正文翻譯
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：s555555555 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Grizzly bears spend many months in hibernation, but their muscles do not suffer from the lack of movement. In the journal “Scientific Reports”, a team led by Michael Gotthardt reports on how they manage to do this. The grizzly bears’ strategy could help prevent muscle atrophy in humans as well.

眾所周知灰熊有冬眠這一習(xí)性，然而它們的肌肉卻不會(huì)因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)達(dá)幾個(gè)月的缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)而萎縮。在Michael Gotthardt領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)的《科學(xué)報(bào)告》中，講述了它們?nèi)绾巫龅竭@一點(diǎn)的?；倚艿牟呗砸部梢詭椭A(yù)防人類的肌肉萎縮。

A grizzly bear only knows three seasons during the year. Its time of activity starts between March and May. Around September the bear begins to eat large quantities of food. And sometime between November and January, it falls into hibernation. From a physiological point of view, this is the strangest time of all. The bear’s metabolism and heart rate drop rapidly. It excretes neither urine nor feces. The amount of nitrogen in the blood increases drastically and the bear becomes resistant to the hormone insulin.

一只灰熊只知道一年有三個(gè)季節(jié)。它的活動(dòng)時(shí)間從三月到五月開始。九月左右，熊開始吃大量的食物蓄積能量。在十一月到一月之間的某個(gè)時(shí)候，它陷入了休眠狀態(tài)。從生理的角度看，這是最奇怪的時(shí)刻。熊的新陳代謝和心率迅速下降。它既不排尿也不排泄糞便。血液中的氮含量急劇增加，而此時(shí)熊對(duì)胰島素也不產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)。

Understanding and copying the tricks of nature

了解和復(fù)制自然的竅門

“Muscle atrophy is a real human problem that occurs in many circumstances. We are still not very good at preventing it,” says the lead author of the study, Dr. Douaa Mugahid, once a member of Gotthardt’s research group and now a postdoctoral researcher in the laboratory of Professor Marc Kirschner of the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

“肌肉萎縮是在許多情況下都會(huì)發(fā)生真正的人類問題。而我們?nèi)匀徊荒芎芎玫娜?yīng)對(duì)它，”該研究的主要作者Douaa Mugahid博士說，Douaa Mugahi博士曾經(jīng)是Gotthardt教授研究小組的成員，現(xiàn)在是波士頓哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)系的Marc Kirschner教授實(shí)驗(yàn)室的博士后研究員。

“For me, the beauty of our work was to learn how nature has perfected a way to maintain muscle functions under the difficult conditions of hibernation,” says Mugahid. “If we can better understand these strategies, we will be able to develop novel and non-intuitive methods to better prevent and treat muscle atrophy in patients.”

Mugahid說：“對(duì)我來說，我們的工作之美在于學(xué)習(xí)自然如何完善了在困難的冬眠條件下維持肌肉功能的方法?！?“如果我們能更好地理解這些策略，我們將能夠開發(fā)出新穎且可靠的方法來更好地預(yù)防和治療患者的肌肉萎縮。”

To understand the bears’ tricks, the team led by Mugahid and Gotthardt examined muscle samples from grizzly bears both during and between the times of hibernation, which they had received from Washington State University. “By combining cutting-edge sequencing techniques with mass spectrometry, we wanted to determine which genes and proteins are upregulated or shut down both during and between the times of hibernation,” explains Gotthardt.

為了了解熊的策略，由Mugahid和Gotthardt領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的團(tuán)隊(duì)在數(shù)個(gè)連續(xù)的冬天里檢查了灰熊的肌肉樣本，這是他們從華盛頓州立大學(xué)收到的。 Gotthardt解釋道：“通過將先進(jìn)的測(cè)序技術(shù)與質(zhì)譜分析法相結(jié)合，我們希望確定在冬眠期間以哪些基因和蛋白質(zhì)被上調(diào)或關(guān)閉?！?br/>
“This task proved to be tricky – because neither the full genome nor the proteome, i.e., the totality of all proteins of the grizzly bear, were known,” says the MDC scientist. In a further step, he and his team compared the findings with observations of humans, mice and nematode worms.

MDC的科學(xué)家說：“這項(xiàng)任務(wù)非常棘手-因?yàn)槲覀兗炔涣私馔暾幕蚪M，也不了解蛋白質(zhì)組，即不知道灰熊所有的蛋白質(zhì)?！毕乱徊剑退膱F(tuán)隊(duì)將這些發(fā)現(xiàn)與人類，小鼠和線蟲蠕蟲的觀察結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較。

Tissue samples from bedridden patients
In order to find out which signaling pathways need to be activated in the muscle, Gotthardt and his team compared the activity of genes in grizzly bears, humans and mice. The required data came from elderly or bedridden patients and from mice suffering from muscle atrophy – for example, as a result of reduced movement after the application of a plaster cast. “We wanted to find out which genes are regulated differently between animals that hibernate and those that do not,” explains Gotthardt.

為了找出哪些信號(hào)通路需要在肌肉中激活，Gotthardt和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)比較了灰熊，人類和小鼠中基因的活性。所需數(shù)據(jù)來自老年患者或臥床不起的患者以及患有肌肉萎縮癥的小鼠，例如打了石膏之后活動(dòng)減少的病患。 Gotthardt解釋說：“我們想找出相比于那些不冬眠的動(dòng)物，冬眠動(dòng)物的基因有哪些受到了調(diào)控?！?br/>
However, the scientists came across a whole series of such genes. To narrow down the possible candidates that could prove to be a starting point for muscle atrophy therapy, the team subsequently carried out experiments with nematode worms. “In worms, individual genes can be deactivated relatively easily and one can quickly see what effects this has on muscle growth,” explains Gotthardt.

但是，科學(xué)家們遇到了一系列這樣的基因。為了縮小可能被證明是肌肉萎縮治療起點(diǎn)的候選對(duì)象范圍，研究小組隨后進(jìn)行了線蟲蠕蟲實(shí)驗(yàn)。 Gotthardt解釋說：“在蠕蟲中，單個(gè)基因可以相對(duì)輕松地失活，并且可以迅速看到其對(duì)肌肉生長(zhǎng)的影響?！?br/>
A gene for circadian rhythms
With the help of these experiments, his team has now found a handful of genes whose influence they hope to further investigate in future experiments with mice. These include the genes Pdk4 and Serpinf1, which are involved in glucose and amino acid metabolism, and the gene Rora, which contributes to the development of circadian rhythms. “We will now examine the effects of deactivating these genes,” says Gotthardt. “After all, they are only suitable as therapeutic targets if there are either limited side effects or none at all.”

在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的幫助下，他的團(tuán)隊(duì)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些基因，他們希望通過這些基因的影響來進(jìn)一步研究小鼠。其中包括參與葡萄糖和氨基酸代謝的基因Pdk4和Serpinf1，以及有助于晝夜節(jié)律發(fā)展的基因Rora。 Gotthardt說：“我們現(xiàn)在將研究使這些基因失活的作用。” “畢竟，只有在副作用有限或根本沒有副作用的情況下，它們才適合作為靶向治療?！?/p>

評(píng)論翻譯
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：s555555555 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

[–]At_Work_SND_Coffee?
I wonder if this might be able to give us a way to defeat muscle atrophy for coma patients and anyone working in space for long duration''s of time.

我想知道這是否能為我們提供一種治療肌肉萎縮的方法來治愈那些長(zhǎng)期昏迷的病人和任何長(zhǎng)期在太空工作的人。

[–]BocceBaller42[S]?
The article mentions that attempts to take supplements hasn''t helped bedridden patients and that a key difference is the bears make/deliver the amino acids themselves to the spots that need it.

這篇文章有提到，嘗試服用補(bǔ)充劑對(duì)臥床不起的病人沒有幫助，關(guān)鍵的區(qū)別是熊自己制造/運(yùn)送氨基酸到需要它的地方。

[–]At_Work_SND_Coffee?
Sounds like something we''ll need to build our medical monitoring equipment around, if we can identify these things it will result in easier recovery for coma/paralysis victims and space travelers.

聽起來我們需要建立我們的醫(yī)療監(jiān)控設(shè)備，如果我們能識(shí)別出這些氨基酸到底是什么東西，將會(huì)使昏迷/癱瘓的病人和太空旅行者更容易恢復(fù)。

[–]Havanatha_banana?
Even if we could, are we able to deliver it to localised areas? I thought that one of the difficulty of medicinal administration is delivery to certain areas.?

即使我們可以，我們能把它送到細(xì)胞內(nèi)部嗎?我認(rèn)為給藥的困難之一就是是把藥精準(zhǔn)地送到某些位置。

[–]Throwitupyourbutt?
The amount of progress being made in the medicle field is stunning.

醫(yī)療行業(yè)日新月異的發(fā)展進(jìn)步真是讓人驚嘆。

[–]Olibri?
Clearly the correct answer is to start sending bears into space.

很明顯把灰熊送上太空就能得到正確答案了。

[–]Fez_and_no_Pants?
If we can figure out a way to do it for all the cells... Hypersleep and or immortality, maybe?

如果我們能搞清楚所有細(xì)胞的機(jī)制的話。。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間休眠甚至是永生都是可行的了？

[–]DrCaesars_Palace_MD?
Immortality is a stretch. It''ll prevent muscle atrophy, but cells replication process is flawed and gets worse over time. It''s theorized that this is a major contributor to why we age,I believe. Our bodies can''t keep up

永生是一種延伸。它可以防止肌肉萎縮，但細(xì)胞復(fù)制過程是有缺陷的，而且隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)變得更糟。我相信，從理論上講，這是我們變老的主要原因。我們的身體跟不上

[–]fAP6rSHdkd?
Manufactured replacement parts would work for organs. Bones would be harder and skin would be very difficult to fully replace, but making tailormade parts with your own DNA code and enough telomeres to add 100 years to their life expectancy sounds possible in the next 30-50 years. Replacing brains however that''ll take much longer unless we''re supplementing with computer hardware

人造的替換零件可以替換器官。但骨頭會(huì)變得更硬，皮膚也很難完全替換，但用你自己的DNA代碼和足夠的端粒來制造定制的部件，讓它們的預(yù)期壽命增加100歲，在未來30-50年聽起來是可能的。然而，除非我們用電子硬件，否則要替換人腦將需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間

[–]fAP6rSHdkd?
Yep, it''s likely unsustainable for a population of 7 billion or at least it will be at first, but our kids or grandkids might not have to die from the normal aging process ever again and that''s a cool concept to me. What kinda laws and regulations will pop up around it? Will people rush to save up tens of millions of dollars to have these surgeries and retire for half their lifetime with a young body? What sort of philanthropic or passion projects will be possible for people who don''t need to work for a living because it''s viable to save up for a body replacement? Or will they save up to have the surgery and go back to work to save up for the next one? Will we stop at traditional organs or move on to mechanical parts? The great thing is that if we don''t implode as a species, the options are neigh endless and it all starts this century. Sorry if this seems too SciFi for thus point in time, but we will live to see all of these things come to fruition and that''s exciting to me

[–]EssenceOfSenescence?
Telomeres are not the whole story. All forms of cancer in humans involve telomere expansion because it allows cells to evade senescence, an anti-tumour mechanism. There are other ways we age as well, like accumulation of mutations, ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. also adding 100 years to our life expectancy within the next 30-50 years sounds quite optimistic. We can’t even make worms live twice as long and they have about 1000 cells and don’t really have organs the way we do... once we figure this stuff out in worms, flies, and mice, MAYBE we can begin to create therapies in humans. But we can’t even solve aging in simple organisms at the moment, and we don’t even know what even causes ageing either, so there’s a lot to consider when coming up with a timeline.

端粒并不是全部。人類所有形式的癌癥都涉及到端粒的擴(kuò)展，因?yàn)樗辜?xì)胞逃避衰老，這是一種抗腫瘤機(jī)制。我們也有其他衰老的方式，比如突變、活性氧、線粒體功能障礙等的積累，也讓我們?cè)谖磥?0-50年的預(yù)期壽命增加100年聽起來相當(dāng)樂觀。然而我們現(xiàn)在甚至不能讓小小的蠕蟲多活一倍的壽命，它們有大約1000個(gè)細(xì)胞，而且沒有我們這樣的器官……一旦我們?cè)谌湎x、蒼蠅和老鼠身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些東西，也許我們可以開始在人類身上創(chuàng)造治療方法。但我們現(xiàn)在甚至不能解決簡(jiǎn)單生物的衰老問題，我們甚至不知道是什么導(dǎo)致衰老，所以在人類發(fā)展的時(shí)間線上我們還要考慮許多問題。