???Stone sculpture was something of a latecomer to hinese art, starting a thousand years after figures were being made in jade and bronze Under the first period of the Han dynasty, known as the Western Han (206 ..E. 9 .E.), it was used mainly for the tombs (burial chambers) of emperors or local rulers, but by the Eastern Han(25 .E. -220 .E.), the second period of Han rule, it had spread more widely. This change was largely the result of the increased importance of the tomb in the political philosophy of the time. The early Western Han emperors, faced with the problem of forging a unified empire threatened by uprisings on the part of ambitious rival kingdoms. had retained many of the first emperor's policies based on military force and harsh laws. ut by the middle of the first century ..E., these were being replaced by an adaptation of the ideas of the fifth-century ..E. philosopher, onfucius, whose philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, to the conditions of a united empire. elieving that in the long run, stability depended on an acceptance of the legitimacy of the ruler(and dynasty) rather than on military force, Han intellectuals and officials adopted a moral philosophy based on the belief that humans are perfectible through education, and that a hierarchical society consists of a network of reciprocal duties and obligations: the subject's duty to obey the ruler was matched by the ruler's obligation to care for his subjects.

???????對(duì)公民義務(wù)和秩序的日益強(qiáng)調(diào)鼓勵(lì)了穩(wěn)定、忠誠和對(duì)國家的服從，從而加強(qiáng)了中央權(quán)力。同時(shí)，堅(jiān)持教育的價(jià)值，吸引了知識(shí)分子為國家服務(wù)，提供了一個(gè)合格的行政管理。在一個(gè)生活水平不斷提高的時(shí)代，隨著商人和工匠階層的增長，孝道（尊重父母和祖先）的重要性，這是儒家最偉大的美德之一，導(dǎo)致了競爭性的墓葬建設(shè)。帝王陵墓（地上，作為紀(jì)念而建造的獨(dú)立墓葬）樹立了榜樣，他們的奢侈被向下復(fù)制。但是為什么會(huì)如此迫切地建造陵墓呢？

???????儀式的改變?cè)黾恿藟災(zāi)沟闹匾院驼故镜姆秶?。以前在城隍廟或?qū)m廟舉行的祭祀活動(dòng)都轉(zhuǎn)移到了墳?zāi)贡旧恚虼擞斜匾趬災(zāi)沟哪厦娼ㄔ煲粋€(gè)可以進(jìn)行祭祀的大廳。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)遺址的重要性，這條道路兩旁是一條被稱為“精神之路”的石碑大道，因?yàn)樗勒邔⒀刂@條道路前往墳?zāi)?。這種創(chuàng)新在漢族社會(huì)很流行。它傳播開來從皇帝到漢族社會(huì)的其他部分，最終跨越到韓國和越南等鄰近地區(qū)。結(jié)果是石像的使用得到了多方面的擴(kuò)展。不再是少數(shù)人的特權(quán)，現(xiàn)在它向渴望通過在父親的墳?zāi)股县Q立獨(dú)立石像來展示他們的虔誠和財(cái)富的公民開放。神像的使用傳播得如此之快，以至于為了防止其地位的完全貶值，它受到了圣旨的控制，從此神道雕像的數(shù)量和題材都根據(jù)死者的社會(huì)地位來規(guī)定。

???????More tomb statuary has survived than any other form of Han statuary, and the easiest way to see the development of sculpture during the first and second centuries is to use the tomb as a starting place. uring the first century .E. there appears to have been a remarkable increase in the use of stone in connection with the tomb. While free-standing statues and monuments were placed on the tomb above ground, the interior of stone and brick tomb chambers below were adorned with carvings of figures on walls and engravings on walls and doors. Features previously made in wood, such as coffins and steles (vertical markers placed in the ground to memorialize the dead), were now carved in stone. bove and below ground, tomb layout and ornamentation followed a coordinated plan. The same images and themes reappear in different places, and the tasks of the tomb are clearly allocated between different media. The result is an unparalleled picture of contemporary life and thought.?

1.Stone sculpture was something of a latecomer to hinese art, starting a thousand years after figures were being made in jade and bronze Under the first period of the Han dynasty, known as the Western Han (206 ..E. 9 .E.), it was used mainly for the tombs (burial chambers) of emperors or local rulers, but by the Eastern Han(25 .E. -220 .E.), the second period of Han rule, it had spread more widely. This change was largely the result of the increased importance of the tomb in the political philosophy of the time. The early Western Han emperors, faced with the problem of forging a unified empire threatened by uprisings on the part of ambitious?rival?kingdoms. had retained many of the first emperor's policies based on military force and harsh laws. ut by the middle of the first century ..E., these were being replaced by an adaptation of the ideas of the fifth-century ..E. philosopher, onfucius, whose philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, to the conditions of a united empire. elieving that in the long run, stability depended on an acceptance of the legitimacy of the ruler(and dynasty) rather than on military force, Han intellectuals and officials adopted a moral philosophy based on the belief that humans are perfectible through education, and that a hierarchical society consists of a network of reciprocal duties and obligations: the subject's duty to obey the ruler was matched by the ruler's obligation to care for his subjects.?