Warfare in the Byzantine World: DUMBARTON OAKS SYMPOSIUM, 30 APRIL— 2 MAY 2010 Author(s): JOHN F. HALDON

拜占庭世界的戰(zhàn)爭：敦巴頓橡樹園研討會，2010 年 4 月 30 日—2010 年 5 月 2 日

作者：JOHN F. HALDON

Source: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 2011-2012, Vol. 65/66 (2011-2012),?

Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University

資料來源：敦巴頓橡樹園論文，2011-2012，卷。 65/66 (2011-2012)，

出版者：敦巴頓橡樹園，哈佛大學受托人

Warfare in the Byzantine World

DUMBARTON OAKS SYMPOSIUM, 30 APRIL - 1 MAY 2010

SYMPOSI ARCH: JOHN F. H ALDON

拜占庭世界的戰(zhàn)爭

2010 年 4 月 30 日至 5 月 1 日，敦巴頓橡樹園研討會

專題討論會：約翰·F·哈爾頓

War and the need to wage it, the organizational constraints it imposes, its effects on society and economy as well as its ideological justification and the debates it engenders, can be a radical force for social and political transformation. However unpleasant the effects of war, it is an undeniable fact of human history that war has been on many occasions and in many different historical contexts a powerful stimulus to both technological innovation and social and political change. The crucial role of war and its concomitants cannot be ignored in the history of any culture. Byzantium is no exception. Indeed, in many respects the history of the Byzantine state is also the history of its ability successfully to defend itself and to organize for war, for its military organization was central both to the inflection of its social relations in general as well as to the ways in which the central government extracted and redistributed the resources available to it, whether in the form of agricultural produce or money taxes on agriculture and trade.

????????? 戰(zhàn)爭和發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭的需要、它強加的組織約束、它對社會和經(jīng)濟的影響以及它的意識形態(tài)理由和它引起的辯論，可以成為社會和政治轉(zhuǎn)型的根本力量。無論戰(zhàn)爭的影響如何令人不快，但不可否認的人類歷史事實是，戰(zhàn)爭在許多場合和許多不同的歷史背景下都有力地刺激了技術(shù)創(chuàng)新以及社會和政治變革。在任何文化的歷史中，戰(zhàn)爭及其伴隨物的重要作用都不容忽視。拜占庭也不例外。事實上，在許多方面，拜占庭國家的歷史也是它成功地保衛(wèi)自己和組織戰(zhàn)爭的歷史，因為它的軍事組織對于其一般社會關(guān)系的變化以及方式的變化都至關(guān)重要。其中中央政府提取并重新分配其可用資源，無論是以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品還是對農(nóng)業(yè)和貿(mào)易的貨幣稅的形式。

In its thousand years of eXIstence - from the reign of Anastasius (491-518) until that of the last emperor, Constantine XI (1448-1453) - the Byzantine state was almost constantly at war with one or another of its neighbors. This reflected its geography and strategic situation, centered as it was on the southern Balkans and Asia Minor. It had constantly to fend off challenges to its territorial integrity from the Persian and then Arab or Turkish Islamic powers to the east, or its Balkan or central European neighbors to the northwest and north. As the western and central European powers grew and matured - first in the form of the Carolingian empire, then the German empire and the kingdom of Hungary - so Byzantine political pre-eminence came to be challenged, until by the end of the twelfth century the empire had become a second-rate state, subject to the power politics of powerful western kingdoms and the commercial strength of Italian merchant republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.

????????? 在其存在的千年中——從阿納斯塔修斯 (491-518) 統(tǒng)治到最后一位皇帝君士坦丁十一世 (1448-1453) 的統(tǒng)治時期——拜占庭國家?guī)缀跻恢痹谂c鄰國交戰(zhàn)。 這反映了它的地理和戰(zhàn)略形勢，因為它以巴爾干南部和小亞細亞為中心。 它必須不斷地抵御來自波斯，然后是東部的阿拉伯或土耳其伊斯蘭強國，或西北部和北部的巴爾干或中歐鄰國對其領(lǐng)土完整的挑戰(zhàn)。 隨著西歐和中歐列強的成長和成熟——首先是加洛林帝國的形式，然后是德意志帝國和匈牙利王國——所以拜占庭的政治優(yōu)勢開始受到挑戰(zhàn)，直到 12 世紀末 帝國淪為二流國家，受制于強大的西方王國的強權(quán)政治和威尼斯、熱那亞和比薩等意大利商業(yè)共和國的商業(yè)實力。

Byzantium was a society in which the virtues of peace were extolled and war was usually condemned, certainly when taken for its own sake. Fighting was to be avoided at all costs. Yet the empire nevertheless inherited the military administrative structures and, in many ways, the militaristic ideology of the expanding pre-Christian Roman Empire in its heyday. These tensions were overcome through the blending of Christian ideals with the political will to survive and the justification of war as a necessary evil, waged primarily in defense of the Roman world and the Orthodox faith. Late Roman and medieval Christian society in the eastern Mediterranean/south Balkan region thus generated a unique culture that was able to cling without reservation to a pacifistic ideal while at the same time legitimating and justifying the maintenance of an immensely efficient and, for the most part, remarkably effective military apparatus.

????????? 拜占庭是一個崇尚和平美德而通常譴責戰(zhàn)爭的社會，當然是為了自己的利益而戰(zhàn)。 應不惜一切代價避免戰(zhàn)斗。 然而，帝國仍然繼承了軍事行政結(jié)構(gòu)，并在許多方面繼承了鼎盛時期擴張的前基督教羅馬帝國的軍國主義意識形態(tài)。 通過將基督教理想與生存的政治意愿以及戰(zhàn)爭作為一種必要的罪惡的理由相結(jié)合，這些緊張局勢得到了克服，主要是為了捍衛(wèi)羅馬世界和東正教信仰。 東地中海/南巴爾干地區(qū)的晚期羅馬和中世紀基督教社會因此產(chǎn)生了一種獨特的文化，這種文化能夠毫無保留地堅持和平主義理想，同時使維持極其高效的、在大多數(shù) ，非常有效的軍事設(shè)備。

The symposium examined some of these themes in an attempt to re-evaluate Byzantine as well as other perceptions of warfare and the military, to understand how the Byzantines organized for war, and the reasons for their success or failure.

????????? 研討會研究了其中一些主題，試圖重新評估拜占庭以及其他對戰(zhàn)爭和軍隊的看法，以了解拜占庭人如何組織戰(zhàn)爭，以及他們成功或失敗的原因。

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Friday, 30 April

Introduction

John F. Haldon? Princeton University

約翰·F·哈爾登?普林斯頓大學

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The Big Picture: China, Byzantium and the Shadow of the Steppe

David Graff - Kansas State University

大圖：中國、拜占庭和草原的陰影

大衛(wèi)格拉夫 - 堪薩斯州立大學

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The Small Picture: Government by Exception and Exemption; Evidence from the Later Byzantine Military

Mark Bartusis? Northern State University

小圖：例外和豁免政府； 來自后期拜占庭軍隊的證據(jù)

馬克·巴圖西斯? 北方州立大學

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Fighting for Peace: The Legitimation of Warfare

Frank Trombley? Cardiff University

為和平而戰(zhàn)：戰(zhàn)爭的合法性

Frank Trombley? 卡迪夫大學

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A Conflicted Heritage: The Byzantine Religious Establishment of a War Ethic

John McGuckin? Union Theological Seminary and Columbia University

沖突的遺產(chǎn)：戰(zhàn)爭倫理的拜占庭宗教建立

約翰麥古金?聯(lián)合神學院和哥倫比亞大學

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Byzantium Confronts its Neighbors: Islam and the Crusaders

John France? Swansea University

拜占庭面對它的鄰居：伊斯蘭教和十字軍

約翰·法蘭西?斯旺西大學

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Saturday, 1 May

The Visual Representation of Peace

Lioba Theis? University of Vienna

和平的視覺表現(xiàn)

Lioba Theis? 維也納大學

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The Art of War

Robert S. Nelson? Yale University

戰(zhàn)爭的藝術(shù)

羅伯特·納爾遜?耶魯大學

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The Paradoxes of Heroism in Byzantium: Military Saints and Secular Warriors

Anthony Kaldellis? Ohio State University

拜占庭英雄主義的悖論：軍事圣人和世俗戰(zhàn)士

Anthony Kaldellis? 俄亥俄州立大學

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Resources, Warfare, and the Manzikert Campaign

John F. Haldon? Princeton University

資源、戰(zhàn)爭和曼齊克特戰(zhàn)役

約翰·F·哈爾登?普林斯頓大學

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The Medieval Logistics Project: Warfare on the Grid

Vince Gaffney? University of Birmingham

中世紀物流項目：網(wǎng)格戰(zhàn)

文斯·加夫尼? 伯明翰大學

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Landscapes, Movement and Logistics: Multi-Agent Systems and Simulating Medieval Campaigns

Georgios Theodoropoulos? University of Birmingham

景觀、運動和物流：多代理系統(tǒng)和模擬中世紀運動

Georgios Theodoropoulos? 伯明翰大學

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Sunday, 2 May

War, Social Change and the Politics of Empire: Prisoners of War between Slavery and Freedom

Youval Rotman? Tel Aviv University

戰(zhàn)爭、社會變革和帝國政治：奴隸制與自由之間的戰(zhàn)俘

Youval Rotman? 特拉維夫大學

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The Face of Protracted War Walter

Kaegi? University of Chicago

持久戰(zhàn)沃爾特的臉

Kaegi?芝加哥大學

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Concluding Remarks

John F. Haldon? Princeton University

結(jié)束語

約翰·F·哈爾登?普林斯頓大學