原帖來(lái)自reddit論壇，作者brbEightball，是位醫(yī)生

原帖地址：

https://www.reddit.com/r/anime/comments/913mov/hataraku_saibou_ep_3_doctors_notes/

Character Feature
角色介紹
CD8+ Lymphocyte
CD8+ 淋巴細(xì)胞，即殺手T細(xì)胞

Grr, am I ever going to get to talk about neutrophils? Whatever. This episode features a viral infection, so it really merits more discussion about lymphocytes generally, but particularly CD8+ ("cytotoxic) T-lymphocytes.
哎，我還有機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)到中性粒細(xì)胞嗎？無(wú)所謂了。本集講的是病毒性傳染，所以得把淋巴細(xì)胞整體介紹下，但我會(huì)著重介紹CD8+(細(xì)胞毒性)T淋巴細(xì)胞。


The star of the episode, after all, is jojo new effector T-lymphocyte. Some (extremely brief) background on lymphocytes: These immune cells comprise the adaptive immune system. Your immune system can broadly be split into the innate and adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is always present and always active; neutrophil is a great example of this, along with NK cells and the complement system (later), but we can even extend this definition to include things like your skin and digestive acids, which also play a role in general defense.
本集的豬腳是Jojo，效應(yīng)T淋巴細(xì)胞。簡(jiǎn)單介紹下淋巴細(xì)胞：這些免疫細(xì)胞組成了“獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)（也叫‘后天免疫系統(tǒng)’）”。你的免疫系統(tǒng)可以大體分為“自發(fā)性（先天）”和“獲得性（后天）”免疫系統(tǒng)。自發(fā)性免疫系統(tǒng)一直存在，一直工作。中性粒細(xì)胞就是其中一個(gè)例子，其他的例子還有NK細(xì)胞和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)。我們還可以把“自發(fā)性免疫系統(tǒng)”的概念擴(kuò)展到你的皮膚、以及消化性的酸，因?yàn)樗鼈円矃⑴c了一般性的防御。

On the other hand, the adaptive immune response is very specific to a microbial invader, takes some time to ramp up, and results in a robust response and long-term immunity through memory cells. The adaptive immune system can be further split into "T"-lymphocytes and "B"-lymphocytes. As a heuristic, think of T-cells as directly killing, and B-cells as producing helpful antibodies (the reality is more nuanced of course).
而“獲得性免疫反應(yīng)”只針對(duì)某種特定的微生物入侵者，它需要一些時(shí)間啟動(dòng)，會(huì)造成強(qiáng)烈的免疫反應(yīng)，并通過(guò)記憶細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期性免疫。獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)可以再分成T淋巴細(xì)胞和B淋巴細(xì)胞。類比下說(shuō)，T細(xì)胞就是直接當(dāng)殺手，B細(xì)胞則是產(chǎn)生有用的抗體，當(dāng)然現(xiàn)實(shí)要比這個(gè)復(fù)雜的多。

So, CD8+ lymphocyte. Big burly scary/intimidating dude. Good choice, considering their role is to directly kill cells, usually through the effect of proteins (perforins & granzymes) which literally punch holes in the target cell's membrane, or through the Fas ligand system which induces apoptosis (tells the target cell to go kill itself). These CD8+ cells are targeted towards cells infected by viruses, which normally express the viral proteins on a specialized receptor on their surface, known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I receptors. The HLA system merits a separate discussion.
來(lái)說(shuō)CD8+ 淋巴細(xì)胞。是個(gè)大塊頭的兄貴。畫(huà)的好，因?yàn)樗麄兙褪?strong>直接殺死細(xì)胞，一般是通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)（穿孔蛋白和顆粒酶）給目標(biāo)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜上打個(gè)洞，或者通過(guò)‘Fas配體’引發(fā)‘細(xì)胞凋亡’（讓細(xì)胞自己殺死自己）。CD8+ 細(xì)胞要干掉的是被病毒感染的細(xì)胞。感染的細(xì)胞的表面上，有專門(mén)的受體(receptor)表達(dá)病毒類蛋白質(zhì)，它叫“主要組織相容性復(fù)合體”（MHC），或者叫“人類白細(xì)胞抗原(HLA)”I型受體。HLA以后再說(shuō)吧。

T-cells are more generally stimulated by recognition of foreign antigens on various antigen-presenting cells (gee whiz), of which the dendritic cell is a great example, but macrophages and B-cells can present antigens too. Recognition of foreign antigens is a tricky matter; lymphocytes (which are normally "born" in the bone marrow and either mature there or in the thymus gland) have a pre-determined and semi-random "range" of foreign antigens that they can recognize, which is defined by an extremely complex mechanism called VDJ rearrangement. So, there's no guarantee that any one antigen will generate a response in any one lymphocyte. This is going too long, let's get to the episode.

T細(xì)胞通過(guò)‘抗原呈遞細(xì)胞*（APC）’識(shí)別出抗原*時(shí)，就會(huì)啟動(dòng)。樹(shù)狀細(xì)胞就是‘抗原呈遞細(xì)胞’的一員，巨噬細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞也可以呈遞抗原。要認(rèn)出外界抗原挺不容易。淋巴細(xì)胞（一般出生于骨髓，成熟于骨髓或者胸腺）能識(shí)別出的抗原類型，有些是事先安排好的（具體見(jiàn)第9集‘胸腺細(xì)胞’），有些是隨機(jī)的外界抗原。它們能識(shí)別的抗原類型，是由一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的過(guò)程“VDJ重排”來(lái)決定的。再說(shuō)就太長(zhǎng)了，還是來(lái)看本集劇情吧。

*抗原呈遞細(xì)胞（Antigen-presenting cells）：一系列免疫細(xì)胞。它們可以分析抗原，并把抗原的信息傳送給免疫性淋巴細(xì)胞。

*抗原(antigen)：可以誘發(fā)免疫反應(yīng)的東西，比如病菌

Episode 3 - Influenza
第三集 - 流感

Hmm, dark and scary place. Wonder where this is. I'm guessing by the fact that it's where influenza is first sighted it's somewhere up in the nasopharynx. Or maybe Waldeyer's ring!
月黑風(fēng)高的地方。這是哪里呢？我覺(jué)得既然這里是流感病毒被發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方，那應(yīng)該是鼻咽那里吧。也許在瓦耳代爾氏扁桃體環(huán)那里。

Aw, a naive T-cell, how cute. These are T-lymphocytes that are "mature", but are not yet activated. They can be found in general circulation but are more often concentrated in lymphoid rich tissues (like the spleen, lymph nodes, but also peyer's patches and tonsils).
嗷嗷嗷，初始T細(xì)胞，好可愛(ài)的樣子。它們是“成熟”的T淋巴細(xì)胞，但是還沒(méi)有活化。它們可以在血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)里出現(xiàn)，但更常在淋巴多的組織里出現(xiàn)，比如脾，淋巴結(jié)，和扁桃體。

Virus spotted! You may be wondering why virus infections are a zombie outbreak instead of a new character. Consider their size difference; influenza virion particles are maybe 100 microns in size, compared to a red blood cell which would be 75 times that. Not to mention viruses generally have to infect cells in order to reproduce, hijacking the cells normal protein-making machinery to make more virus particles (or alarmingly, integrating with the host cell's DNA).
發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒！你也許會(huì)想，為啥要把這個(gè)病毒弄成一群?jiǎn)适?，而不是搞個(gè)新角色。這要考慮到它們的大小。流感病毒大概是100微米，紅血球都比它大75倍。更何況，病毒一般通過(guò)感染細(xì)胞來(lái)繁殖，它搶來(lái)正常細(xì)胞里制造蛋白質(zhì)的機(jī)器，用于搞出更多的病毒（或者，和宿主的DNA結(jié)合 Σ(っ °Д °;)っ）

Something very important to know about influenza is that it mutates a lot. It undergoes antigenic drift, resulting from minor changes over time, and causing the public health agencies to need to reformulate a new vaccine every year. But it can also infamously undergo antigenic shift, when it reassorts genomes with other flu viruses. This classically occurs in animals (hence "swine flu" and "avian flu"). Oh, and we mostly only have to care about influenza A & B.
關(guān)于流感病毒，有個(gè)特別重要的一點(diǎn)就是，它們非常會(huì)變異。它會(huì)“抗原轉(zhuǎn)移”，會(huì)一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)發(fā)生變化，這讓衛(wèi)生部門(mén)每年都得換個(gè)疫苗配方。但更厲害的是，它會(huì)“抗原更換”，和其他的感冒病毒 重組 基因。這一般發(fā)生在動(dòng)物身體里，所以會(huì)有“豬流感”，“禽流感”。哦，對(duì)了，我們主要對(duì)付的是“甲型流感(Influenza A)”和“乙型流感(influenza B)”

U-1146 to the rescue! Umm, what is he doing fighting virally infected cells? The role of the neutrophil in viral infections is unclear to me, but they are definitely not the main contributor. I'm not even sure how he would recognize the cells as foreign, since neutrophils do not have receptors for MHC class I receptors AFAIK (though they do express MHC I themselves). Oh, we discussed his wall-walking tricks (diapedesis) last discussion.
U-1146前來(lái)救援！呃……他為啥要和病毒細(xì)胞干架？我不太清楚中性粒細(xì)胞在病毒感染中的作用，但他肯定不算主角。我都不確定他是不是能認(rèn)出壞掉了的細(xì)胞，因?yàn)橹行粤＜?xì)胞沒(méi)有MHC I型的接收器AFAIK（盡管它們自己可以表達(dá)MHC I）。哦，我們上集也說(shuō)過(guò)他特殊的穿墻技巧（血球滲出）

Okay, infocard for influenza time. Influenza is one of the most prevalent and significant viral infections. It's an RNA virus, and not a terribly complex one, with only 8 gene products (hemagglutinin, which helps it bind and fuse with cells, neuraminidase, which helps the virus be released from infected cells, and some membrane/capsular proteins). It normally causes infection in the upper respiratory tract, killing?mucus-secreting and ciliated cells?(in turn, disabling that part of the primary defense system). Importantly, this promotes secondary infections by bacteria (bacterial pneumonia can often follow influenza). Most of the symptoms result from immune-mediated responses, as we will see.
介紹下流感病毒。流行性感冒是最普遍、也是最重要的病毒性感染。流感病毒是RNA病毒。它結(jié)構(gòu)不太復(fù)雜，只有8個(gè)基因產(chǎn)物（血球凝集素：幫它附著并滲入細(xì)胞；神經(jīng)氨酸苷酶：幫它脫離被感染的細(xì)胞；以及一些膜/囊蛋白質(zhì)）。它一般引發(fā)上呼吸道感染，殺死‘粘液分泌細(xì)胞’和‘纖毛細(xì)胞’（不讓那個(gè)區(qū)域的一級(jí)防御系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用）。這，促進(jìn)了由細(xì)菌引發(fā)的二級(jí)感染（流感后很有可能引發(fā)細(xì)菌性肺炎）。大部分的感冒癥狀都是由免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的，我們馬上就會(huì)看到。

Macrophage enters the scene! I have referred to them as the immune system's janitors, but they are also incredible multitaskers, killing microbes, ingesting them, presenting antigens, and coordinating local responses. They are also tied for my favorite immune cell (along with B-lymphocytes). Will defer further discussion to a future episode.
巨噬細(xì)胞登場(chǎng)！我管它們叫免疫系統(tǒng)的保安，但是它們也是身兼數(shù)職的小能手：殺微生物，消化它們，呈遞抗原，協(xié)調(diào)局部反應(yīng)。它和B-淋巴細(xì)胞，是我并列喜歡的免疫細(xì)胞。以后再細(xì)說(shuō)他們。

Clever interaction! Helper CD4+ cells are called upon to coordinate an immune response. I'm not sure if it's fair for macrophage to just be able to phone it in though. I would have expected that she would carry the debris to a lymphoid center, or maybe passive flow of peptides would get picked up by the dendritic cell.
這個(gè)對(duì)話妙??！輔助CD4+?細(xì)胞被召喚出來(lái)，用來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)免疫反應(yīng)。巨噬細(xì)胞能直接和他通話嗎？我不太確定。我感覺(jué)她應(yīng)該把抗原碎片送到淋巴中心，或者讓樹(shù)狀細(xì)胞撿起流過(guò)的抗原體。

CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes are in-bound. Something to mention, is that during infection, there is passively increased flow of CD8+ lymphocytes to the site, but whether or not they stick around depends on if there is any antigen they can recognize. Perhaps these guys have seen influenza (or similar) before? Also them being dicks to newbie is not any specific behavior I'm aware of, lol. Neither is backup neutrophil needing a?tug.
“CD8+ 細(xì)胞毒性淋巴細(xì)胞”入場(chǎng)。有點(diǎn)要說(shuō)的是，感染期間，會(huì)有更多的?殺手細(xì)胞?自動(dòng)流入感染處；但是，它們能不能留在那里，取決于它們是否能認(rèn)出的那里的抗原。也許這些家伙之前見(jiàn)過(guò)這個(gè)（或者類似的）流感病毒？他們?yōu)樯秾?duì)新人這么兇殘，超出了我認(rèn)知范圍。白細(xì)胞的后援隊(duì)也不需要幫助（注：動(dòng)畫(huà)里，白細(xì)胞幫助隊(duì)友從墻里鉆出來(lái)）。

Oh yeah, I guess there's a memory T-cell among them. Any adaptive immune response should normally generate some memory B/T cells that will generate a much, much faster reaction to a repeat infection than the first time around. Against infections that don't have much genetic/antigenic variability, this works great (you only get chickenpox once, right?), but against something like influenza which mutates constantly it is less helpful.
哦，它們之中還有個(gè)“記憶T細(xì)胞”。“獲得性免疫反應(yīng)”一般都會(huì)產(chǎn)生 記憶B或者記憶T細(xì)胞，它們會(huì)讓免疫系統(tǒng)更快地對(duì)感染做出反應(yīng)（比對(duì)第一次感染的反應(yīng)速度快得多）。對(duì)于沒(méi)有太多基因/抗原變化的感染，這個(gè)方法賊有效。比如，你只出一次水痘，對(duì)吧？但是對(duì)于不斷變異的流感病毒，這就沒(méi)那么大作用了。

I think the naive T-cell is retreating to a lymphoid center. This gets a little convoluted for the sake of making a better story. Remember that the activation of the CD8+ cell is done by antigen presenting cells, which this dendritic cell certainly is, but generally the APC would have encountered the antigen first. It's by display of the peptide that the lymphocyte is activated, though a motivational speech is nice too.
我估摸著“初始T細(xì)胞”退回到了淋巴中心。有點(diǎn)為了講故事而講故事。還記得吧，是“抗原呈遞細(xì)胞（APC）”激活了CD8+?淋巴細(xì)胞。當(dāng)然了，樹(shù)狀細(xì)胞也是APC，但是APC需要先遇到抗原才成。看到了呈遞的抗原，T淋巴細(xì)胞才能活化。不過(guò)呢，這里雞湯對(duì)話也挺好。

“One feature unique to CD8+ T-cell activation is that its initiation often requires cytoplasmic antigen from one cell to be cross-presented by dendritic cells. Another characteristic...is that their?differentiation...may require the?concomitant?activation of CD4+ helper T cells."?
激活CD8+ T細(xì)胞時(shí)，有一點(diǎn)很有意思?；罨拈_(kāi)始，通常需要樹(shù)狀細(xì)胞呈遞‘細(xì)胞質(zhì)抗原’。另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是……它們的分化……這個(gè)過(guò)程也許需要同時(shí)激活‘輔助T細(xì)胞’。

All right, let's not get too far into the weeds.

還是別偏題太遠(yuǎn)了。

Oh btw, I don't think the infected cells really try to fight back against the immune cells much, lol. Mostly they sit there churning out viral particles.
哦，我也不覺(jué)得被病毒感染的細(xì)胞會(huì)拼命反擊免疫細(xì)胞。它們大部分就是呆坐在那里，量產(chǎn)病毒。

Activated T-lymphocyte! Now we have a subset of lymphocytes that is specifically targeted towards this particular flavor of influenza (via clonal expansion of this specific cell). In reality it would have taken him a few days to show up.
T細(xì)胞活化！現(xiàn)在有了專門(mén)對(duì)付這種流感病毒的淋巴小分隊(duì)（通過(guò)克隆擴(kuò)充的）。現(xiàn)實(shí)里他需要好幾天才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。

B-cell shows up too. Okay, I must ask for your patience as I defer talking about him until later. We can't talk about ALL of adaptive immunity in one reddit post. Just know that he produces antibodies, though usually from a distance, and his antibody production is very specific and similarly programmed as the T-lymphocyte response is.
B細(xì)胞也出現(xiàn)了。我得以后才能聊到他?？偛荒芤淮伟阉蝎@得性免疫系統(tǒng)都說(shuō)完啊?，F(xiàn)在就知道他產(chǎn)生“抗體*”就好，不過(guò)通常在遠(yuǎn)處產(chǎn)生（所以動(dòng)畫(huà)里B細(xì)胞是拿槍的）。他產(chǎn)生的抗體很專一（只對(duì)特定的感染反應(yīng)），就像T淋巴細(xì)胞那樣。

抗體(antibody)：又稱免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin)，是免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別、中和外來(lái)病原體的工具。你也許在這次的新冠爆發(fā)中聽(tīng)過(guò)‘免疫球蛋白’。得了新冠的病人，需要在身體里注射已經(jīng)康復(fù)了病人身上的“免疫球蛋白/抗體”，用來(lái)對(duì)抗新冠病毒。

Time for?systemic response! Activation of immune cells (as well as responses from nearby stromal/epithelial cells) normally generates numerous cytokines (in this case probably things like interferon-gamma, interleukins 1 & 6, and so on); these generate a response in the?hypothalamus?that increases the "set point" of body temperature (fever), and a lot of the other general symptoms of malaise that we tend to refer to as a "viral syndrome". I am actually intrigued by the loss of appetite, I will read up on that for later.
系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)！免疫細(xì)胞的活化（以及來(lái)自附近的基質(zhì)/上皮細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)），會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多“細(xì)胞因子*”（這里多半是干擾素γ，白細(xì)胞介素1和6等等）；它們引發(fā)“下丘腦*”的反應(yīng)，讓體溫升高（發(fā)燒），還會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些其他的不舒服的病狀，我們管這叫“似病毒癥候群”。我覺(jué)得“沒(méi)胃口”這點(diǎn)蠻有意思，會(huì)之后讀讀相關(guān)的東西。

細(xì)胞因子(cytokine)：又稱細(xì)胞激素，細(xì)胞素等。它類似于細(xì)胞之間的‘傳話員’，可以由多種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生，比如免疫細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。它們協(xié)調(diào)、溝通免疫反應(yīng)。

動(dòng)畫(huà)里，初始T細(xì)胞活化后，就會(huì)分泌細(xì)胞因子，從而引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)，比如發(fā)燒。

這次的新冠病毒里，你可能聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)一個(gè)詞‘細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴(cytokine storm)’，它是許多病人的死因。這是一種過(guò)度免疫反應(yīng)：新冠病毒進(jìn)入到肺部后，導(dǎo)致有些病人的免疫系統(tǒng)釋放了過(guò)量的細(xì)胞因子，引起免疫細(xì)胞‘暴走’，從而引起過(guò)度發(fā)炎癥狀，危及生命。

下丘腦?(hypothalamus)：位于大腦腹面、丘腦的下方，是調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)臟活動(dòng)和內(nèi)分泌活動(dòng)的高級(jí)神經(jīng)中樞所在。

以下是免疫細(xì)胞活化后，產(chǎn)生的一系列炎癥反應(yīng)：

Oh shit, this virus is able to handle our CTL. This represents a virus that has undergone further genetic mutation and thus is not (yet) recognized by the immune system. Give it a few more days though.
Oh shit，這個(gè)病毒把我們的?殺手T細(xì)胞?打回了原型。這代表這個(gè)病毒經(jīng)歷過(guò)更多的基因變異，現(xiàn)在還不能被免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別。需要再給它們幾天的時(shí)間。

Type A influenza is the form that is known to infect animals and thus is prone to antigenic shifts. Actually, I think we are forced to assume this is a new virus from outside the body.
甲型流感病毒，感染的是動(dòng)物，所以更容易發(fā)生“抗原轉(zhuǎn)移”。我們只能認(rèn)為，這個(gè)新病毒來(lái)自于體外。

Platelets and dendritic cells don't have any real interactions that I'm aware of. Waiting for that primary research article to prove me wrong though, lol.
據(jù)我所知，血小板和樹(shù)狀細(xì)胞之間不會(huì)溝通。我就等著學(xué)術(shù)論文反駁我了，嘿嘿。

Summary
總結(jié)


A pretty substantial infection, influenza is no joke. While most people get through it just fine (though they will feel like absolute shit for the majority of it, with fever, upper respiratory symptoms, headache, and muscle aches), it can be very dangerous in vulnerable populations. You may have noticed that there has been no help from "outside" the body so far. The first two cases probably wouldn't have come to clinical attention, but I bet this would have. Alas, treatments for influenza are few (neuraminidase inhibitors, amantadine), with questionable efficacy and a very narrow timespan of effectiveness (eg first 48hrs of symptoms). Usual management would just be supportive (fluids, rest).
作為大規(guī)模感染，流感可不是小事。盡管大部分人都能挺過(guò)去（當(dāng)然，他們大部分時(shí)間都感覺(jué)像shit，會(huì)發(fā)燒，上呼吸道感染，頭疼，肌肉疼），但是對(duì)體弱的人群則非常危險(xiǎn)。你也許注意到了，目前這幾集里，都沒(méi)有來(lái)自身體“外部”的幫助。前兩集本就不需要醫(yī)療，但是這集會(huì)需要的。唉，不過(guò)呢，流感的治療方法很少（神經(jīng)氨酸酶抑制劑，金剛烷胺），效果也很難說(shuō)，并且藥效時(shí)間很短（比如癥狀發(fā)生后的48小時(shí)）。通常的治療方法都是輔助性的（吃流質(zhì)品，休息）


Next episode looks like it could be complex as well. Food poisoning is a broad category and can involve many different toxins and pathogens. Good thing I have the manga to read up on now...
下集看起來(lái)也比較復(fù)雜。食物中毒是個(gè)大頭戲，和眾多毒素和病原體有關(guān)。好在現(xiàn)在我可以讀讀漫畫(huà)……

相關(guān)生物類單詞：

Influenza? 流感

lymphocyte? 淋巴細(xì)胞

CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes? 細(xì)胞毒性CD8+ T淋巴細(xì)胞，即殺手T細(xì)胞

innate immune system? ?自發(fā)性免疫系統(tǒng)，先天性免疫系統(tǒng)

adaptive immune system? ? 獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)，后天性免疫系統(tǒng)

memory cell? 記憶細(xì)胞

antibody? 抗體

antigen? 抗原

antigen-presenting cell (APC)? ?抗原呈遞細(xì)胞

perforin? 穿孔蛋白

granzyme? 顆粒酶

Fas ligand system? Fas配體

apoptosis? 細(xì)胞凋亡

human leukocyte antigen(HLA)? 人類白細(xì)胞抗原

nasopharynx? 鼻咽

Waldeyer's ring? ?瓦耳代爾氏扁桃體環(huán)

naive T-cell? 初始T細(xì)胞

spleen? 脾

lymph node? 淋巴結(jié)

tonsil? 扁桃體

virus? 病毒

infection? 感染

mutate? 變異

vaccine? 疫苗

antigenic shift? 抗原轉(zhuǎn)移

genome? 基因組

swine flu? 豬流感

avian flu? 禽流感

influenza A? ?甲型流感

influenza B? ?乙型流感

hemagglutinin? ?血球凝集素

neuraminidase? ?神經(jīng)氨酸苷酶

upper respiratory tract? 上呼吸道感染

ciliated cell? ?纖毛細(xì)胞

pneumonia? ?肺炎

chickenpox? 水痘

clonal expansion? 克隆繁殖

cytokine? 細(xì)胞因子

hypothalamus? 下丘腦

fever? 發(fā)燒

loss of appetite? 沒(méi)胃口

neuraminidase inhibitor? ?神經(jīng)氨酸酶抑制劑

amantadine? 金剛烷胺

food poisoning? 食物中毒