An unsung hero of the civil rights movement

民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的無(wú)名英雄

來(lái)源視頻

On August 28th,1963,

Martin Luther King Jr. delivered ?his “I Have a Dream” speech

at the March on Washington for ?Jobs and Freedom.

That day,

nearly a quarter million people

gathered on the national mall

to demand an end to the discrimination, segregation, violence,

and economic exclusion ?black people still faced

across the United States.

None of it would have been possible ?without the march’s chief organizer

– a man named Bayard Rustin.

在 1963?年 8?月 28?日舉行的

“為工作和自由向華盛頓進(jìn)軍”活動(dòng)中，

馬丁·路德·金發(fā)表了 《我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想》的演講。

那一天，

將近 25?萬(wàn)人

聚集在國(guó)家廣場(chǎng)上，

要求停止對(duì)全美黑人仍然面臨的

種族歧視、隔離、暴力

以及經(jīng)濟(jì)排斥。

若沒(méi)有這場(chǎng)游行的組織者—— 一名叫貝亞德·拉斯汀的人，

這一切都不可能發(fā)生。

Rustin grew up in a Quaker household,

and began peacefully protesting racial segregation in high school.

He remained committed to ?pacifism throughout his life,

and was jailed in 1944?as a conscientious ?objector to World War II.

During his two-year imprisonment,

he protested the segregated ?facilities from within.

Wherever Rustin went,

he organized and advocated,

and was constantly attuned to the ?methods, groups, and people

who could help further ?messages of equality.

拉斯汀在一個(gè)貴格會(huì)家庭長(zhǎng)大，

高中時(shí)就開(kāi)始和平抗議種族隔離。

他一生都致力于和平主義，

1944年，因極力反對(duì)二戰(zhàn)入獄。

在兩年的監(jiān)禁期間，

他從監(jiān)獄內(nèi)部 抗議種族隔離設(shè)施。

無(wú)論拉斯汀去哪里，

他進(jìn)行組織和倡導(dǎo)，

并不斷適應(yīng)方法、團(tuán)體

以及能幫助宣揚(yáng)平等信息的人。

He joined the Communist Party

when black American’s civil rights ?were one of its priorities,

but soon became disillusioned by the ?party’s authoritarian（專制的） leanings

and left.

In 1984,

he traveled to India to learn the ?peaceful resistance strategies

of the recently assassinated ?Mahatma Gandhi.

He returned to the United States

armed with strategies ?for peaceful protest,

including civil disobedience.

他加入了共產(chǎn)黨，

因?yàn)槊绹?guó)黑人的公民權(quán)利 是該黨優(yōu)先倡導(dǎo)的事情之一，

（這句就不翻了，總覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)膈應(yīng)）

然后他便離開(kāi)了。

1984年，他前往印度，

向最近被暗殺的圣雄·甘地

學(xué)習(xí)和平抵抗策略。

然后他回到美國(guó)，

以和平抗議戰(zhàn)略武裝自己，

包括非暴力反抗。

He began to work with ?Martin Luther King Jr in ,

and shared these ideas with him.

As King’s prominence increased,

Rustin became his main advisor,

as well as a key strategist in the ?broader civil rights movement.

He brought his organizing expertise

to the ?bus boycotts ?in Montgomery, Alabama

—in fact,

he had organized and participated ?in a transportation protest

that helped inspire the boycotts ?almost a decade before.

1955年他開(kāi)始與馬丁·路德·金合作，

并和他分享這些想法。

隨著金的地位日益提高，

拉斯汀成為了他的主要顧問(wèn)，

以及更廣泛的民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的 關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略家。

他在 1956?年阿拉巴馬州 蒙哥馬利巴士抵制活動(dòng)中，

展現(xiàn)了他的組織能力——

事實(shí)上，

他曾組織并參與了 一次交通抗議活動(dòng)，

這激發(fā)了在近十年前的 一系列抵制運(yùn)動(dòng)。

His largest-scale organizing project ?came in 1963,

when he led the planning for the ?national march on Washington.

The possibility of riots that could ?injure marchers

and undermine their message of peaceful ?protest was a huge concern.

Rustin not only worked with the DC ?police and hospitals to prepare,

but organized and trained a volunteer ?force of 2,000?security marshals.

他 1963?年組織了最大規(guī)模的活動(dòng)，

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了華盛頓的全國(guó)游行計(jì)劃。

發(fā)生騷亂而傷害游行者

從而破壞他們和平抗議的信息的 可能性是一個(gè)巨大的隱患。

拉斯汀不僅與華盛頓警察局 和醫(yī)院聯(lián)合做好準(zhǔn)備，

還組織并訓(xùn)練了 2000?名 志愿者組成的保安隊(duì)。

In spite of his deft management,

some of the other organizers did ?not want Rustin to march in front

with other leaders from the south, ?because of his homosexuality.

Despite these slights,

Rustin maintained his focus, and on the day of the march

he delivered the marchers' demands

in a speech directed at ?President John F. Kennedy.

The march itself proceeded smoothly, without any violence.

盡管拉斯汀管理得當(dāng)，

但因?yàn)樗峭詰伲?/p>

其他一些組織者不希望他 和南方其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人共同走在前列。

即使存在這些歧視，

拉斯汀集中精力組織活動(dòng)，

并于游行當(dāng)天發(fā)表演講，

向肯尼迪總統(tǒng)提出游行者的要求。

游行本身進(jìn)行得很順利， 沒(méi)有任何暴力。

It has been credited with helping pass the 1964?Civil Rights Act,

which ended segregation in public places ?and banned employment discrimination,

and the 1965?Voting Rights Act,

which outlawed discriminatory ?voting practices.

In spite of his decades of service,

Rustin’s positions on certain political ?issues were unpopular among his peers.

Some thought he wasn’t critical enough ?of the Vietnam War,

or that he was too eager to collaborate with the political establishment

including the President and congress.

Others were uncomfortable with his ?former communist affiliation.

這場(chǎng)游行被認(rèn)為有助于 1964?年《民權(quán)法》的通過(guò)，

該法案結(jié)束了公共場(chǎng)所的 種族隔離，并禁止就業(yè)歧視，

也有助于1965?年 《投票權(quán)法》的通過(guò)，

該法案禁止歧視性投票行為。

盡管他服務(wù)了幾十年，

拉斯汀對(duì)某些政治問(wèn)題的立場(chǎng) 在同齡人當(dāng)中并不受歡迎。

有人認(rèn)為他對(duì)越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的批評(píng)不夠，

或者說(shuō)他太急于和政府合作，

包括總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)在內(nèi)。

其他人則對(duì)他之前 曾加入共產(chǎn)黨感到不安。

But ultimately,

both his belief in collaboration

with the government ?and his membership

to the communist party

had been driven by his desire to maximize tangible gains

in liberties for black Americans,

and to do so as quickly as possible.

Rustin was passed over for several ?influential roles in the 1960s and 70s,

but he never stopped his activism.

In the 1980s,

he publicly came out as gay, and was instrumental

in drawing attention to the AIDS crisis until his death in 1987.

但說(shuō)到底，

他與政府合作的理念

以及他曾是共產(chǎn)黨的身份，

都是為了最大限度地

改變美國(guó)黑人自由的現(xiàn)狀，

而且是越快越好。

在 20?世紀(jì) 60?和 70?年代，幾個(gè) 有影響力的職位都未選擇拉斯汀，

但他從未停止過(guò)激進(jìn)活動(dòng)。

在 20?世紀(jì) 80?年代，

他公開(kāi)出柜，并一直 呼吁人們關(guān)注艾滋病危機(jī)，

直到 1987?年去世。

In 2013,

fifty years after the March On Washington,

President Barack Obama posthumously ?awarded him

the Presidential Medal of Freedom,

praising Rustin’s ?“march towards true equality,

no matter who we are ?or who we love.”

2013?年，

在“華盛頓游行” 50?年后，

奧巴馬總統(tǒng)

在他死后授予他總統(tǒng)自由勛章，

贊揚(yáng)拉斯汀“向真正的平等邁進(jìn)，

無(wú)論我們是誰(shuí)，無(wú)論我們愛(ài)的是誰(shuí)?！?/p>