Modern Intellectual Tradition: From Descartes to Derrida 01-06
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 02:21
?Etymology, inquiry
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 03:20
?First philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 03:53
?Logic, philosophy of language, science, social philosophy, political philosophy
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 12:57
?epistemic realism: the view that our knowledge is true of its objects independent of our ideas, theories, and cultures.
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 13:19
?antirealism(relativism): our true knowledge is made true not by objects independent of us, but by our own ideas, perspectives, theories, and cultures.
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 14:38
?skepticism: doubt that we have true knowledge at all
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 18:33
modern republicanism: the view that political authority is supposed to flow from the people to the government
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 18:53
Enlightenment: when science, education, and political freedom were believed to be the keys to remake society.
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 23:04
In the early 20th century, different philosophers had ways of approaching a wide range of questions that became so different that the new subcultures largely stopped bothering to argue against the other schools.
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 23:39
analytic philosophy
continental philosophy
American philosophy (or pragmatism)
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 24:53
?special relativity, 1905
general theory of relativity, 1915
quantum mechanics, late 1920s
01_近現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)思想是如何產(chǎn)生的 P1 - 26:15
?"crisis philosophy"
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 01:42
?Scholasticism: philosophy of the schools
Based on Aristotle's (384-322 B.C.E) logic and metaphysics
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 03:36
?ousia: beings
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 04:45
?parousia: primary being, primary substance, in fuller sense
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 06:05
substance
contains parts but is not a part of anything
properties are predicated of it, but it is not predicated of anything
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 06:44
?hypokeimenon: the underlying
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 09:04
?Aristotle's doctrine of the four causes
the material: the matter
the efficient: the activity that leads to the matter and form being brought together
the formal: the form
the final: the goal or purpose, towards which of a thing
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 11:36
?psyche(psychology): soul, the animating principle, what makes something alive
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 12:10
?Aristotle's Three Levels of Soul (hierarchical):
vegetative soul: characteristic of plants
moving-sensitive-passionate soul: characteristic of animals
rational soul: characteristic of human beings
Each higher levels of soul contain lower levels of soul.
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 15:29
?Scholasticism is essentially Aristotle plus Christianity.
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 16:43
Saint Thomas Aquinas 1224/5-1274
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 18:39
?Events contributed to the decline of Scholasticism
The discovery of the New World in 1492
The Protestant Reformation in 1516
The decline of the aristocracy, and the rise of royal power and the middle or commercial class
The scientific Revolution of Copernicus, Bacon, Kepler, Galileo, Bruno, and Newton
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 19:38
?primus inter pares: first among equals (In the middle ages, the power of the King was often describes as such)
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 21:38
?Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543
On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres (1543)
heliocentric system: put the Earth in motion and the Sun as the center of the universe
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 22:38
Giordano Bruno 1548-1600
The space is infinite and there is no center.
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 23:28
?Galileo 1564-1642
the new science of mechanics
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 26:12
?Isaac Newton 1643-1727
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)
02_經(jīng)院主義與科學(xué)革命 P2 - 29:20
?All new sciences are more Platonic than Aristotelian for they are pursing an ideally mathematical form rather than unaided senses.
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 00:45
?Rene Descartes 1596-1650
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 01:34
?Meditation on First Philosophy (1641)
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 02:25
?"Archimedean point" (foundation point) for all knowledge, absolute certainty
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 07:59
?Cogito ergo sum.
"I think, therefore I exist."
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 09:12
non-physical, thinking substance
res cogitans (a thing that thinks)
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 11:36
?res extensa ("extended substance")
spatial extension
The criteria for the existence of material things
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 12:23
solipsist: only his own mind and has no idea whether his idea represents the true reality that exists independently for his mind
Descartes is no solipsist.
He proves the existence of God from the existence of mind, then further proves the existence of matter.
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 19:24
?For Descartes, Reality is Composed of:
finite material substances, the essence of which is to take up space.
finite mental substances; human minds and human soul.
one finite mental substance, God
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 23:52
?Rational epistemology
Descartes claimed that individual consciousness is the foundation of all evidence for any claim.
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 25:30
?metaphysical dualism: matter and mind/soul
03_理性主義與笛卡爾的心物二元論 P3 - 28:60
?foundationalism: the belief that philosophy's job is to discover the foundation or ground of all realist, objective knowledge.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 00:25
?John Locke 1632-1704 early British empiricist
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 01:37
?tabula rasa: an empty blackboard (a "blank slate")
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 04:06
?Sensation and reflection
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 04:48
?Locke's Basic Categories:
extension
solidity
motivity
mobility
perceptivity or thinking
existence
duration
number
My mind is being affected by objects in the world that cause sensations in it.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 06:15
primary qualities: in the subject and in the object
size, volume, mass, velocity, number
secondary qualities: color, taste, sound
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 09:04
corpuscular account of matter
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 09:59
?knowledge: awareness of the agreement or disagreement of ideas with on another
by intuition: the immediate recognition of the likeness of unlikeness of two ideas
by sensation: feeling the entrance of ideas from sensation entering the mind
by logical demonstration or argument: linking ideas together in such a way that there is a relationship of logical entailment or deduction
My knowledge of real objects in the world is known with probability (degree of certainty).
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 15:04
?We cannot know the substance or support that underlies the perceivable properties of things.
We actually perceive the casual ability of things and their casual reality, therefore we perceive the power.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 15:29
hypokeimenon: "the underlying"
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 18:34
?The empiricist and rationalist disagree on how we get knowledge, but they completely agree on the of population of the universe. For Locke, there are mental substances, material substance and one infinite mental substance (God).
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 19:13
?Locke's Method: a posteriori; based on facts about the world
Descartes's Method: could not use a posteriori arguments because he had doubted the existence of the world
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 20:20
?George Berkeley 1685-1753; Idealism; takes empiricism to the extreme of denying the existence of matter; an unsubtle, absolute idealist
idealist: reality is in some sense mental or the product of mind
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 22:15
?Interactions of Mind and Body according to Descartes and Locke:
Material events must be able to cause bodily and neural brain events.
Ideas in the mind must be able to represent things in the world that caused them; otherwise we couldn't have knowledge.
Ideas in the mind must be capable of causing changes in my brain, hence my free action.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 25:57
primary qualities: ideas in the mind that represent and resemble the same quality in the material object, like size
secondary qualities: caused by material events but don't resemble them, like color
Berkeley claimed that secondary qualities are true also of primary qualities.They are all in the mind and not in the object.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 27:23
?Locke and Descartes: We perceive representations (ideas of things) outside our mind—Representationalism.
Berkeley: Where do representations exist? In our mind.
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 28:01
esse est percepì: to be is to be perceived
04 _洛克的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義與喬治·柏克... P4 - 30:54
Direct realism, the claim that we experience objects independent of the mind, is false.
Representationalism, the claim that we experience mental objects, but that these mental objects represent objects independent of the mind, is also false.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 01:53
Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza 1632-1677
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 03:36
The whole of everything: the whole of existence is numerically one substance.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 03:56
deus sive nature: God or Nature
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 04:31
?pantheist: an extreme form of immanentist
pantheism: the view that everything is God
a finite modification or mode of the infinite attribute of physicality/materiality or mentality, which is one of the infinite number of attributes of God, Nature or the Whole.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 06:41
panentheist: Nature is in God, but God is more than Nature (Spinoza is panentheist based on today's standard)
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 08:57
psychophysical parallelism
They are dimensions of the One and exist in parallel, therefore minds and bodies don't casually interact.
This theory echoes an Aristotelian idea: in human beings, the mind is the form of the body.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 13:51
Stoicism
apathy, apathos: the control of pathos, the control of emotion
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 14:12
Ethics (1977)
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 15:34
?Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646-1716
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 17:23
?monads
entelechy: an inner principle that unfolds all the changes it goes through with respect to other substances
Whenever we have a substance, everything true of it must be deducible from its essence. The whole universe of monads, relation of the one monad to every other monad is reflected inside each monad. (internal relations)
All monads are in a sense mental, they all have psyche.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 23:49
?Three Types of Monads:
bare monads: minimal appetition and perception
souls: animal monads
spirits: monads with the property of apperception (consciousness)
Unlike Newton, Leibniz claimed space and time are internal to the monads, not independent framework.
05_新亞里士多德主義 - 斯賓諾莎... P5 - 30:22
?God coordinates all monads in a "pre-established harmony".
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 04:39
les philosophes: The Enlightenment thinkers
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 06:04
?Isaac Newton 1643-1727
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 06:55
?Encyclopedists
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 07:10
?Voltaire (fran?ois-Marie Arouet) 1694-1778
Ecrasez L'infame: "Crush the infamy!"
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 07:59
?Adam Ferguson 1723-1816
David Hume 1711-1776
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 08:42
?Adam Smith 1723-1790
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 08:57
?Robert Heilbroner's three different ways for an economy to be organized:
tradition: Children do the jobs their parents did, produce the produces their parents produced, and both produced and consumed in about the same quantity as earlier generations.
Government can command economic activity, can decide who will produce what, at what price, at what volume, and be produced for purchase by whom.
No one coordinates prices and the rates of production or consumption; allow price to float and thereby, by itself, regulate production and consumption, independent of any general decision-making powers. (invisible hand)
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 11:10
?Spontaneous order was beneficial order that could the product of designed activity.
no one controls
only background rules govern independent action
no coordination among actions
beneficent order emerges
The society created and discovers itself independent of government, God and even the past.
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 15:23
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 17:49
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality among Men
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 20:26
amour propre: the love of self as it is seen by others
amour de soi: love of self
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 22:24
?On the Social Contract (1762) greatly influenced French Revolution and also the radicalization of the Revolution
democratic equality
06_盧梭與思想啟蒙 P6 - 26:49
?Is a rich drug-addictive free? Two kinds of freedom
Absence of coercion
Self-determination
My true/higher self is identified with what's best for the community, and my lower/false self is selfish, petty and filled with commercial interests.
If people refuse to the general will, then they must be forced to be free, therefore it is legitimate to coerce the individual into obeying. When you are forcing me to obey, you are making me free.
Obedience to the general will is freedom.
