Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart (C?ur de Lion), reigned as king of England from 1189 to 1199 CE. The son of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204 CE), Richard was known for his courage and successes in warfare, but he became so busy with the Third Crusade (1189–1192 CE) and then the defence of English-held territory in France, that he would only spend six months of his reign in England. A legend in his own lifetime, famed both for his military leadership and utterly ruthless approach to warfare, Richard the Lionheart has become one of the greatest figures in European history, and his arms of three lions are still used by the British royal family today. Following his death in battle at Chalus in France, Richard was succeeded by his younger brother King John of England (r. 1199-1216 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 英格蘭的理查一世，也被稱為獅心王理查德（C?ur de Lion），公元1189年至1199年在位。理查是英格蘭亨利二世（公元1154-1189年）和阿基坦的埃莉諾（公元1122-1204年）的兒子，他以其勇氣和戰(zhàn)爭勝利而聞名，但他忙于第三次十字軍東征（公元1189-1192年）和隨后保衛(wèi)英格蘭在法國的領(lǐng)土，因此他在位期間只在英格蘭呆了六個月。獅心王理查德生前是一個傳奇人物，以其軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力和完全無情的戰(zhàn)爭方式而聞名，他已成為歐洲歷史上最重要的人物之一，他的三頭獅子的標(biāo)志至今仍被英國皇室使用。在他死于法國的查盧斯戰(zhàn)役后，他的弟弟約翰（R. 1199-1216 CE）繼承了英格蘭王位。

早期經(jīng)歷

Richard was born on 8 September 1157 CE in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, as the third son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, former wife of King Louis VII of France (r. 1137-1180 CE). Richard's education involved a good dose of chivalric medieval literature thanks to his mother's interest in the subject. Poetry was another favourite pastime and the king composed his own poems in both French and Occitan (a French dialect commonly used in romances). The young prince was said to have been a tall, blue-eyed, handsome fellow with reddish-blonde hair and he was already noted for his courage.

? ? ? ? ? 理查于公元1157年9月8日出生在牛津的博蒙特宮，是英格蘭國王亨利二世和法國國王路易七世（1137-1180）的前妻阿基坦的埃莉諾的第三個兒子。由于他母親對騎士文學(xué)感興趣，理查德的教育涉及到了大量的中世紀(jì)騎士文學(xué)。詩歌是另一個他最喜歡的消遣方式，理查用法語和奧克西坦語（一種浪漫小說中常用的法國方言）創(chuàng)作了自己的詩歌。據(jù)說這位年輕的王子是個身材高大、藍(lán)眼睛、長著赤褐色頭發(fā)的英俊家伙，他一開始就以勇氣而聞名。

This was a period of troubled and complex relations between England and France, and Richard, whose family had been the principal cause, would be involved in two rebellions against his father. The first bid to topple the king came in 1173 CE when Richard, his brothers Henry and Geoffrey, the Count of Brittany (b. 1158 CE), and William the Lion of Scotland (r. 1165-1214 CE) all conspired to join forces, almost certainly a pact orchestrated by Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eager to increase their own domains at the expense of the English crown, the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket (1162-1170 CE), in his own cathedral in 1170 CE proved a rallying point, given Henry's alleged involvement in this shocking crime. Aged just 15, Richard had been knighted by Louis VII, another interested party in seeing the downfall of Henry, and dispatched on a campaign to invade eastern Normandy, then under the English crown. The rebels failed to oust Henry II thanks to his loyal barons and many castles, but Richard was pardoned after he swore allegiance to his father. Eleanor, in contrast, was imprisoned for her troubles. This was not the end of the affair, though, as Henry struggled to keep a grip on his kingdom in his final years.

? ? ? ? ? 這是一個英法關(guān)系動蕩復(fù)雜的時期，以家庭為主因的理查卷入了兩次反抗父親的叛亂。第一次推翻國王的行動發(fā)生在公元1173年，當(dāng)時理查、他的兄弟亨利和杰弗里、布列塔尼伯爵（生于公元1158年）以及蘇格蘭的“獅子”威廉（公元1165-1214年）都密謀聯(lián)合起來，這幾乎可以肯定是由阿基坦的埃莉諾策劃的一個協(xié)議。亨利渴望以犧牲英國王室的利益來擴(kuò)大自己的領(lǐng)地，公元1170年，坎特伯雷大主教托馬斯·貝克特（公元1162-1170年）在自己的大教堂被謀殺，這證明了亨利涉嫌參與這一令人震驚的罪行。年僅15歲的理查被路易七世封為騎士，他是另一個希望看到亨利倒臺的人，他在后來被派往入侵諾曼底東部的戰(zhàn)役中，當(dāng)時諾曼底在英國王室的統(tǒng)治之下。由于亨利二世擁有忠誠的男爵和許多城堡，叛軍沒能趕走亨利二世，但理查在宣誓效忠其父親后被赦免。相比之下，埃莉諾則因為她的行為而被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。但這并不是事件的結(jié)束，因為亨利在他的最后幾年里一直在努力控制著王國。

Richard, as a prince, held the titles of the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou (both in France and arranged by his mother), and he cemented his growing reputation as a gifted field commander and besieger of castles by quashing a revolt by the barons of Aquitaine. His taking of the once-thought impregnable castle of Taillebourg in 1179 CE was an especially splendid feather in his prince's coronet. Less splendid were the tales of his ruthless treatment of prisoners and forced prostitution of captured noblewomen. Still, despite his successes, Richard wanted more. Then, the fates intervened and Richard's chief rival for the throne of England, his elder brother Henry the Young King (b. 1155 CE) died in June 1183 CE. Henry II had gone so far as to make his son king-designate in 1170 CE, but the young Henry's death from dysentery scuppered the king's neatly arranged succession plans. In addition, his other brother Geoffrey died in an accident at a medieval tournament on 19 August 1186 CE. Richard was now in prime position to become the next king of England, but he was not prepared to simply wait for nature to take its course.

? ? ? ? ? 作為王子，理查擁有阿基坦公爵和普瓦圖伯爵的頭銜（都在法國，由他母親安排），他通過鎮(zhèn)壓阿基坦男爵的叛亂，鞏固了他作為天才戰(zhàn)地指揮官和城堡圍攻者的聲譽(yù)。公元1179年，他攻占了一度被認(rèn)為堅不可摧的泰勒堡城堡，這是裝飾王子王冠的特別華麗的羽毛。他無情地對待囚犯和強(qiáng)迫被俘的貴族婦女賣淫的故事就不那么光彩了。然而，盡管如此，理查仍然想要更多。然后，命運(yùn)介入了，理查在英格蘭王位上的主要競爭對手，他的哥哥“年輕的國王”亨利（生于公元1155年）于公元1183年6月去世。亨利二世甚至在公元1170年讓他的兒子成為候任國王，但年輕的亨利死于痢疾，使國王安排好的繼承計劃泡湯了。此外，他的另一個兄弟杰弗里在公元1186年8月19日的一次中世紀(jì)錦標(biāo)賽中死于意外。理查處于成為下一任英格蘭國王的首要位置，但他不準(zhǔn)備簡單地等待繼承的自然發(fā)展。

Richard again challenged his father in 1188-9 CE when he and his younger brother John formed an alliance with Philip II, the new King of France (r. 1180-1223 CE). The rebellion was again supported by Eleanor, and the war included the legendary episode in which the famous medieval knight Sir William Marshal (c. 1146-1219 CE) fought Richard, had the prince at his mercy but chose to kill his horse instead. Notwithstanding their rivalry, or perhaps in gratitude for his chivalry, Richard later gave William Chepstow Castle, as had been promised him by Henry II. Losing control of both Maine and Touraine, Henry eventually agreed to peace terms which recognised Richard as his sole heir. When the king died shortly after, Richard was crowned his successor in Westminster Abbey on 2 September 1189 CE. Also part of his kingdom were those lands in France still belonging to his family the Angevins (aka Plantagenets): Normandy, Maine, and Aquitaine. Richard refused to give John Aquitaine, as he had promised his father he would, and this only acerbated the rivalry between the two brothers.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1188-9年，理查再次挑戰(zhàn)他的父親，當(dāng)時他和弟弟約翰與法國新國王腓力二世（1180-1223）結(jié)成聯(lián)盟。這場叛亂再次得到了埃莉諾的支持，戰(zhàn)爭中出現(xiàn)了一個傳奇性的插曲，中世紀(jì)著名的騎士威廉·馬歇爾爵士（約公元1146-1219年）與理查交戰(zhàn)，王子被他打敗了，但威廉爵士卻只選擇殺了理查的馬。盡管他們有競爭關(guān)系，或者說是為了感謝他的騎士精神，理查后來把亨利二世答應(yīng)給威廉的切普斯托城堡贈予他。由于失去了對緬因州和圖蘭的控制，亨利最終同意了和平條款，承認(rèn)理查是他唯一的繼承人。國王不久后去世，理查于公元1189年9月2日在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕為國王。他的王國還包括那些仍然屬于他的家族Angevins（Angevin 這個名字來源于該家族在法國安茹的祖?zhèn)魍恋?，又稱安茹-金雀花家族）的法國土地、諾曼底、緬因和阿基坦。理查拒絕把這些土地授予約翰-阿基坦，因為他曾答應(yīng)過他的父親會這樣做，但這只會加劇兩兄弟之間的斗爭。

第三次十字軍東征

Richard's first priority, indeed, perhaps his only one, was to make good on his promise made in 1187 CE to 'take the cross' and help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. The king emptied his kingdom's coffers for his mission, even striking up a deal with William the Lion - giving the Scottish king full feudal autonomy in return for cash. For a monarch who spent most of his reign outside of England, did not speak English, and recklessly spent the kingdom's wealth on foreign wars, Richard has enjoyed a remarkably favourable position in the English popular imagination ever since.

? ? ? ? ? 理查一世的首要任務(wù)，事實上，也許是他唯一的使命，是兌現(xiàn)他在公元1187年作出的承諾，“背起十字架”，從穆斯林手中奪回耶路撒冷。國王為他的使命掏空了國庫，甚至與“獅子”威廉達(dá)成協(xié)議——給予這位蘇格蘭國王完全的封建自治權(quán)以換取資金。對于一個在位期間大部分時間都不在英格蘭，不會說英語，并且不顧一切地將王國的財富用于對外戰(zhàn)爭的君主來說，理查在英國大眾的想象中一直享有非常有利的地位。

The Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) was called by Pope Gregory VIII following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 CE by Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1174-1193 CE). No fewer than three monarchs took up the call: Frederick I Barbarossa (King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, r. 1152-1190 CE), Philip II of France and Richard himself. With these being the three most powerful men in western Europe, the campaign promised to be a more favourable one than the Second Crusade of 1147-49 CE. Unfortunately for Christendom, though, the Crusaders only managed to get within sight of Jerusalem and no attempt was made to attack the holy city. Indeed, the whole project was beset with problems, none bigger than Barbarossa drowning in a river before they even got to the Holy Land. The Holy Roman Emperor's death resulted in most of his army trudging back home in grief which left only the English and French knights, who were not particularly fond allies at the best of times.

? ? ? ? ? 第三次十字軍東征（公元1189-1192年）是在埃及和敘利亞蘇丹薩拉?。⊿aladin，公元1174-1193年）于公元1187年攻占耶路撒冷后，由教皇格里高利八世召集的。至少有三位君主接受了這一呼吁。腓特烈一世-巴巴羅薩（德國國王和神圣羅馬帝國皇帝，公元1152-1190年）、法國的菲利普二世（腓力二世·奧古斯都）和理查本人。由于他們是西歐最有權(quán)勢的三個人，這場遠(yuǎn)征有望比公元1147-49年的第二次十字軍東征更加有利。但對基督教來說，不幸的是，十字軍只設(shè)法進(jìn)入了耶路撒冷的視線范圍，而沒有嘗試攻擊圣城。事實上，整個東征被各種問題所困擾，其中最大的問題是巴巴羅薩在其到達(dá)圣地之前就淹死在河里。神圣羅馬帝國皇帝的死亡導(dǎo)致他的大部分軍隊在悲痛中跋涉回國，只剩下英國和法國騎士，他們充其量也不是特別“好”的盟友。

Still, despite the bad start, there were some military highlights to write home about. Richard, who took the sea route to the Middle East, first captured Messina on Sicily in 1190 CE and then Cyprus in May 1191 CE. In the latter campaign the island's self-proclaimed ruler Isaac Komnenos (r. 1184-1191 CE), who had broken away from the Byzantine Empire, was captured and the Crusaders would then govern until the Venetians took over in 1571 CE. However, these detours were not really helping the overall aim of recapturing Jerusalem, even if Cyprus proved to be a useful supply base.

? ? ? ? ? 不過，盡管開局不利，還是有一些軍事亮點值得一提。理查走海路前往中東，先是在公元1190年占領(lǐng)了西西里島的墨西拿，然后于公元1191年5月占領(lǐng)了塞浦路斯。在后一場戰(zhàn)役中，從拜占庭帝國分裂出來的自封統(tǒng)治者塞浦路斯的伊薩克·科穆寧（Isaac Komnenos）（公元1184-1191年）被俘，十字軍將在公元1571年威尼斯人接管之前進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治。然而，即使塞浦路斯被證明是一個有用的供應(yīng)基地，這些成果并沒有真正幫助奪回耶路撒冷的總體目標(biāo)。

The Crusaders did eventually arrive in the Holy Land and managed to bring a successful conclusion to the siege of Acre (aka Acra) on the coast of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, on 12 July 1191 CE. Begun by the French nobleman Guy of Lusignan, who attacked from the sea, the protracted siege finally worked when sappers, offered cash incentives by Richard, undermined the fortification walls of the city on the land side. The 'Lionheart', as Richard was now known thanks to his courage and audacity in warfare, had achieved in five weeks what Guy had failed to do in 20. According to legend, the king was ill at the time, struck down by scurvy, although he had retainers carry him on a stretcher so that he could fire at the enemy battlements with his crossbow. Richard then rather blemished his 'good king' reputation when he ordered 2,500-3,000 prisoners to be executed. Guy of Lusignan, meanwhile, was made the new king of Cyprus which had been sold by Richard to the Knights Templar.

? ? ? ? ? 十字軍最終還是抵達(dá)圣地，并在公元1191年7月12日成功地結(jié)束了對耶路撒冷王國海岸的阿卡（又名阿克拉）的圍攻。法國貴族呂西尼昂的居伊（Guy of Lusignan）從海上發(fā)動進(jìn)攻，當(dāng)工兵們在理查提供的現(xiàn)金獎勵下，破壞了陸地上的城墻防御工事時，這場曠日持久的圍攻終于奏效了。由于理查在戰(zhàn)爭中的勇氣和膽識，他也獲得了“獅心王”的稱號，他在五周內(nèi)完成了蓋伊在20年內(nèi)未能完成的任務(wù)。據(jù)說，國王當(dāng)時生病了，受到壞血病的折磨，盡管他讓家臣用擔(dān)架抬著他，以便他能用弩箭向敵人的城垛射擊。理查在戰(zhàn)后下令處決了2500-3000名囚犯，使他的“好國王”聲譽(yù)大打折扣。與此同時，呂西尼昂的居伊被任命為塞浦路斯的新國王，而塞浦路斯已經(jīng)被理查賣給了圣殿騎士團(tuán)。

There was also a famous victory for the English king over Saladin's army at Arsuf, in September 1191 CE, but the advantage could not be pursued. Richard marched to within sight of Jerusalem but he knew that even if he could storm the city, his reduced army would most likely not be able to hold it against an inevitable counterattack. In any case, domestic affairs in France and England necessitated both kings to return home and the whole Crusade project was effectively abandoned. Richard salvaged something for all the effort and negotiated a peace deal with Saladin at Jaffa. A small strip of land around Acre and the future safe treatment of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land was also bargained for. It was not quite what was hoped for at the outset but there could always be a Fourth Crusade at some time in the future. Indeed, Richard noted that in any future campaign against the Arabs it could be advantageous to attack from Egypt, the weak underbelly of the Arab empire. It was precisely this plan which the Fourth Crusaders (1202-1204 CE) adopted even if they again were distracted, this time by the jewel of the Byzantine Empire: Constantinople.

? ? ? ? ? 在公元1191年9月，英國國王在阿爾蘇夫取得了對薩拉丁軍隊的著名勝利，但這一優(yōu)勢卻無法繼續(xù)保持。理查進(jìn)軍到耶路撒冷的視線范圍內(nèi)，但他知道，即使他能攻入該城，他減少的軍隊也很可能無法抵御不可避免的反擊。無論如何，法國和英國的內(nèi)政都需要兩位國王回國，整個十字軍計劃實際上被放棄了。理查為所有的努力挽回了一些東西，在雅法與薩拉丁談判達(dá)成了和平協(xié)議。阿卡周圍的一小塊土地和未來前往圣地的基督教朝圣者的安全待遇也是交易的條件。這并不完全是一開始所希望的，但在未來的某個時候，總會有第四次十字軍東征的可能。事實上，理查注意到，在未來任何針對阿拉伯人的戰(zhàn)役中，從埃及這個阿拉伯帝國的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)起進(jìn)攻可能是有利的。第四次十字軍（公元1202-1204年）正是采用了這一計劃，即使他們再次分心，這次是被拜占庭帝國的寶石所吸引——君士坦丁堡。

There were also some take-home technology innovations for the English king. The Byzantines had long used a fearsome weapon known as Greek Fire - a highly flammable liquid shot out of tubes under pressure - which, although a state secret for centuries, was eventually stolen by the Arabs. Richard must have acquired the formula from Arab alchemists he came into contact with on the Crusade for he used it to good effect back in England and on his later campaigns in France.

? ? ? ? ? 對英國國王來說，還有一些帶回家的技術(shù)革新。拜占庭人長期以來一直使用一種被稱為 “希臘火”的可怕武器，這是一種在壓力下從管道中射出的高度易燃液體。雖然幾個世紀(jì)以來一直是拜占庭的國家機(jī)密，但最終被阿拉伯人偷走了。理查一定是從他在十字軍東征中接觸到的阿拉伯煉金術(shù)士那里獲得了配方，因為他在英國和后來在法國的戰(zhàn)役中使用了這種武器，效果很好。

Before King Richard could return home, though, there would be one final sting of the ill-fated Crusade, for on the return journey in 1192 CE Richard was shipwrecked, arrested by Leopold of Austria (r. 1075-1095 CE) - whom Richard had gravely insulted during the Crusade - and taken to Vienna. Passed on to Henry VI, the new Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1191-1197 CE), the English King was held for ransom. Richard would only be released in 1194 CE, and one can imagine the frustration for the swashbuckling king almost two years of captivity. The ransom was a massive 150,000 marks (which equates to several million dollars today) so that it was largely through new taxes in England and Normandy that the money was raised. Indeed, the sum was so high that even taxation could not raise enough, and Richard was forced to provide a number of noblemen hostages to make up for the shortfall.

? ? ? ? ? 不過，在理查回國之前，這場命運(yùn)多舛的十字軍東征還有最后一場劫難，在公元1192年的回程中，理查遭遇船難，被奧地利的利奧波德（Leopold，公元1075-1095年）逮捕并被帶到了維也納。理查在十字軍東征期間曾嚴(yán)重侮辱過他。這位英國國王被轉(zhuǎn)交給新任神圣羅馬帝國皇帝亨利六世（公元1191-1197年），并被扣押以獲取贖金。理查在公元1194年才被釋放，可以想象，這位英勇的國王在被囚禁的近兩年時間里所受到的挫折。贖金高達(dá)15萬馬克（相當(dāng)于今天的幾百萬美元），因此主要是通過在英格蘭和諾曼底征收新的稅收來籌集資金。事實上，這筆錢是如此之高，甚至稅收也無法籌集到足夠的資金，理查被迫提供一些貴族人質(zhì)來彌補(bǔ)不足。

國內(nèi)政策

While the king was fighting abroad, English politics was left in the capable hands of Hubert Walter, who was Bishop of Salisbury in 1189 CE and was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193 CE. Walter proved himself an able statesman and events would unravel which required exactly that at the helm of the ship of state. While captive in the Holy Roman Empire, Richard's younger brother John, conspiring with Philip II of France, made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the throne, but Walter managed to contain the usurper thanks to the help of another able if somewhat insensitive minister: he who looked after the realm's purse strings in Richard's absence, the chancellor, William Longchamp. The war was principally one of sieges and control of strategically important castles such as at Nottingham and Windsor Castle but in the end, the crown prevailed. Richard forgave his brother his excessive ambition and even nominated him as his successor. Hubert Walter was also responsible for raising the hefty ransom which had gained his king's release. In 1193 CE Walter was made Chief Justiciar and given overall responsibility for government, a position he held until 1199 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)國王在國外作戰(zhàn)時，英國的政治就交給了休伯特·沃爾特，他在公元1189年擔(dān)任索爾茲伯里的主教，并在公元1193年成為坎特伯雷的大主教。沃爾特證明了自己是一個能干的政治家，而事件的發(fā)展也正是需要他來掌舵國家之船。當(dāng)理查被囚禁在神圣羅馬帝國時，他的弟弟約翰與法國的菲利普二世合謀，企圖奪取王位，但沃爾特成功地遏制了篡位者，這要歸功于另一位能干的大臣，盡管他有些麻木不仁：在理查不在時負(fù)責(zé)王國財政的大臣威廉·德隆尚的幫助。這場戰(zhàn)爭主要是對諾丁漢和溫莎堡等具有戰(zhàn)略意義的城堡的圍攻和控制，但最終王室取得了勝利。理查原諒了弟弟，甚至提名他為自己的繼承人。休伯特·沃爾特還負(fù)責(zé)籌集巨額贖金，讓國王獲釋。公元1193年，沃爾特被任命為首席司法官，全面負(fù)責(zé)政府工作，他一直擔(dān)任這一職務(wù)，直到公元1199年。

One area the king was wary of was tournaments, those events where knights attacked each other in mock cavalry battles. Richard only permitted their organisation under license - allowing five places to host them - and made knights pay an entrance fee. The latter measure and the imposition of heavy fines for anyone daring to hold an unofficial event were a useful means to fill the state's coffers which were so often emptied by the king's expensive military escapades. Still, Richard also appreciated that tournaments could be a useful training ground for his knights and, soon to be up against the French, whose knights were famed for their horsemanship, he would need as skilled an army as he could muster.

? ? ? ? ? 國王警惕的一個領(lǐng)域是錦標(biāo)賽，即騎士們在模擬騎兵戰(zhàn)中互相攻擊的比賽活動。理查只允許在有許可證的情況下組織這些活動——允許在五個地方舉辦，并讓騎士們支付入場費(fèi)。后一項措施以及對任何敢于舉辦非官方活動的人處以重罰，是填補(bǔ)國庫的有效手段，而國庫經(jīng)常被國王昂貴的軍事行動掏空。不過，理查也意識到，錦標(biāo)賽可以成為騎士們的一個有用訓(xùn)練場，而且，他很快就會與法國人對抗，法國人的騎士以其騎術(shù)而聞名，他需要一支善戰(zhàn)的軍隊。

Given Richard's need to fund his armies throughout his reign it is perhaps not surprising that he was nowhere near the big spender on English castles that his father had been. There was a major investment in revamping and extending the Tower of London in 1189-90 CE as indicated in the Pipe Rolls expenditure records but, otherwise, castle-building came to halt as the decade of the 1190s CE wore on. Yet another fund-raising strategy of the perennially cash-strapped king was to open up royal forests to local lords for hunting, with an appropriate fee, of course. Clearly, Richard needed all the money he could get his hands on for the conflicts yet to come.

? ? ? ? ? 鑒于理查在整個統(tǒng)治期間都需要為他的軍隊提供資金，他在英國城堡上的花費(fèi)遠(yuǎn)沒有他父親那么大，這一點也許并不令人驚訝。在公元1189-90年，有一項重大投資用于改造和擴(kuò)建倫敦塔，這在大卷宗支出記錄中有所體現(xiàn)，除此之外，隨著12世紀(jì)90年代的到來，城堡建設(shè)也逐漸停止了。然而，這位常年資金緊張的國王的另一個籌款策略是將皇家森林開放給當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)主用于狩獵，當(dāng)然要收取適當(dāng)?shù)馁M(fèi)用。顯然，理查需要所有他能得到的錢來應(yīng)對即將發(fā)生的沖突。

在法國的戰(zhàn)役與死亡

After a brief stint back in England and a second coronation in April 1194 CE at Winchester, Richard then spent much of his time on campaign in France where he defended the Angevin lands against his former Crusader ally, Philip II of France. The pair had fallen out when Richard did not marry Philip's sister Alice, despite the pair being engaged for 20 years. Richard instead had married Berengaria of Navarre (c. 1164-1230 CE) on 12 May 1191 CE, as arranged by his mother. Berengaria would be the only reigning English queen never to set foot in her own realm.

? ? ? ? ? 在短暫回到英格蘭并于公元1194年4月在溫徹斯特舉行第二次加冕儀式后，理查將大部分時間花在了法國的戰(zhàn)役上，在那里他保衛(wèi)了安茹的土地，對抗以前的十字軍盟友法國的腓力二世。盡管理查和菲利普的妹妹愛麗絲已經(jīng)訂婚20年了，但他們倆卻沒有結(jié)婚，因此關(guān)系鬧翻了。理查在他母親的安排下，于公元1191年5月12日與納瓦拉的貝倫加麗亞（約公元1164-1230年）結(jié)婚。貝倫加麗亞是唯一一位從未踏足她自己王國的英國女王。

The English king assembled an army to attack Philip by requiring his barons to merely supply the king with only seven knights each instead of the usual vassal fighting force. As an alternative, Richard demanded cash with which he could purchase his own mercenaries. It was an arrangement the barons were only too happy to agree to as it meant they could remain, and defend, if necessary, their own castles and lands rather than abandon them to opportunists while far away in France.

? ? ? ? ? 查理集結(jié)了一支軍隊來攻擊菲利普，要求他的男爵們僅僅為國王提供每人僅有的七名騎士，而不是通常的附庸戰(zhàn)斗力。作為替代方案，理查要求用現(xiàn)金來購買自己的雇傭兵。這是一個男爵們非常樂意同意的安排，因為這意味著他們可以保留并在必要時保衛(wèi)自己的城堡和土地，而不是在遠(yuǎn)在法國的時候?qū)⑺鼈儝伣o機(jī)會主義者。

Richard might have neglected English fortifications but he invested big in Normandy, notably constructing the Chateau Gaillard by the River Seine from 1197 CE to better defend his territorial claims there. Then disaster struck. Richard was mortally wounded in Aquitaine during his siege of the castle of Chalus in 1199 CE. The king, hit in the neck by a crossbow bolt, died on 6 April after the wound had become gangrenous. Richard was buried alongside his parents at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon while his effigy at Rouen contains his heart.

? ? ? ? ? 理查可能忽視了英國的防御工事，但他在諾曼底投入大量資金，特別是在公元1197年在塞納河邊建造了蓋拉德城堡，以更好地捍衛(wèi)在那里的領(lǐng)土。然后災(zāi)難降臨了。公元1199年，理查在阿基坦圍攻查魯斯城堡時受了致命傷。國王的脖子被弩箭射中，在傷口壞死后于4月6日死亡。理查和他的父母一起被埋葬在希農(nóng)附近的豐特弗羅德修道院，在魯昂的墓地則埋葬了他的心臟。

繼承人問題

As he had no heir Richard I was succeeded by his brother John who would reign until 1216 CE. King John of England (aka John Lackland) managed to make himself one of the most unpopular kings in English history, and his oppression and military failures brought about a major uprising of barons who obliged the king to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 CE, upon which a constitution was based with the power of the monarch curbed and with the rights of the barons protected.

? ? ? ? ? 由于他沒有繼承人，他的兄弟約翰繼位了，他將在位至公元1216年。英格蘭國王約翰（又名“無地的約翰”）使自己成為英國歷史上最不受歡迎的國王之一，他的壓迫及其軍事上的失敗導(dǎo)致了男爵們的大起義，他們迫使國王在公元1215年簽署了《大憲章》，在此基礎(chǔ)上制定了一部憲法，君主的權(quán)力受到遏制，男爵們的權(quán)利得到保護(hù)。

Richard, meanwhile, gained legendary status as one of the great medieval knights and kings thanks to his daring deeds and the love and respect of his soldiers. After his death the myths only grew bigger, starting with the Anglo-Norman novel Romance of Richard C?ur de Lion published around 1250 CE. Already having proven himself as courageous, a determined foe of the Saracens and a composer of poetry to boot, Richard was the very model of the chivalrous knight and so his legend grew along those lines. Medieval artworks depicted the king improbably jousting Saladin, he was attributed fine speeches about saving his men or he would not be worthy of his crown, and stories sprang up of him being such a determined foe of the Arabs that he cooked and ate those he captured. Even today, the presence of a dramatic statue of the king outside the Houses of Parliament in London is an indicator of the special place Richard has gained and continues to hold in the hearts of Englanders.

? ? ? ? ? 同時，由于理查的大膽行為與士兵們的愛戴和尊重，他獲得了作為中世紀(jì)偉大騎士和國王之一的傳奇地位。在他死后，這些神話從公元1250年左右出版的盎格魯-諾曼小說《獅心王理查的浪漫史》開始愈演愈烈。理查已經(jīng)證明了自己的勇氣，他是薩拉森人的死敵，也是一位詩歌作曲家，他是騎士精神的典范，因此他的傳奇故事沿著這些路線發(fā)展。中世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)作品描繪了這位國王與薩拉丁角逐的情景，他被賦予了拯救部下的精彩演講（否則他就不配擁有王冠），并且出現(xiàn)了他是阿拉伯人死敵的故事，他把俘虜煮了吃。即使在今天，倫敦議會大廈外有一尊引人注目的國王雕像，這表明理查在英格蘭人心中贏得并繼續(xù)占有的特殊地位。

Finally, Richard has left a lasting legacy in medieval heraldry. The king's choice of three golden lions (although they may originally have been leopards) on a red background on his shield were an extension of his family's traditional two lions. The three lions, perhaps originally rearing figures ('rampant' in heraldic terms) but subsequently established as strolling forward with their heads turned at the onlooker ('passant guardant') have become not only a part of the English royal coat of arms ever since but also appear today in many other badges, especially sporting ones such as the England national football and cricket teams.

? ? ? ? ? 最后，理查在中世紀(jì)的紋章學(xué)中留下了一筆持久的遺產(chǎn)。國王在他的盾牌上選擇了紅底的三只金獅子（盡管它們最初可能是豹子），這是他家族傳統(tǒng)的兩只獅子的延伸。這三只獅子，也許最初是騎馬的形象（在紋章學(xué)術(shù)語中是“橫沖直撞”），但后來被確定為向前漫步，扭頭看向旁觀者（“穿行守護(hù)”），從那時起不僅成為英國皇家紋章的一部分，而且今天也出現(xiàn)在許多其他徽章上，特別是體育徽章，如英格蘭國家足球隊和板球隊。

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作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-17011/ricardo-i-de-inglaterra/

封面：亨利二世和理查一世