Questions 1 to 2 are based on this passage:

文同S05S2，題不同

Sciences/ecology

bird population / cattle and buffalo / grazing animals

保護(hù)區(qū)鳥類數(shù)量下降

①In the late 1970s, bird populations were found to be declining in India's Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan. ②Grazing cattle and buffalo were the suspected culprits: they were entering the preserve in sufficient numbers to disrupt what was believed to be an otherwise balanced ecosystem.?③Accordingly, grazing was banned in Bharatpur. ④Yet by the mid-1980s, studies found that bird diversity within the preserve had declined further since the ban, and it continued to plummet. ⑤The absence of grazing animals, it turns out, had disturbed the parks' ecology.?⑥weed species were taking over wetlands and choking canals, thereby reducing the fish populations that had once attracted so many birds, and avian species then went elsewhere in search of more suitable nesting places.

1970 年代后期，印度拉賈斯坦邦的巴拉特普爾鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)的鳥類數(shù)量正在下降。牛被認(rèn)為是罪魁禍?zhǔn)祝核鼈冞M(jìn)入保護(hù)區(qū)破壞了原本被認(rèn)為是平衡的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。 因此，巴拉特普爾禁止放牧。 然而，到 1980 年代中期，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)的鳥類多樣性自禁令以來進(jìn)一步下降，并且繼續(xù)直線下降。 事實(shí)證明，食草動(dòng)物的缺失擾亂了公園的生態(tài)。 雜草占據(jù)了濕地并堵塞了運(yùn)河，從而減少了曾經(jīng)吸引如此多鳥類的魚，鳥類就到其他地方尋找更合適的筑巢地了。

1. The passage suggests which of the following about the decline observed in the late 1970s?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 難

D

A. It could have been mitigated if limits on grazing had been enacted earlier at Bharatpur. 早不早不是問題。早了反而問題早點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)。

B. It resulted in part from a then-unrecognized change in the number and variety of weed species expanding into Bharatpur's wetlands. 那個(gè)時(shí)候還沒禁止放牧，草還不是問題。

C. It was overestimated because of a mistaken assumption about the effect of grazing animals on Bharatpur's ecosystem. 沒有overestimated證據(jù)

D. It might have been more severe if fewer grazing cattle and buffalo had been entering Bharatpur. 如果食草動(dòng)物少一些，問題可能更嚴(yán)重。符合最后兩句描述。

E. It was recognized in hindsight as arising from changes in Bharatpur's fish-species diversity. 魚也是受害者。干擾項(xiàng)。找主要原因。

2. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence??

功能題 目的題 中

高亮句給出一個(gè)可能的原因，但是后來被否。

E

A. It describes a measure taken in order to address a problem. 是原因，不是解決辦法。

B. It examines a flawed assumption underlying a conclusion. 干擾項(xiàng)。沒有conclusion,哪里來的assumption.

C. It bolsters a claim made in the first sentence of the passage. 第一句是個(gè)事實(shí)，不是觀點(diǎn)。

D. It corrects a misconception about a historical situation. 并沒有correct

E. It identifies the basis on which a policy decision was made. 符合第三句的順承。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

Arts/photography

Diane Arbus / documentary photography?

對(duì)DA的紀(jì)實(shí)攝影風(fēng)格的評(píng)判

①The positioning of Diane Arbus as a documentary photographer stems from the two exhibits that made her reputation, both curated by John Szarkowski: the group show New Documents in 1967 claimed to show documentary photography's new direction, which Szarkowski said aimed "not to reform life, but to know it", and Diane Arbus, the posthumous one-woman show five years later, which turned her into an icon. ②Even as Szarkowski identified Arbus' work with the documentary tradition, both the American reformist line and the European taxonomic line represented by August Sanders (who came to be known in the United States in the 1960s), he also indicated the ways in which her work did not fit.?③If the documentary tradition displayed a consistent style of clarity and directness toward reality, it also displayed in the American tradition a particular emphasis on human suffering and a blend of realism and emotional charge, which was meant, in the words of Roy Stryker, the director of the Farm Security Administration, which sponsored the great documentary photography of the Depression era, to "incite change" by mobilizing sympathy. ④These two documentary modes-that of "knowing" and that of "reforming"-were tangling and untangling in the 1960s. ⑤For instance Walker Evans, who made his name with the Farm Security Administration in the 1930s, delivered his important lecture on "lyric documentary" at Yale in 1964 in which he eschewed the social reform agenda; in 1966, the year before New Documents, the Farm Security Administration spirit had been revived by Cornell Capa's exhibition The Concerned Photographer, and its similarly titled catalog, and the documentary practices it celebrated made for some of the most arresting images and photo-essays of the Vietnam War.

①That Arbus fulfilled the realist impulse of the documentary tradition could hardly be more obvious, whatever her subject matter. ②But documentary stuck to Arbus through the powerful intervention not only of Szarkowski but also of Susan Sontag, Arbus first and still most influential critic. ③Sontag's essay on the 1972 exhibit, which launched her inquiry into the medium of photography, is still routinely cited in reviews and scholarship on Arbus ' work. ④Sontag framed the problem of Arbus's photographs within the documentary tradition following Szarkowski, and defined her work as a misappropriation of its form. ⑤Sontag claimed that Arbus photographed and collected other people's pain but offered no "compassionate purpose" to the viewer. ⑥In these terms, Arbus lacked empathy and the photographs offered a "self-willed test of hardness," one that inured the viewer to ugliness?and pain. ⑦Sontag attached Arbus to one version of the documentary tradition, the US reformist agenda, and found Arbus' ability to mobilize sentiment not only deficient but also corrosive of sympathetic sensibilities more broadly.

黛安·阿勃絲（Diane Arbus）被視為紀(jì)實(shí)攝影師源于讓她聲名鵲起的兩次展覽，均由約翰·薩科夫斯基（John Szarkowski）策劃：1967?年的群展?New Documents?聲稱展示了紀(jì)實(shí)攝影的新方向，薩科夫斯基稱其目的是“不是為了改變生活，但要認(rèn)識(shí)生活”，以及五年后的Diane Arbus的同名展覽，這場(chǎng)她身后的獨(dú)立女性秀將她變成了偶像。即使?Szarkowski?將Arbus?的作品與紀(jì)錄片傳統(tǒng)（美國(guó)的和歐洲的）聯(lián)系起來，他也指出了她的作品并不完全符合。如果說紀(jì)錄片傳統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出一貫的清晰明了和直擊事實(shí)，那么它在美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中也表現(xiàn)出對(duì)人類苦難的特別關(guān)注以及現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和情感沖動(dòng)的融合，用Farm Security Administration導(dǎo)演羅伊·史崔克的話來說，這意味著通過引發(fā)同情來“引發(fā)變革”。這兩種紀(jì)錄片模式——“知”與“改”——在1960年代相互糾纏。例如，沃克·埃文斯（Walker Evans）在?1930?年代在農(nóng)場(chǎng)安全管理局（Farm Security Administration）成名，他于?1964?年在耶魯大學(xué)發(fā)表了關(guān)于“抒情紀(jì)錄片”的重要演講，其中他避開了社會(huì)改革議題；在?1966?年，即New Documents的前一年，康奈爾·卡帕?(Cornell Capa)?的展覽“The Concerned Photographer”及其同名的目錄以及它所贊揚(yáng)的紀(jì)錄片實(shí)踐，重現(xiàn)了the Farm?Security Administration?的精神。

無論她的主題是什么，阿勃絲都滿足了紀(jì)錄片傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義沖動(dòng)，這一點(diǎn)再明顯不過了。但是，不僅?Szarkowski 不太滿意DA的紀(jì)實(shí)方式，作為DA的第一位且仍然是最有影響力的評(píng)論家蘇珊·桑塔格（Susan Sontag）也是。桑塔格關(guān)于?1972?年展覽的文章開啟了她對(duì)攝影媒介的探索，至今仍經(jīng)常在關(guān)于阿勃絲Arbus作品的評(píng)論和學(xué)術(shù)研究中被引用。桑塔格在?Szarkowski?之后的紀(jì)錄片傳統(tǒng)中界定了?Arbus?的照片問題，并將她的作品定義為對(duì)其形式的濫用。桑塔格聲稱，Arbus?拍攝并收集了其他人的痛苦，但沒有向觀眾提供“富有同情心的目的”。在這些方面，Arbus?缺乏同理心，而這些照片提供了一種“任性的苦難測(cè)試”，讓觀眾習(xí)慣于丑陋和痛苦。桑塔格將Arbus?與一種紀(jì)錄片傳統(tǒng)，即美國(guó)改革議題聯(lián)系起來，并發(fā)現(xiàn)Arbus調(diào)動(dòng)情緒的能力不僅不足，而且更廣泛地腐蝕了同情心。

生詞摘錄：

curate 策劃展覽

inure 使...習(xí)慣

3. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能題 主旨題 中

文章在討論DA的紀(jì)實(shí)攝影風(fēng)格，雖然紀(jì)實(shí)，但有問題。

C

A. analyzing the impact of curators and critics on a specific photographer's career 沒有impact的證據(jù)。他們只是評(píng)論，不知道DA本人是否受到影響。

B. demonstrating that certain genres of photography have long been subjects of disagreement among critics 是在聊人，不是在聊作品

C. discussing how a specific photographer was situated within a genre of photography 符合

D. tracing the evolution of a particular genre of photography 同B

E. arguing that the work of a certain photographer has been misunderstood by critics 沒有misunderstood證據(jù)

4. Which of the following statements about Susan Sontag can be inferred from the passage?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 難

C

A. She admired much of the work sponsored by the Farm Security Administration. 沒有證據(jù)

B. Her views on documentary photography were influenced by Cornell Capa's aesthetic practices. 沒有證據(jù)

C. She largely agreed with Roy Stryker about the purpose of documentary photography 符合。通過二段5句可知，桑塔格不同意Arbus 只是拍攝并收集了其他人的痛苦，但沒有向觀眾提供“富有同情心的目的”。而一段3句說導(dǎo)演羅伊·史崔克也認(rèn)為應(yīng)該通過引發(fā)同情來“引發(fā)變革”。

D. Her essay on the 1972 exhibit Diane Arbus was partly a response to Walker Evans' lecture on "lyric documentary." 沒有證據(jù)

E. Her definition of documentary photography was unduly influenced by Szarkowski's exhibitions. 沒有influenced證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

5. According to the passage, Sontag criticized Arbus' photographs on which of the following grounds?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

對(duì)應(yīng)信息從二段4句開始

AC

A. They did not entirely conform to a specific genre. 符合二段4句

B. They included subjects who were undeserving of sympathy. 沒有證據(jù)

C. They could cause the sympathy of a viewer to be diminished. 符合二段6句中的inured to

6. The passage suggests that which of the following pairs of artists or critics would be most likely to share similar views about the purposes of documentary photography?

態(tài)度題 難

信息來自于一段最后一句中：the Farm Security Administration spirit had been revived by Cornell Capa's exhibition。而Roy Stryker是the?Farm Security Administration的導(dǎo)演

B

A. Arbus and Capa

B. Capa and Stryker

C. Stryker and Sanders

D. Sanders and Sontag

E. Sontag and Evans?

Questions 7 is based on this passage:

重復(fù)S05S2Q6

Sciences

enbargo / fungus / fruit

水果禁運(yùn)防止真菌傳播

Partha’s five-year-old embargo on the importation of fruit from Vallone was intended to keep a fungus?from being accidentally brought into Partha. The fungus was nevertheless discovered to be present in Partha about a year ago. At about that time, it was also discovered in neighboring Morland. Clearly, what must have happened is that Vallonean fruit exporters circumvented the embargo by exporting fruit to Morland and then?reexporting it from there to Partha.?

P五年不從?Vallone 進(jìn)口水果為了防止真菌被意外帶入 。 然而大約一年前，人們還是在P發(fā)現(xiàn)這種真菌。 大約在那個(gè)時(shí)候，旁邊的M也有真菌。 顯然，一定是瓦隆尼水果出口商繞過禁運(yùn)，將水果出口到Morland，然后再?gòu)哪抢锍隹诘絇artha。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

邏輯單題 邏輯反對(duì) 易

有他因。M搞不好還是P傳染的呢。

B

A. Morland’s annual crop fruit is just large enough to support its own domestic marker adequately. 也就是想說，M自己種的水果剛夠吃，自己水果不出口。那又不影響從V來的水果出口。不能削弱。

B. The fungus colonies discovered in Partha and in Morland with a distinct strain that has never been?found to occur in Vallone. 你這倆地兒的真菌都跟我V沒關(guān)系啊。可以削弱

C. The yields from Vallonean fruit crops have been well below normal in the last two years because of?unexpected late frosts. 自己收成少了，就不能出口了么。不能削弱。

D. The fungus had been only a minor nuisance in Vallone until Vallone’s Great Valley was converted,?about ten years ago, into a major fruit-growing area. 你想表達(dá)什么。。

E. Partha’s embargo on Vallonean fruit was put in place after Parthan fruit growers had suffered losses?because of accidentally imported insect pests. 禁令在P遭受蟲災(zāi)之后生效。那跟我V也沒關(guān)系咯。

Questions 8-10 is based on this passage:

Sciences/geology

erosion and deposition / surface water / faint yound Sun paradox / greenhouse gases

太古時(shí)期溫室氣體使地球表面有液態(tài)水

①The?Isua rock formations?in southwestern Greenland, which formed 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago, include a variety of sedimentary rocks, which are records of erosion and deposition by surface water. ②Their testimony to abundant water at Earth's surface 3.8 billion years ago would seem to be at odds with models of stellar evolution, which predict that our Sun, a yellow dwarf star, would have been about 30% less luminous than it is today. ③With so much less incoming solar energy, any water on Earth should have been frozen. ④This is the faint young Sun paradox first recognized by astrophysicist Carl Sagan in 1972. ⑤Although there have been many creative proposals about how to?reconcile?this apparent contradiction between astrophysical theory and the rock record , the prevailing view is that an atmosphere dominated by greenhouse gases could have compensated for the dimmer Sun and made the early Earth's climate clement enough to keep ancient rivers rolling?down to an open?sea. ⑥Based on the atmospheres of neighboring Venus and Mars—the lingering breath of volcanoes—carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor are likely to have been the primary heat-trapping gases, although methane, ethane, nitrogen, ammonia, and other compounds may also have acted as additional blankets that kept the?Archean world warm.

格陵蘭島西南部的伊蘇阿巖層形成于?38?至?37?億年前，包括各種沉積巖，是地表水侵蝕和沉積的記錄。它們表明?38?億年前地球表面有大量的水似乎與恒星演化模型不一致，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)我們的太陽(yáng)，一顆黃矮星，比今天的亮度要低?30%。由于傳入的太陽(yáng)能如此之少，地球上的任何水都應(yīng)該被凍結(jié)。這就是?1972?年天體物理學(xué)家卡爾·薩根首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的弱太陽(yáng)悖論。盡管有很多可以調(diào)和天體物理學(xué)理論與巖石記錄之間明顯矛盾的創(chuàng)見，但普遍的觀點(diǎn)是，大氣層中的溫室氣體可能補(bǔ)償了較暗的太陽(yáng)，并使早期地球的氣候變得溫暖，足以讓古老的河流流向大海。根據(jù)鄰近的金星和火星的大氣——火山長(zhǎng)期的噴發(fā)——二氧化碳（CO2）和水蒸氣可能是主要的溫室氣體，盡管甲烷、乙烷、氮?dú)狻焙推渌衔锿瑫r(shí)使太古宙世界保持溫暖。

8. Which of the following statements about the "Isua rock formations" is best supported by the?passage?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

E

A. The age assigned to them is most likely incorrect. 沒有age的證據(jù)

B. They have little in common with other sedimentary rock formations on Earth's surface. 沒有other rock formation的證據(jù)

C. Their composition is more homogeneous in nature than had been assumed. 沒有homogeneous的證據(jù)

D. Their formation contributed to the presence of CO2?in Earth's atmosphere. 干擾項(xiàng)。注意不是was contributed to。因果關(guān)系弄反。

E. Their presence suggests that early Earth was likely subject to significant volcanic activity. 只有這個(gè)最合適?；鹕娇赡軒頊厥覛怏w。

9. In the context in which it appears, "reconcile" most nearly means

詞匯題 易

reconcile: restore friendly relations between?調(diào)和矛盾

A

A. resolve: settle or find a solution to 解決爭(zhēng)端

B. conform: comply with rules, standards, or laws 遵守，順從，符合

C. relegate: 降級(jí)

D. restore: 恢復(fù)

E. coordinate: bring the different elements in to a relation that will ensure efficiency or harmony?

10. According to the passage, "the prevailing view" explains

細(xì)節(jié)題 易

D

普遍的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為大氣層中的溫室氣體使早期地球的氣候變得溫暖。

A. why less solar energy was emitted by the Sun in the past than is emitted in the present 不能夠解釋太陽(yáng)的情況

B. why greenhouse gases were formed on Earth some 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago 不能解釋為什有溫室氣體

C. how the Earth's atmosphere likely differed from those of neighboring planets 3.8 to 3.7 billion years?ago 不是在解釋與其他行星的大氣不同。同時(shí)相反，應(yīng)是相同。

D. how certain temperatures could have existed on Earth 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago 符合

E. how the ages assigned to certain rock formations were determined 沒有ages的證據(jù)