科研人員在掌握了初步的英文寫作技巧后，基本能夠?qū)懗鼍渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)清晰、語(yǔ)法正確的論文。但是，對(duì)比英文母語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言編輯修改后的文稿，有時(shí)仍然感覺英文用詞欠佳或不夠地道流暢。

想要解決這些問題，就必須從高級(jí)寫作技巧上系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)問題出現(xiàn)的原因和糾正措施。

錯(cuò)誤1：直接硬譯中文

這類直譯問題造成語(yǔ)句生硬、用詞啰嗦，或者不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

例句1：在中國(guó)，一些教育機(jī)構(gòu)打著顛覆傳統(tǒng)教育的標(biāo)語(yǔ)從事線上教育。

不好：In China, some education enterprises conducted online education with a slogan of overturning traditional education.
較好：In China, some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education and conducted online education.

例句2：相比于設(shè)備甲，我更相信設(shè)備乙。

不好：I believe device A more than device B.
較好：I believe device A would be more effective than device B.

例句3：隨著時(shí)光流逝，這些企業(yè)從市場(chǎng)上消失了。

不好：These enterprises faded away from the market as time went by.
較好：Over time, these enterprises faded away from the market.

例句4：從中國(guó)教育部的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料可以看出，截止到2016年，中小學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋率達(dá)到87%。

不好：We have seen statistics from the Ministry of Education of China showing that the Internet access rate of elementary and high schools in China had reached 87% by 2016.
較好：Statistics from the Ministry of Education of China have shown that, by 2016, the Internet access rate of elementary and high schools in China had reached 87%.

例句5：看到這些成就，我逐漸堅(jiān)定了職業(yè)方向，希望能為機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域做出貢獻(xiàn)。

不好：I have observed these achievements, and I have gradually decided my directions of career development in order to make good contributions to the field of mechanical engineering.
較好：I have observed these achievements, which inspired me to direct my career development to contribute positively to the field of mechanical engineering.

例句6：由于他們片面理解“技術(shù)”概念，導(dǎo)致失敗。

不好：They failed due to their partial understanding of the “technology” concept.
較好：They failed due to their partial understanding of the role of technology.

例句7：這些技術(shù)不論軟硬都是有用的。

錯(cuò)誤：These technologies, regardless soft or hard, are useful.
正確：These technologies, whether soft or hard, are useful.

錯(cuò)誤2：語(yǔ)言啰嗦。

這類問題造成用詞偏多，篇幅過長(zhǎng)。糾正這類問題時(shí)，不僅需要把“in order to”簡(jiǎn)化為“to”，而且需要從用詞結(jié)構(gòu)上予以簡(jiǎn)化。學(xué)術(shù)寫作應(yīng)當(dāng)力求簡(jiǎn)潔精煉。

不好：This experience was the motivation for me to pursue study in mechanical engineering.
較好：This experience motivated me to pursue study in mechanical engineering.

不好：This is an important stage during the growth of children.
較好：This is an important stage in children’s growth.

不好：There are powerful voices to call for changes in systems engineering.
較好：Powerful voices are calling for changes in systems engineering.

錯(cuò)誤3：主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序顛倒

這類問題的原因是寫法不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

不好：Changing people’s perception of the nature of systems engineering is the key to the success of making positive changes in system science.
較好：The key to making positive changes in system science is transforming the perception of the nature of systems engineering.

錯(cuò)誤4：對(duì)于以“Only”開頭的強(qiáng)調(diào)式狀語(yǔ)，未將動(dòng)詞反置在主語(yǔ)前面

這類問題涉及以“Only after”、“Only if”、“Only in this way”等開頭的句子。

錯(cuò)誤：Only by changing the work condition, it is possible for them to finish the project.
正確：Only by changing the work condition, is it possible for them to finish the project.

錯(cuò)誤5：沒有適時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)否定式

不強(qiáng)調(diào)否定：The performance or the durability of the engine has not been changed.
強(qiáng)調(diào)否定：Neither the performance nor the durability of the engine has been changed.

錯(cuò)誤6：表達(dá)原因的寫法不符合英文習(xí)慣

不好：I thought the reason was that I was not fluent in German.
較好：I thought this was because I was not fluent in German.

不好：The reason for the engineers to choose this software was that they wanted fast computation.
較好：The engineers have chosen this software because they wanted fast computation.

錯(cuò)誤7：沒有前置狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

經(jīng)常提倡的所謂狀語(yǔ)后置原則是為了突出主語(yǔ)。但是，在安排狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)的位置時(shí)，不應(yīng)當(dāng)犧牲修飾關(guān)系清晰性、語(yǔ)意連續(xù)性、特意強(qiáng)調(diào)性。

修飾關(guān)系清晰性不好：Some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education and conducted online education in China.
修飾關(guān)系清晰性較好：In China, some education enterprises described their work as overturning traditional education and conducted online education.

語(yǔ)意連續(xù)性不好：I received support from my parents when I was young in learning math.
語(yǔ)意連續(xù)性較好：When I was young, my parents supported me in learning math.

特意強(qiáng)調(diào)性不好：I studied in Shanghai in mechanical engineering during my four years of undergraduate study.
特意強(qiáng)調(diào)性較好：During my four years of undergraduate study, I studied in Shanghai in mechanical engineering.

錯(cuò)誤8：未將帶有“with”和動(dòng)名詞的狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)變成動(dòng)詞從句，不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣

不好：His effort will be rewarded with his careful plan and persistent pursuing.
較好：His effort will be rewarded as he pursues his careful plan with persistence.

錯(cuò)誤9：在表達(dá)使用措施的“with”、“by”、“using”之間有混淆

不好：The gas temperature was measured with the thermocouple.
較好：The gas temperature was measured using the thermocouple.

不好：The oxygen concentration was measured by using an oxygen sensor.
較好：The oxygen concentration was measured using an oxygen sensor.

錯(cuò)誤10：忽略必須使用的從句及其時(shí)態(tài)

錯(cuò)誤：I found that there were numerous tools originated from modern technology.
正確：I found that there were numerous tools that had originated from modern technology.

不好：There are great differences between the children receiving quality-oriented education and the children receiving exam-oriented education.
較好：There are great differences between children who receive quality-oriented education and those who receive exam-oriented education.

錯(cuò)誤11：誤用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣

不好：Some technologies are easy to be mastered and implemented by these companies.
較好：Some technologies are easy for these companies to master and implement.

錯(cuò)誤12：介詞多余

錯(cuò)誤：The analysis focus was on passing inspection.
正確：The analysis focus was passing inspection.

錯(cuò)誤：The temperature is at 100 °C.
正確：The temperature is 100 °C.

錯(cuò)誤13：介詞缺失

錯(cuò)誤：The reduction in thermal efficiency caused by friction can be compensated by reducing heat transfer losses.
正確：The reduction in thermal efficiency caused by friction can be compensated for by reducing heat transfer losses.

錯(cuò)誤：I searched solutions.
正確：I searched for solutions.

錯(cuò)誤14：介詞搭配錯(cuò)誤

錯(cuò)誤：They developed the product with joint efforts of external teams.
正確：They developed the product in a joint effort with external teams.

錯(cuò)誤：I was admitted to the Ph.D. program of Chemistry in Washington University in 2012.
正確：In 2012, I was admitted to the Ph.D. program in Chemistry at Washington University.

錯(cuò)誤：He provided an answer for this question.
正確：He provided answer to this question.

不好：The temperature drop leads to the reduction of thermal efficiency.
較好：The temperature drop leads to the reduction in thermal efficiency.

錯(cuò)誤15：不定冠詞“a”或“an”與定冠詞“the”的混淆或缺失

錯(cuò)誤：The maximum efficiency was 80%, obtained with the inlet gas velocity of 12 m/s.
正確：The maximum efficiency was 80%, obtained with an inlet gas velocity of 12 m/s.

錯(cuò)誤16：用錯(cuò)單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)

錯(cuò)誤：At a temperature above 300 ℃, the thermal efficiency decreased slightly.
正確：At temperatures above 300 ℃, the thermal efficiency decreased slightly.

錯(cuò)誤17：漏用撇號(hào)所有格形式

雖然名詞能夠修飾名詞，但在很多情況下，使用帶撇號(hào)的所有格形式能將修飾關(guān)系表達(dá)得更清晰。

不好：The measurement point A was at the dust collector inlet.
較好：The measurement point A was at the dust collector’s inlet.

錯(cuò)誤18：書名未使用斜體，或誤用引號(hào)或中文書名號(hào)

錯(cuò)誤：I read the books of “Principles of Vibration” and《Fluid Mechanics》.
正確：I read?Principles of Vibration?and?Fluid Mechanics.

錯(cuò)誤19：論文或文章的標(biāo)題未加引號(hào)，或誤用斜體。

錯(cuò)誤：I wrote a thesis titled?Engine Performance Analysis at High-Altitude Conditions.
正確：I wrote a thesis titled “Engine Performance Analysis at High-Altitude Conditions”.

錯(cuò)誤20：使用口語(yǔ)化的非正式用詞