Leviathan - 08
To resist the sword of the commonwealth, in defence of保衛(wèi)...?
another man, guilty, or innocent, no man hath liberty; because such?
liberty, takes away from the sovereign, the means of protecting us;?
If a monarch, or sovereign assembly, grant a liberty to all, or?
any of his subjects, which grant standing, he is disabled to provide?
for their safety, the grant is void;?
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unless he directly renounce宣布放棄, or transfer the sovereignty to another.?
===CHAPTER XXII :OF SYSTEMS SUBJECT, POLITICAL, AND PRIVATE
★assemble? ? resemble? ??!
In a body politic, if the representative be one man, whatsoever he?
does in the person of the body, which is not warranted擔(dān)保 in his?
letters, nor by the laws, is his own act, and not the act of the?
body, nor of any other member thereof besides himself: because?
further than his letters, or the laws limit, he representeth no man's?
person, but his own.
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But what he does according to these, is the act?
of every one: for of the act of the sovereign every one is author,?
because he is their representative unlimited; and the act of him?
that recedes not from the letters of the sovereign, is the act of?
the sovereign, and therefore ★every member of the body is author of it.?
===CHAPTER XXIV :OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREA TJON OF A COMMONWEALTH?
★commodity 貨物/商品
A man's labour also, is a commodity exchangeable for?
benefit, as well as any other thing.
For where there is no commonwealth, there is a perpetual war?
of every man against his neighbour; and therefore every thing?
is his that getteth it, and keepeth it by force; which is neither?
propriety★規(guī)矩, nor community; but uncertainty.?
Take away the civil law, and no man knows what is his own,?
and what another man's.?
★ordain命令/任命
★discretion 謹(jǐn)慎
Silver and gold, have their value from the matter?
itself; they have first this privilege, that the value of them cannot be?
altered by the power of one, nor of a few commonwealths; as being?
a common measure of the commodities of all places.?
But base money, may easily be enhanced增強/放大(升值), or abased貶低/降低(貶值).