原文由美國國家空間學會（NSS）于2019年出品。

《太空定居的三十一個里程碑》譯文版 簡介第一節(jié)?

nss-roadmap-to-space-settlement-3rd-edition-2018-contents

INTRODUCTION 2

GENERAL BARRIERS TO SPACE SETTLEMENT

太空定居的常規(guī)障礙

Barriers will be encountered at each stage of space settlement. A barrier is defined as a substantial obstacle to achieving a milestone, and it must be overcome before that milestone can be accomplished.

在太空定居的每個階段都會遇到障礙。障礙被定義為實現(xiàn)某個里程碑的實質(zhì)性障礙，而且必須在完成該里程碑之前克服它。

Technical.?

技術(shù)層面

There are technical barriers to providing safe, reliable, efficient, and inexpensive transport to, from, and between locations in space.?

在提供安全、可靠、高效和廉價，且能夠往返太空定居點的「運輸技術(shù)」上存在著障礙。

There are also technical difficulties in creating the needed infrastructure, human habitats, and industrial sites in space.?

在太空中創(chuàng)建所需的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、人類棲息地和工業(yè)場所也存在技術(shù)困難。

The creation ofreliable reusable rocket boosters remains a technicalbarrier, though this is changing rapidly.?

創(chuàng)造可靠的且可重復使用的火箭助推器仍然是一個技術(shù)障礙，盡管這正在迅速改變。

Another significant barrier is the lack of mitigation of debris in Earth orbit.

另一個重要的障礙是缺乏能夠減少地球軌道上殘骸的的技術(shù)。

Biological.?

生物層面

Physiological barriers to human space settlement include human responses to microgravity in non-rotating space habitats (e.g., those not generating a form of artificial gravity), long-term exposure to radiation in space, and lower gravity levels and other conditions on other planetarybodies.

人類太空定居的生理障礙包括人類對非旋轉(zhuǎn)空間棲息地的微重力的反應（例如，那些不產(chǎn)生某種形式的人工重力的棲息地），長期暴露在太空中的輻射，以及其他在行星體上較低的重力水平和其他未知條件。

Cultural.?

文化層面

Many people feel that the pace of space development has been extremely slow, especially when compared to the rapid development of computer technology.?

許多人覺得太空發(fā)展的速度極其緩慢，特別是與計算機技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展相比。

While there is more information about space activities available to the public than ever before, mainstream media outlets often cover only larger, more headline-generating events, frequently overlooking or performing minimal coverage of other critically important, but less sensational, stories that would benefit general audiences.?

雖然公眾可以獲得比以往更多有關(guān)太空活動的信息，但主流媒體往往只報道更大的、更能產(chǎn)生頭條新聞的事件，經(jīng)常忽視或極少報道其他極其重要的、但不那么聳人聽聞，讓普通觀眾受益的新聞。

Space development would be furthered by continuously stimulating and sustaining public interest via improved outreach and education over extended periods of time.?

通過長期改進外聯(lián)和教育，不斷刺激和維持公眾的興趣，能進一步促進空間發(fā)展。

It is also important to provide context for the many benefits that space-related technology currently provides— most people are unaware of how deeply space-related activities are already integrated into their daily lives.

提供與空間有關(guān)的技術(shù)目前提供的許多好處的背景也很重要-大多數(shù)人沒有意識到與太空有關(guān)的活動已經(jīng)深深融入他們的日常生活。

Psychological.?

心理層面

Psychological issues include:

• Claustrophobic responses to enclosed and confined space habitats, triggered by the knowledge that one cannot leave the habitat at any time (unless wearing a pressure suit), and a constant awareness of a possible loss of air pressure.

  對封閉和密閉空間棲息地的幽閉恐懼反應，是由于知道自己在任何時候都不能離開棲息地（除非穿著壓力服），以及對可能失去氣壓的持續(xù)意識而引發(fā)的。

• Isolation from others due to communication delays to and from Earth.

  由于與地球的通信延遲，與其他人隔離。
  

• Lack of exposure to a “natural” (Earth-like) environment (“nature-deficit disorder”).

  缺乏對 "自然"（類似地球）環(huán)境的接觸（"自然缺失癥"）。
  

• Challenges inherent in social interactions within a population that is initially limited in size.

  在于在最初規(guī)模有限的人群中，社會互動會發(fā)生的自然問題。

Social.?

社會層面

For alleged safety reasons, governments may be tempted to limit the ability of private individuals to organize and undertake space ventures or to voluntarily accept the risks involved in spaceflight.?

出于所謂的安全原因，政府可能會受到蠱惑，去限制私人個人組織和進行太空冒險的能力，或自愿接受航天飛行中的風險。

If there had been such societal restraints two hundred years ago, the frontier of the American West would never have been settled.?

如果兩百年前就有這樣的社會約束，某國西部的邊疆就不會被解決。

Space development requires the freedom to voluntarily accept risk. The current governmental aversion to risk, along with the associated legal issues, must be overcome.

太空發(fā)展需要有自愿接受風險的自由。目前政府對風險的厭惡，以及相關(guān)的法律問題，必須被克服。

Economic.?

經(jīng)濟層面

Space development requires long lead times, and therefore needs stable, long-term funding. Economic issues, both actual and perceived, are often major barriers to both governmental and private efforts.?

太空開發(fā)需要較長的準備時間，因此需要穩(wěn)定、長期的資金。經(jīng)濟問題，包括實際的和預測的，往往是政府和私人努力的主要障礙。

Some of these issues include:

相關(guān)觀點如下：

• The very high cost of access to Earth orbit and space, which has prevented the frequent transport of passengers and cargo to, from, and through space. Such transport operations must ultimately resemble how commercial airlines function today.

  進入地球軌道和太空的成本非常高，這使得乘客和貨物無法頻繁地進出太空和運輸。這種運輸業(yè)務最終必須類似于今天商業(yè)航空公司的運作方式。
  

• Short-term thinking within government, often linked to political and election concerns. Often when long-term programs are ultimately authorized, ongoing funding at consistent levels is not forthcoming, even if it would result in significant savings over the life of the program.

  政府內(nèi)部的短期思維，往往與政治和選舉問題相關(guān)。當長期項目最終被授權(quán)時，往往不會有持續(xù)的資金投入，即使這項目在生命周期內(nèi)能夠進行顯著的節(jié)約跡象。

• Private sector investors seeking immediate gains ratherthan long term profits. In order to encourage private investment in space activities, governments need to provide an environment that encourages growth.

  Examples include: the reduction or elimination of unneeded regulations, legislating limits to liability in the case of space-related accidents, allowing individuals to take voluntary risks in spaceflight, and providing rewards for, or tax relief from, space ventures.

  私營企業(yè)投資者尋求眼前的收益而不是長期的利潤。為了鼓勵私人投資于空間活動，政府需要提供一個鼓勵增長的環(huán)境。

  這方面的例子包括：減少或取消不需要的規(guī)定，立法限制與空間有關(guān)的事故的責任，允許個人自愿承擔空間飛行的風險，以及為空間企業(yè)提供獎勵或稅收減免。

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