Are there universal expressions of emotion

普遍適用的情感表達(dá)是否存在

來源視頻

The 40?or so muscles in the human face ?can be activated in different combinations

to create thousands of expressions.

But do these expressions look the same

and communicate the same meaning around the world,

regardless of culture?

Is one person’s smile another’s grimace?

人類面部有超過40塊肌肉

人們通過觸發(fā)不同的肌肉群， 去做出數(shù)以萬計(jì)的表情。

但在不同的文化中，

這些相同的表情，

在世界范圍內(nèi)傳達(dá)的意思都相同嗎？

一個(gè)人做笑臉 會(huì)不會(huì)也是在做鬼臉呢？

Charles Darwin theorized that emotional ?expression was a common human feature.

But he was in the minority.

Until the mid-th century,

many researchers believed ?that the specific ways we show emotion

were learned behaviors ?that varied across cultures.

Personality theorist Silvan Tomkins ?was one of the few to insist otherwise.

Tomkins claimed that certain affects—

emotional states and their associated ?facial expressions—

were universal.

查爾斯·達(dá)爾文的理論是 情緒表達(dá)是人類的共同特點(diǎn)。

那時(shí)他的理論受眾并不廣。

直到二十世紀(jì)中期，

許多研究人員相信 我們展示情緒的具體方式

是習(xí)得性行為， 并存在文化差異。

人格理論家西爾萬·湯姆金斯 是為數(shù)不多支持這一理論的人。

湯姆金斯聲稱一定的影響---

情緒狀態(tài)和與之相關(guān)的面部表情

是普遍適用的。

In the 1960s, psychologist Paul Ekman ?set about testing this theory

by examining hundreds ?of hours of film footage

of remote tribes isolated ?from the modern world.

Ekman found the native peoples’ ?expressions to be not only familiar,

but occurring in precisely ?the situations he would expect.

Conversely, he ran tests with tribes who had no prior exposure to Western culture.

They were able to correctly match photos of different facial expressions

with stories designed ?to trigger particular feelings.

在19世紀(jì)60年代， 心理學(xué)家保羅·埃克曼測(cè)試了這個(gè)理論。

通過檢查前往與世隔絕的部落

拍攝的成百上千小時(shí)的錄像片段，

埃克曼發(fā)現(xiàn)原住民的表情 不只熟悉，

而且準(zhǔn)確出現(xiàn)在他期待的情形下。

反過來，他測(cè)試了一些 完全隔絕于西方文明的部落。

隨著觸發(fā) 特定情緒的故事設(shè)定，

他們能正確選出與之匹配的 不同面部表情的照片。

Over the next few decades,

further research has corroborated Darwin’s idea

that some of our most important emotional expressions are in fact universal.

The degrees of expression appropriate ?to a given situation can, however,

vary greatly across cultures.

For instance, researchers ?have studied facial expression

in people who are born blind,

hypothesizing that ?if expressions are universal,

they would be displayed ?in the same way as sighted people.

之后的幾十年中，

后續(xù)研究確實(shí)了達(dá)爾文的想法

即一些重要的情緒表達(dá)方式 事實(shí)上是具有普遍性的。

然而特定情況下的表情

在各種文化中表現(xiàn)很不一樣

舉個(gè)例子，研究者在學(xué)習(xí) 面部的表情

在那些天生就失明的人身上

假設(shè)情緒是通用的，

他們會(huì)和不失明的人 做出一樣的動(dòng)作。

In one study, both blind ?and sighted athletes

displayed the same expressions of emotion when winning or losing their matches.

Further evidence can be found ?in our evolutionary relatives.

Comparisons of facial expression between humans and non-human mammals

have found similarities in the structure ?and movement of facial muscles.

Chimpanzee laughter ?looks different from ours,

but uses some of the same ?muscle movements.

在一項(xiàng)研究中，盲和不盲的運(yùn)動(dòng)員

做出了一樣的表情 當(dāng)他們贏或輸了比賽。

更多的證據(jù)可以在進(jìn)化論中找到。

對(duì)比人類和非人類的 哺乳動(dòng)物的表情

找到了面部肌肉相似的 構(gòu)造和動(dòng)態(tài)。

猩猩笑起來看上去和我們不同，

但是使用的是同樣的肌肉。

Back in the 1960s, Ekman identified ?six core expressions.

Anger is accompanied by lowered eyebrows drawn together,

tense and narrowed eyes,

and tight lips;

disgust, by the lips pulled up and the nose crinkling.

In fear, the upper white of the eyes ?are revealed as the eyebrows raise

and the mouth stretches open,

while surprise looks similar,

but with rounded eyebrows ?and relaxed lips.

Sadness is indicated by the inner corners ?of the eyebrows

being drawn inwards and upwards,

drooping eyes,

and a downturned mouth.

And of course there’s happiness:

lips drawn up and back,

and raised cheeks causing wrinkling ?around the eyes.

在上世紀(jì)60年代， ?？寺x了6種核心表情。

憤怒伴隨著緊縮在一起的眉毛

狹窄而緊繃的眼睛

以及緊繃的嘴唇

討厭，表現(xiàn)在嘴唇嘟起 和鼻子皺在一起。

恐懼，上眼白露出，眉毛高挑

嘴巴張著，

驚訝看起來很相似，

只不過眉毛是比較圓潤(rùn)的， 嘴唇放松。

悲傷表現(xiàn)在眉頭的部分

不斷的上下浮動(dòng)，

下垂的眼睛，

嘴巴縮小。

當(dāng)然了還有愉快：

嘴唇上揚(yáng)，

鼓起的臉頰使眼角的魚尾紋露出。

More recently, researchers ?have proposed additional entries

such as contempt,

shame,

and disapproval,

but opinions vary ?on how distinct boundaries

between these categories can be drawn.

So if Ekman and other researchers ?are correct,

what makes certain expressions universal?

And why are they expressed ?in these particular ways?

最近不久， 研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)了額外的一些

像是鄙視

恥辱

以及不贊成

但是在關(guān)于如何定義

這些表情的觀點(diǎn) 各不相同。

如果?？寺推渌芯咳藛T 是正確的，

是什么使特定的表情普遍呢

為什么它們都表現(xiàn)在 某一種特殊方式呢？

Scientists have a lot of theories rooted ?in our evolutionary history.

One is that certain expressions ?are important for survival.

Fear and surprise could signal ?to others an immediate danger.

Studies of humans and some other primates

have found that we pay more attention ?to faces that signal threats

over neutral faces,

particularly when we’re already ?on high alert.

Expressions also could ?help improve group fitness

by communicating our internal states ?to those around us.

Sadness, for example, signals to the group that something’s wrong.

科學(xué)家們有許多基于 進(jìn)化史的理論。

一是 一種表情對(duì)于生存很重要，

恐懼和驚訝是 即將到來的危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)。

人類和其他靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的研究

發(fā)現(xiàn)我們會(huì)更加注意 有威脅的信號(hào)。

相比于自然的面部表情，

特別是當(dāng)我們已經(jīng)敲響了警鐘。

表情也可以幫助改善合群性

與在我們身邊的這些人 進(jìn)行內(nèi)部交流。

悲傷，打個(gè)比方，對(duì)于群體來說 是事情不對(duì)勁的信號(hào)。

There’s some evidence that expressions

might be even more directly linked ?to our physiology.

The fear expression, for instance,

could directly improve survival ?in potentially dangerous situations

by letting our eyes absorb more light

and our lungs take in more air, ?preparing us to fight or flee.

There’s still much research to be done ?in understanding emotional expression,

particularly as we learn more about ?the inner workings of the brain.

But if you ever find yourself ?among strangers in a strange land,

a friendly smile could go a long way.

這里有一些證據(jù)，關(guān)于表情

可能對(duì)我們的生理 有更加直接的聯(lián)系。

例如，恐懼的表情

可以直接增加 在潛在危險(xiǎn)情況中存活的幾率

讓我們的眼睛接收更多光

讓我們的肺吸入更多的空氣， 讓我們準(zhǔn)備好戰(zhàn)斗或逃離。

關(guān)于表情的學(xué)習(xí)和研究 依然有很長(zhǎng)的路要走，

特別是當(dāng)我們更加了解 大腦內(nèi)部的運(yùn)行方法。

如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處陌生的小島 還有一群陌生的人。

一個(gè)友好的微笑總會(huì)是有用的。