DK學(xué)科科普百科系列-科學(xué)百科-前言-第十二頁(yè)筆記
All?truths?are?easy?to?understand?once?they?are?discovered.?The?point?is?to?discover?them.?
Galileo Galilei
一切真相一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)后都變得通俗易懂，關(guān)鍵在于發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的過(guò)程?！だ浴べだ?/p>
Science is an ongoing search for truth - a perpetual struggle to discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations.
ongoing
continuing?to?exist?or?develop, or?happening?at the?present?moment
持續(xù)存在的；不斷發(fā)展的；繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的；進(jìn)行中的
an ongoing?investigation/process/project
持續(xù)進(jìn)行的調(diào)查／持續(xù)的過(guò)程／正在實(shí)施的工程
perpetual?
continuing?for?ever?in the same way
永久的，永恒的；長(zhǎng)期的
They?lived?in perpetual?fear?of being?discovered.
他們長(zhǎng)期生活在恐懼中，擔(dān)心被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
If it seems to be true, then the results may be sent out for peer review, in which people working in the same or a similar field are invited to pick holes in the argument, and so falsify the theory, or to repeat the experiment to make sure that the results are correct.
peer review
the?process?of someone?reading,?checking, and giving his or her?opinion?about something that has been written by another?scientist?or?expert?working?in the same?subject?area, or a?piece?of?work?in which this is done
（學(xué)術(shù)出版過(guò)程中的）同行審議
All these?papers?have been?published?after being?subjected?to?peer?review.
所有這些論文都是在同行審議后發(fā)表的
pick holes in sth
to?find?mistakes?in something someone has done or said, to show that it is not good or not?correct
挑…的毛病，找…的漏洞；批評(píng)
falsify
to?change?something, such as a?document, in?order?to?deceive?people
篡改，偽造（文件）
The?certificate?had?clearly?been falsified.
這張證書(shū)很明顯是偽造的。
When the New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford watched his?students?fire?alpha particles at gold leaf?in a search for small deflections, he suggested putting the detector beside the source, and to their astonishment some of the alpha particles bounced back off the pape-thin foil.
deflection
a?change?of?direction, or the?act?of?preventing?something being?directed?at you
突然轉(zhuǎn)向；偏移，偏離
The second?goal?was from a deflection?off?the Liverpool?captain.
第二個(gè)進(jìn)球是打在利物浦隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)的身上彈進(jìn)去的。
foil
a very?thin?sheet?of?metal,?especially?used to?wrap?food?in to?keep?it?fresh
（尤指用來(lái)包裹食品以保鮮的）箔
tin?foil
錫箔
Rutherford said it was as though an artillery shell had bounced back off tissue paper - and this led him to a new idea about the structure of the atom
an?artillery shell
炮彈
人物介紹
Aristotle (384–322 BC), the student of Plato and the teacher of? Alexander the Great, was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, drama, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology, and government, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Socrates,? Plato, and?Aristotle, known as the big three of Greek philosophy, laid the foundations of western philosophy.
亞里士多德（公元前384年6月19日－322年3月7日），古希臘哲學(xué)家，柏拉圖的學(xué)生、亞歷山大大帝的老師。他學(xué)識(shí)淵博，著作涉及許多學(xué)科，包括了物理學(xué)、生物學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、形而上學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)、倫理學(xué)、美學(xué)、詩(shī)歌（包括戲?。?、音樂(lè)、修辭學(xué)、心理學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、氣象學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)以及政府學(xué)。亞里士多德的著作為現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展打下了基礎(chǔ)。亞里士多德、柏拉圖、蘇格拉底被譽(yù)為希臘三賢，是西方哲學(xué)的奠基者。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
圖片來(lái)源：http://www.liveyourmagic.com/2014/02/aristotle-the-purpose-of-life/
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei?(commonly referred to as?Galileo,15 February 1564?– 8 January 1642) was an Italian?astronomer,?physicist?and engineer. He was born in the city of?Pisa, then part of the?Duchy of Florence.?Galileo has been called the "father"?of? observational astronomy,?modern-era classical physics,?the?scientific method,?and?modern science.
伽利略·伽利雷（Galileo Galilei；1564年2月15日－1642年1月8日），意大利天文學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家、及工程師，科學(xué)革命中的重要人物。伽利略生于意大利比薩（當(dāng)時(shí)為佛羅倫薩公爵領(lǐng)地）。伽利略被譽(yù)為“現(xiàn)代觀(guān)測(cè)天文學(xué)之父”、“現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)之父”、科學(xué)方法之父、“科學(xué)之父”及“現(xiàn)代科學(xué)之父”。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
圖片來(lái)源：https://baike.so.com/doc/5354220-5589684.html
Francis Bacon,?1st Viscount St Alban?(22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as?Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as?Attorney General?and?Lord Chancellor?of?England. Bacon has been?called the father?of empiricism.?Bacon led the advancement of both?natural philosophy?and the?scientific method?and his works remained influential even in the late stages of the?Scientific Revolution.
弗朗西斯·培根，第一代圣阿爾本子爵（1561年1月22日－1626年4月9日），又稱(chēng)維魯拉姆勛爵，著名英國(guó)哲學(xué)家和政治家，曾任英格蘭司法部長(zhǎng)和首席大法官，是古典經(jīng)驗(yàn)論的始祖。他促進(jìn)了自然哲學(xué)和科學(xué)方法的發(fā)展，其著作對(duì)科學(xué)革命后期仍有影響。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon
圖片來(lái)源：https://baike.sogou.com/v67593202.htm
?asan Ibn al-Haytham, Latinized as Alhazen (c.?965 – c.?1040), was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq. Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. His most influential work is titled "Book of Optics", written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition. The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler,? Christiaan Huygens, and Galileo Galilei.
海什木（965年－1040年）是伊斯蘭黃金時(shí)代的中世紀(jì)學(xué)者、天文學(xué)家和物理學(xué)家，全名穆哈默德·本·哈?！け尽ずＪ材尽ぐ褪坷?/strong>，來(lái)自現(xiàn)如今的伊朗。他被譽(yù)為“現(xiàn)代光學(xué)之父”，尤其在光學(xué)原理和視覺(jué)感知方面有突出成就。海什木所著的《光學(xué)全書(shū)》影響最為深遠(yuǎn)，該書(shū)于1011-1021年間完成，其拉丁語(yǔ)版本流傳了下來(lái)。科學(xué)革命時(shí)期，艾薩克?牛頓、約翰尼斯·開(kāi)普勒、克里斯蒂安·惠更斯和伽利略·伽利雷曾多次引用海什木的著作。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham
圖片來(lái)源：https://www.sohu.com/a/488453615_799846
René Descartes?(31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of?modern philosophy?and?science. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of?geometry?and?algebra?into?analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the?Dutch Republic, initially serving the?Dutch States Army, later becoming a central intellectual of the?Dutch Golden Age.?Although he served a Protestant state and was later counted as a?deist?by critics, Descartes was Catholic.
勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾（1596年3月31日－1650年2月11日）是一位法國(guó)哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家，被廣泛認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)和代數(shù)幾何的創(chuàng)始人之一。他以數(shù)學(xué)為核心手段進(jìn)行研究，發(fā)明了解析幾何，將先前獨(dú)立的幾何和代數(shù)領(lǐng)域聯(lián)系起來(lái)。他在荷蘭共和國(guó)度過(guò)了大部分事業(yè)生涯，最初為拿騷的毛里茨的荷蘭國(guó)家軍隊(duì)任職，后來(lái)成為了荷蘭黃金時(shí)代最著名的知識(shí)分子之一。笛卡爾是天主教徒，盡管他為新教國(guó)家效力，批評(píng)家后來(lái)也認(rèn)為他是自然神論者。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
圖片來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
Edmond?(or?Edmund)?Halley?(8 November?1656?– 14 January 1742 )?was an English?astronomer,?mathematician?and?physicist,?who was the first to calculate the orbit of a?comet?later named after him?and accurately predicted its return in 1758. He was the second?Astronomer Royal?in Britain, succeeding?John Flamsteed?in 1720.
愛(ài)德蒙·哈雷（1656年11月8日－1742年1月14日），英國(guó)天文學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家和物理學(xué)家，第一個(gè)算出彗星的公轉(zhuǎn)軌道的人，以他的名字命名，并預(yù)測(cè)該天體將于1758年再度回歸。他也是繼天文學(xué)家約翰·弗蘭斯蒂德之后，第二任英國(guó)格林威治天文臺(tái)臺(tái)長(zhǎng)，于1720繼任。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley? ? ?? ? ? https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley
圖片來(lái)源：
https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/edmond-halley
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. Encyclop?dia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
歐內(nèi)斯特·盧瑟福，第一代尼爾森的盧瑟福男爵（1871年8月30日－1937年10月19日），新西蘭物理學(xué)家，世界知名的原子核物理學(xué)之父，大英百科全書(shū)中繼法拉第(1791–1867)之后最偉大的實(shí)驗(yàn)物理學(xué)家。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
圖片來(lái)源：https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ernest-rutherford-140.php#myCarousel
名詞解釋
Halley's Comet, Comet Halley, or sometimes simply Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76?years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime. It last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.
哈雷彗星（正式名稱(chēng)為1P/Halley）是有名的短周期彗星，每隔75-76年就能從地球上被觀(guān)測(cè)到，亦是唯一能用肉眼直接從地球看到的短周期彗星，人的一生中可能經(jīng)歷兩次其來(lái)訪(fǎng)。哈雷彗星上一次回歸在1986年，而下一次回歸將在2061年。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet
圖片來(lái)源：https://www.wikiart.org/en/giotto/adoration-of-the-magi-1306-1
Gold leaf?is?gold?that has been hammered into thin sheets (usually around 0.1?μm thick)?by goldbeating?and is often used for?gilding.?Gold leaf is available in a wide variety?of?karats and shades. The most commonly used gold is 22-karat yellow gold.
金箔，又稱(chēng)為金葉，是一種黃金制的裝飾技法，通過(guò)錘打黃金使其變?yōu)闃O為纖薄的薄片（通常為大約0.1微米厚）。金箔有不同的純度，常見(jiàn)的是22k金。
文字來(lái)源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf
圖片來(lái)源：http://georgiafilmartgallery.com/product/gold-leaf-square/
