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【簡(jiǎn)譯】塞爾蘇斯圖書館（以弗所）

2022-09-18 11:21 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

The Library of Celsus in ancient Ephesus, located in western Turkey, was a repository of over 12,000 scrolls and one of the most impressive buildings in the Roman Empire. Constructed in the 2nd century CE, it was named after the city's former Roman governor. Today, only the library's impressive facade remains of this once great building and is a silent witness to the city's stature as a great centre of learning and early Christian scholarship during the Roman period.

? ? ? ? ? 古代以弗所的塞爾蘇斯圖書館位于今土耳其西部，曾是一個(gè)擁有12000多卷書的圖書館，是羅馬帝國(guó)最令人印象深刻的建筑之一。它建于公元2世紀(jì)，以該市前羅馬總督的名字命名。今天，這座曾經(jīng)的偉大建筑只剩下圖書館令人印象深刻的外墻，它無(wú)聲地見證了這座城市在羅馬時(shí)期作為一個(gè)偉大的學(xué)習(xí)與早期基督教學(xué)術(shù)中心的地位。

以弗所

Ephesus (Ephesos), located on the west coast of Turkey, was once an important harbour city in the Greek world and then the Roman Empire. Settlement at the site dates back to the Bronze Age with the Mycenaeans, and it became renowned in the Classical period thanks to its cult of Artemis; the city being the most important site in the ancient Mediterranean honouring that deity. The city's great 6th-5th century BCE temple, now widely known as the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, would become one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and would pull in many ancient travellers and pilgrims. When Ephesus took over from Pergamon as the capital of Rome's Asian province (after 129 BCE) the city became even more cosmopolitan with immigrants coming from across Asia Minor and a large number of merchants from Italy settling there. As a great Roman city and administrative centre, it is no surprise, then, that it should boast an impressive public library, one of the amenities many Roman cities enjoyed.

? ? ? ? ? 以弗所（Ephesos），位于土耳其的西海岸，曾經(jīng)是希臘世界和羅馬帝國(guó)的重要港口城市。該地的定居可以追溯到青銅時(shí)代的邁錫尼人，而在古典時(shí)期，由于對(duì)阿耳特彌斯的崇拜，它變得非常有名；該城是古代地中海地區(qū)最重要的敬仰該神的地方。該城市有一座偉大的、建于公元前6-5世紀(jì)的神廟，即現(xiàn)在廣為人知的以弗所的阿爾特彌斯神廟，它是古代世界七大奇跡之一，并吸引了許多古代旅行者和朝圣者。當(dāng)以弗所取代佩加蒙成為羅馬亞洲省的首府時(shí)（公元前129年后），這座城市變得更加國(guó)際化，來(lái)自小亞細(xì)亞的移民和來(lái)自意大利的大量商人在此定居。作為一個(gè)偉大的羅馬城市和行政中心，它擁有一個(gè)令人印象深刻的公共圖書館也就不足為奇了，這是許多羅馬主要城市享有的便利之一。

提比略·朱利葉斯·塞爾蘇斯·波利米亞努斯（俗稱“塞爾蘇斯”）

Commissioned in 114 CE by Tiberius Julius Acquila and finished by his heirs, the library was built to commemorate his father Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus who had died the same year, aged 70. Celsus had been a member of the Roman Senate and he was, from 105 to 107 CE, the proconsul of Ephesus. Celsus had also been consul in Rome in 92 CE, where he was responsible for all public buildings, and he was one of the richest businessmen in the Asian city. The library was, then, a fitting memorial and burial place for one of Ephesus' grandees. Completed in 117 CE, Celsus was then entombed in a lead coffin encased in a marble sarcophagus decorated with high relief figures of Nike, Eros, rosettes and garlands. The sarcophagus was buried under the flooring near the apsidal wall. The library was, therefore, also a mausoleum or heroon.

? ? ? ? ? 該圖書館于公元114年由提比略·朱利葉斯·阿奎拉·塞爾蘇斯·波利馬亞努斯委托建造，并由他的繼承人完成，這座圖書館是為了紀(jì)念他的父親提比略·朱利葉斯·塞爾蘇斯·波利米亞努斯，他在同一年去世，享年70歲。塞爾蘇斯曾是羅馬元老院的成員，在公元105年至107年期間，他是以弗所的總督。塞爾蘇斯還曾在公元92年擔(dān)任羅馬執(zhí)政官，負(fù)責(zé)所有的公共建筑，他是亞洲省最富有的商人之一。因此，這座圖書館是以弗所一位大人物的紀(jì)念與埋葬場(chǎng)所。塞爾蘇斯圖書館于公元117年完工，塞爾蘇斯入殮于一個(gè)鉛制的棺材里，棺材里有一個(gè)大理石石棺，上面裝飾著Nike、厄洛斯、玫瑰花和花環(huán)的高浮雕像。石棺被埋在靠近拱形墻的地板下。因此，圖書館也是一個(gè)陵墓或英雄祠。

塞爾蘇斯圖書館

The Celsus Library stands at the corner of Curetes street and the Marble Road at the very heart of the city, just to the left of the agora, near its monumental arched entrance. The library is a typical example of the architectural style prevalent in the period under Emperor Hadrian (76-138 CE) when, especially in the East, highly decorative facades were in vogue which had multiple tiers and masses of projections, recessed false windows, columns, pediments, and statues.

? ? ? ? ? 塞爾蘇斯圖書館位于城市中心的庫(kù)雷特街與大理石路的拐角處，就在廣場(chǎng)的左邊，靠近其紀(jì)念性的拱形建筑入口。圖書館是哈德良皇帝時(shí)期（公元76-138年）建筑風(fēng)格的典型代表。當(dāng)時(shí)，特別是在東方，流行高度裝飾的外墻，有多層和大量的凸出物、凹陷的假窗、柱子、門楣和雕像。

Resting on a nine-stepped podium 21m (69 ft) in length, the impressive surviving facade of the library is richly decorated with relief carvings and has two stories - each with three pairs of columns capped with Corinthian capitals which support projecting architraves. The columns of the upper story are shorter and slimmer than those on the lower one but they do support a triangular pediment (central pair) and semicircular pediment (the two outer pairs). Between each pair of columns on the upper story is a large window. The facade, and indeed the whole building, was cleverly designed to make it look wider than it actually is. This trick was achieved by making the podium gently convex and having the side columns, capitals and rafters all slightly smaller than those in the centre of the building.

? ? ? ? ? 在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)21米（69英尺）的九級(jí)平臺(tái)上，圖書館現(xiàn)存的令人印象深刻的正面遺跡上，有著豐富的浮雕裝飾，分為兩層，每層都有三對(duì)柱子，上面有科林斯式的柱頭，支撐著突出的拱門。上層的柱子比下層的柱子更短更細(xì)，但它們確實(shí)支撐著一個(gè)三角形的花壇（中央的一對(duì)）和半圓形的花壇（外面的兩對(duì)）。上層的每一對(duì)柱子之間都有一個(gè)大窗戶。外墻，乃至整個(gè)建筑，都被巧妙地設(shè)計(jì)為使其看起來(lái)比實(shí)際更寬。這一招是通過(guò)使裙樓緩緩?fù)蛊穑⑹箓?cè)面的柱子、柱頭和椽子都比建筑中心的柱子略小來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

The library had three entrance doorways, each with elaborately decorated frames, with the central doorway being greater in height than the other two. The doorways each have a window above them, and they are flanked by four statues set back in niches. These figures with inscribed bases represented four qualities associated with the late governor:

? ?wisdom (sophia)

? ?intelligence (ennoia)

? ?knowledge (episteme)

???virtue (arete).

? ? ? ? ? 圖書館有三個(gè)入口，每個(gè)入口都有精心裝飾的門框，中央的門洞比其他兩個(gè)門洞的高度更大。門口上方各有一扇窗戶，兩邊是四座鑲嵌在壁龕里的雕像。這些帶銘文底座的雕像代表了與已故總督有關(guān)的四種品質(zhì)：

???聰明 (sophia)

? ?智慧 (ennoia)

? ?知識(shí)(episteme)

? ?德行（arete）。

The interior of the library measured 16.72 m by 10.92 m (54.8 x 35.8 ft) giving some 180 square metres (2,000 square feet) of floor space, and it was paved with decorated marble. Part of the western wall is curved to form an apse. The walls were lined with niches for storage of the scrolls. There may have been around 12,000 scrolls which were intended to be consulted on the spot and not removed from the library, although some borrowing may have been permitted by a privileged few.

? ? ? ? ? 圖書館的內(nèi)部面積為16.72米×10.92米（54.8×35.8英尺），有著大約180平方米（2000平方英尺）的地板空間，它是用裝飾大理石鋪成的。西墻的一部分是彎曲的，形成一個(gè)天頂。墻壁上有一些壁龕，用于存放卷軸。這里曾經(jīng)有大約12,000份卷軸，這些卷軸是用來(lái)當(dāng)場(chǎng)查閱的，不能借閱，只有少數(shù)特權(quán)人士可能允許借閱。

There was no second floor inside despite the appearance of the facade, but there was, running around the interior wall at the second-story level, a railed balcony giving access to higher-level niches. In order to reduce humidity and create a more stable interior temperature (which would have damaged the precious texts within the library), empty niches were constructed inside the walls. The interior also contained a large alcove which once contained a statue, probably of Celsus or his son who not only commissioned the building but who had left in his will a tidy sum of 23,000 dinars to buy scrolls for the library. The figure is now on permanent display at the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul.

? ? ? ? ? ?盡管外觀上沒有二樓，但在二樓的內(nèi)墻周圍有一個(gè)有欄桿的陽(yáng)臺(tái)，可以通向更高層次的壁龕。為了降低濕度和創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定的室內(nèi)溫度（這可能會(huì)損壞圖書館內(nèi)的珍貴文獻(xiàn)），人們?cè)趬?nèi)建造了空壁龕。內(nèi)部還有一個(gè)大的凹室，里面曾有一尊雕像，可能是塞爾蘇斯或他的兒子，他不僅委托建造該建筑，還在他的遺囑中留下了23000第納爾的巨款，用于購(gòu)買圖書館的卷軸。這座雕像現(xiàn)于伊斯坦布爾的考古博物館永久展出。

圖書館的命運(yùn)

In the 1st century CE, Ephesus had become the most important centre of early Christians in Asia with Paul the Apostle addressing an audience in the city's theatre and John the Evangelist likely spending his last years there. The city continued to thrive as a centre of learning, and the Celsus Library played its part in this achievement. The library and Christianity were closely connected since the new religion laid great emphasis on the written word in the form of sacred texts and commentaries, which was in marked contrast to the older pagan rites and rituals which were typically passed on orally by priests to initiates.

? ? ? ? ? 在公元1世紀(jì)，以弗所已經(jīng)成為亞洲最重要的早期基督徒中心，使徒保羅在該城的劇院里向觀眾講話，福音書作者約翰可能在那里度過(guò)了他的最后幾年。這座城市作為一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)中心繼續(xù)蓬勃發(fā)展，塞爾蘇斯圖書館在這一過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了作用。圖書館和基督教密切相關(guān)，因?yàn)樾伦诮谭浅Ｖ匾曇允サ浜妥⑨屝问匠霈F(xiàn)的書面文字，這與古老的異教儀式和典禮形成了明顯的對(duì)比，后者通常由祭司口頭傳授給入門者。

Unfortunately, in 262 CE the library was destroyed by fire during a Gothic invasion. However, the facade survived and repairs were made to the library in the late-4th century CE and a small fountain added next to the steps in front. Ephesus remained an important Christian city in Late Antiquity, hosting a great ecumenical council of bishops in 431 CE and receiving a huge new basilica in the mid-6th century CE. In the 10th century CE, an earthquake caused the facade to collapse. The library was excavated in 1904 CE and the sarcophagus of Celsus discovered. The facade was reassembled and then partially restored. The great statues of the building's facade were taken to Vienna after their discovery and so today they have been replaced by faithful copies.

? ? ? ? ? 不幸的是，在公元262年，圖書館在一次哥特人入侵中被火燒毀。然而，圖書館的外墻卻保存了下來(lái)，人們?cè)诠?世紀(jì)末對(duì)圖書館進(jìn)行了維修，還在前面的臺(tái)階旁增加了一個(gè)小噴泉。以弗所在晚期仍然是一個(gè)重要的基督教城市，在公元431年主辦了一次大公會(huì)議，并在公元6世紀(jì)中葉建造了一個(gè)巨大的新大教堂。在10世紀(jì)，一場(chǎng)地震導(dǎo)致其外墻坍塌。1904年，圖書館被挖掘出來(lái)，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了塞爾蘇斯的石棺。外墻被重新組裝，然后修復(fù)了部分遺跡。建筑外墻的巨大雕像在發(fā)現(xiàn)后被帶到了維也納，所以今天它們已經(jīng)被復(fù)制品所取代。