The Origin of villages---?atalh?yük土耳其恰塔胡由克/恰塔霍裕克---新石器時(shí)代人類定居點(diǎn)

It is 7500B.C.E ,the residents, Asital?Huraira？?have seemingly ventured along the Euphrates river to the more prosperous Mirabet？?to learn of their new agricultural techniques,?until Huraira?is temporarily low in population as a consequence. Meanwhile, around 300 miles northwest in southern Anatolia and new society is emerging?on the chair Shamba River.?local tribes began to coalesce at a site on the river between two mounds rich with fish and water birds. The site is called ?atalh?yük. And it’s one of the most famous sites. Asital?Huraira?, the people of ?atalh?yük?began a sedentary lifestyle---building homes for themselves. They built the news in mud bricks, a similar method which we saw,?tell?Abu Huraira?. But we also believe that the residents were using wood for strength and support, similar in principle to a modern timber stud?wood. The woods were finished to provide a smooth surface. The strange thing about these houses are ?atalh?yük is that in most cases you could not enter through the door. The reason? They often didn’t build?one.?Entry into in these houses had to be done?through the roof by means of a wooden ladder. It would have been great for allowing smoke from the hearts and ovens to escape. I can also imagine great drama whenever it started raining. And rain would have been commonplace on this area of the world.?Water?have been pouring into your house through the roof?unless you covered the whole quite quickly. I can’t imagine what it must have been like for the elderly trying to get in and out though. I can’t climb that ladder with my legs. Well, we’re not carrying you all the way up there again today. Once the elderly person had passed on, probably through boredom after being confined to their house day in and day out, they appear to have been buried under the floor. Your next door neighbor at ?atalh?yük would have built his house directly against the side of your house, meaning that to leave your house and get to the ground you would have had to walk along the roads?of all your neighbors’?houses. The people of ?atalh?yük were proud of their homes. Decorating the living area with artwork. Sometimes it would be pictures of animals and sometimes it would be simple geometric pattern. Other residents were using the horns of bulls to create stylish platform decorations, or others went for the more traditional handprint designs. I suppose it depends on what you were into, but it is certainly one of the earliest examples of interior design. Have you seen what? old Aliff??, who lives ten houses along the roof that way, has done to her house? She’s only drawn pictures of a man killing an oryx on her walls. Has she got no design sense? We can also say that some of the houses had a couple of separate rooms. The second room may have been an area for which residents could go and practice their craft work, possibly making a clay. Venus figurine or something similar. If you were cooking the dinner in the main room, you may not want someone in the way making clay figures---go and do that in your room. Some of the tools and artwork from ?atalh?yük?were crafted from obsidian, which is a volcanic glass material. The thing is that the obsidian would not have been sourced at ?atalh?yük. Residents would have had to have traveled to Cappadocia in central Anatolia and in the direction of ?tell?Abu Huraira? and Marybeth. So it is very likely that some form of trade was going on, and quite possibly with people from other Neolithic villages. It is possible that people were bringing obsidian to the agriculturally rich village of ?atalh?yük?in exchange for some surplus stock from the farms. Look at this nice, precious and shiny obsidian, highly sought after. All I ask in return is a couple of kettle to take home to my family. At its most successful ?atalh?yük?would have been the home to thousands of people which by using our imagination. We can perhaps picture how vast the site must have been. With its back to back mud brick houses. For travellers stumbling across the village, it must have looked unimaginably awesome. Ritualistic behaviors seem to have been quite traditional. The creation of female figurines points towards fertility ritual. The presence of many pieces of artwork relating to animals and hunting suggest ritual in relation to that, too. These are not altogether different than findings of Upper Paleolithic Europe. Students of the excavations at ?atalh?yük?have suggested that it was a very egalitarian society with very little evidence of females being treated inferior. The men and little evidence of a royal or religious hierarchy. It seems like the people of ?atalh?yük?were all in it together---working together to produce what was needed for the benefit of everyone. You could describe it as a village of liberal communism. Sadly, it appears that people ultimately got a bit bored with ?atalh?yük?and ultimately moved on to pastures greener in other areas of Anatolia. Maybe the site, which was built on the eastern mound of the two became a bit rundown, and for those that didn’t move on and initially built a new village on the western mound before they moved on altogether possibly around 5500B.C.E.