiàn)

1.?William J. Donovan, “Office of Strategic Services Special Order 21,” 13 May 1943, Folder 1460, Box 140, Entry 136, Record Group (RG) 226, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD.?The order was effective 4 May 1943.

2.?Kermit Roosevelt, War Report of the OSS (New York: Walker and Company, ca. 1976), 223.

3.?Operational Group Command, “Table of Organization,” 20 February 1945, Folder 1461, Box 140, Entry 136, RG 226, NARA.

4.?Headquarters, Department of the Army (HQDA),?FM 31-21: Organization and Conduct of Guerilla Warfare?(Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, October 1951), 39-40.

5.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 33-510 (proposed), 14 May 1952, contained in David R. Lawler?et al., eds.,?A Critique of the US Army Special Forces Tests and Field Exercises: 15 June to 3 July 1953?(Chevy Chase, Maryland: Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, 1953), 75-92.

6.?HQDA,?FM 31-20: U.S. Army Special Forces Group (Airborne)?(Washington DC: U.S. Government, 10 August 1955), 130.

7.?HQDA,?FM 31-21: Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations?(Washington DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 8 May 1958), 29.

8.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107E?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 25 September 1963), 8.

9.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107G?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 28 June 1968), 10.

10.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 10 June 1970), 9-10.

11.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H: Change Number 3?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1 March 1974), 3.

12.?HQDA,?Table of Organization and Equipment 31-107H: Change Number 4?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1 September 1974), 6-7.

13.?J.H. Crerar, “The Special Forces Warrant Officer, the Beginnings,”?Warrant Officer Historical Foundation,?https://warrantofficerhistory.org/Hist_SF_WO.htm.

U.S. Army JFK Special Warfare Center, “Proposed SF Standard METL: Special Forces Company (31817K000), copy in USASOC History Office, Fort Bragg, NC.?Also see HQDA,?FM 3-18: Special Forces Operations?(Washington DC: Department of the Army, 28 May 2014), section 4-56 and figure 4-13.

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