【簡(jiǎn)譯】英國(guó)東印度公司的貿(mào)易商品

2022-10-04 10:40 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

問題與解答

英國(guó)東印度公司與哪些國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易？

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司與印度、中國(guó)和英國(guó)以及其他許多國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。

英國(guó)東印度公司與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易是什么？

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司與中國(guó)進(jìn)行鴉片貿(mào)易，以換取茶葉。

英國(guó)東印度公司交易的是什么香料？

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司交易了許多香料，但主要是在印度種植的胡椒。

英國(guó)東印度公司是如何保護(hù)其貿(mào)易的？

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司通過資助一支非常龐大的軍隊(duì)和用大炮武裝其船只來保護(hù)其貿(mào)易。這些力量使該公司能夠保護(hù)其對(duì)印度和中國(guó)貿(mào)易的壟斷。

1759 年查爾斯布魯金在大風(fēng)中的繪畫，展示了東印度公司的船只。（格林威治皇家博物館）

The English East India Company (EIC) was founded in 1600, and it came to control both trade and territories in India, as well as a trade monopoly with China. Goods the EIC traded included spices, cotton cloth, tea, and opium, all in such massive quantities it made its investors enormously rich, caused wars with competitors, and changed cultural practices worldwide.

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司（EIC）成立于1600年，它控制了印度的貿(mào)易與領(lǐng)土，并壟斷了和中國(guó)的貿(mào)易。東印度公司貿(mào)易的商品包括香料、棉布、茶葉和鴉片，這些商品數(shù)量龐大，讓投資者大發(fā)橫財(cái)，引發(fā)了與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，并改變了全世界的文化習(xí)俗。

三角貿(mào)易

The East India Company was founded to become the trade representative of the British Crown everywhere east of the Cape of Good Hope. With the Dutch East India Company (VOC) monopolising the spice trade in Indonesia, the EIC focussed instead on India and then China. The early 17th century saw the company set up a trading centre or 'factory' at Surat in agreement with the Mughal emperor. More centres followed as the century progressed: Masulipatam (Machilipatnam) and Madras (1640), Hughli (1658), Calcutta (Kolkata, 1690), and Bombay (Mumbai, 1668).

? ? ? ? ? 東印度公司的成立是為了成為英國(guó)王室在好望角以東的貿(mào)易代表。由于荷蘭東印度公司（VOC）壟斷了印度尼西亞的香料貿(mào)易，英國(guó)東印度公司將重點(diǎn)放在了印度，然后是中國(guó)。17世紀(jì)初，該公司與莫臥兒皇帝達(dá)成協(xié)議，在蘇拉特建立了一個(gè)貿(mào)易中心（或"工廠"）。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，英國(guó)東印度公司在印度設(shè)置了更多的貿(mào)易點(diǎn)。默蘇利珀德姆?（Machilipatnam）和馬德拉斯（1640年）、胡格利（1658年）、加爾各答（加爾各答，1690年）和孟買（孟買，1668年）。

The network of centres allowed the EIC to become involved in what became known as the 'triangular trade'. This was the exchanging of precious metals (gold or silver) for products made in India (notably textiles) and then selling these on in the East Indies in exchange for spices. The spices (especially pepper since this was grown in both Indonesia and India) were then shipped to London where they commanded prices high enough to make a profit on the original metals investment. The EIC then expanded its interests to China where the export of Indian opium was in great demand (although prohibited by the Chinese authorities). Opium was exchanged for tea, which was sent to Britain and its colonies in North America, but many other goods besides these were transported around the world in the EIC's ships, known as East Indiamen.

? ? ? ? ? 這種中心網(wǎng)絡(luò)使英國(guó)東印度公司能夠參與被稱為 "三角貿(mào)易"的活動(dòng)。"三角貿(mào)易"就是用貴金屬（黃金或白銀）交換印度制造的產(chǎn)品（特別是紡織品），然后在東印度群島出售這些產(chǎn)品以換取香料。這些香料（尤其是胡椒，因?yàn)橛《饶嵛鱽喓陀《榷加蟹N植）被運(yùn)到倫敦，在那里它們的價(jià)格足夠高，可以從最初的金屬投資中獲得利潤(rùn)。英國(guó)東印度公司隨后將其利益擴(kuò)展到中國(guó)，那里對(duì)印度鴉片的出口需求很大（盡管中國(guó)當(dāng)局禁止鴉片）。鴉片用來交換茶葉，茶葉被運(yùn)往英國(guó)及其在北美的殖民地，除了這些，還有許多其他貨物被EIC的船只運(yùn)往世界各地，這些船只被稱為 "東印度"。

The EIC enjoyed a trade monopoly with India until 1813 and with China until 1833. The good times for the EIC lasted until 1858 when the British Crown took full possession of its territories in India and so began what is popularly termed the British Raj (rule).

? ? ? ? ? EIC在1813年之前享有與印度的貿(mào)易壟斷權(quán)，在1833年之前享有與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易壟斷權(quán)。EIC的好日子一直持續(xù)到1858年，當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)皇室完全占有其在印度的領(lǐng)土，于是開始了人們所說的英國(guó)統(tǒng)治。

The main goods the East India Company traded in were:

Indian cotton textiles、Chinese tea、Indian opium、Spices (e.g. pepper, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and mace)、gold、silver、non-precious metals (e.g. tin, copper, lead, and iron)、Persian and Chinese silk、indigo、coffee、salt、saltpetre (for gunpowder)、Chinese、porcelain、English wool、British cotton textiles、carpets、sugar、slaves

東印度公司的主要貿(mào)易商品：

? ? ? ? ? 印度棉織品、中國(guó)茶葉、印度鴉片、香料（如胡椒、丁香、肉豆蔻、肉桂和梅斯等）、黃金、白銀、非貴金屬（如：錫、銅、鉛和鐵）、波斯和中國(guó)的絲綢、靛藍(lán)染料、咖啡、鹽、硝石(用于火藥)、中國(guó)瓷器、英國(guó)羊毛、英國(guó)棉織品、地毯、糖、奴隸

1850 年東印度公司在印度巴特那的鴉片倉庫。鴉片被曬成大球，然后裝箱運(yùn)往中國(guó)。

香料、靛藍(lán)染料和棉花

The company traded in spices when it could get them but the Dutch monopoly of that trade and the source of the spices in Indonesia meant opportunities were limited until plantations spread to the Indian subcontinent. Pepper grown in India was the EIC's first big money-earner. Around 90,000 pounds (40,000 kg) of pepper were exported each year by the end of the 17th century.

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)東印度公司在能夠得到香料的情況下進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，但荷蘭對(duì)該貿(mào)易和香料來源地印度尼西亞的壟斷意味著機(jī)會(huì)有限，直到英國(guó)種植園擴(kuò)展到印度次大陸。在印度種植的胡椒是EIC的第一個(gè)賺錢大項(xiàng)目。到17世紀(jì)末，印度每年出口約90,000磅（40,000公斤）的胡椒。

Indigo was another lucrative trade item. Acquired from long-standing plantations and dyers in places like Sarkhej and Bayana in northern India, the dye required lengthy and labour-intensive processing. The finished dye was shipped to England in the form of dried cakes pressed into barrels where it was used to colour textiles.

? ? ? ? ? 靛藍(lán)染料是另一個(gè)有利可圖的貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目。從印度北部的Sarkhej和Bayana等地的種植園和染坊獲得染料，需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的勞動(dòng)密集型加工。成品染料以干燥的餅狀物壓入桶中運(yùn)往英國(guó)，用于為紡織品著色。

In the 18th century, the company shifted to finished textiles, again using established manufacturing centres and taking over and expanding their production. Sometimes artisans were brought from England to modernise production. Textiles made up around 70% of the EIC's total exports by 1850. Most textiles were calico, a type of cheap cotton cloth which came in many different varieties. At first, lower classes wore calico, especially chintzes (printed cotton cloth), but the light and easily washed clothing soon caught on with everyone. Another type of cotton cloth, muslin from Bengal, was especially popular. Over the 17th century, the number of cotton pieces the EIC traded rocketed from around 5,000 in 1613 to 1.4 million in 1694. By the 18th century, cotton cloth was being used not just for clothing but for sheets, curtains, and bed covers. Another major market for Indian textiles was West Africa where it was traded for slaves, who were shipped to Britain's plantations in the West Indies. Another route of human traffic was indentured labourers and convicts from India, who were shipped to the EIC's possessions in Malaysia, particularly Singapore.

? ? ? ? ? 18世紀(jì)，該公司轉(zhuǎn)向成品紡織品，再次利用已有的制造中心，接管并擴(kuò)大其生產(chǎn)。有時(shí)，公司會(huì)從英國(guó)帶來工匠，提升生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)代化。到1850年，紡織品約占EIC出口總額的70%。大多數(shù)紡織品是花布，這是一種廉價(jià)的棉布，有許多不同的品種。起初，下層階級(jí)穿著花布，（特別是印花棉布）但這種輕薄易洗的衣服很快就被大家所接受。另一種棉布，即來自孟加拉的薄紗布，也特別受歡迎。在17世紀(jì)，EIC交易的棉布數(shù)量從1613年的5000件左右激增到1694年的140萬件。到了18世紀(jì)，棉布不僅用于服裝，還用于床單、窗簾和床罩。印度紡織品的另一個(gè)主要市場(chǎng)是西非，它被用來交換奴隸，這些奴隸被運(yùn)往英國(guó)在西印度群島的種植園。另一條販運(yùn)人口的路線是來自印度的契約勞工和罪犯，他們被運(yùn)往歐洲在馬來西亞的屬地，特別是新加坡。

地圖顯示， 1800 年左右東印度公司(EIC) 與東亞、東南亞和印度進(jìn)行的市場(chǎng)和商品貿(mào)易

茶? ? ?葉

Company tea exports grew steadily from just 0.03% of total goods traded in 1670 to 1.13% in 1700 to 10.22% in 1740. Goods from India dominated in the 18th century, but Chinese goods began to grow and reached over 12% of total company trade by the mid-18th century. By the 1830s, the EIC was importing to Britain 30 million pounds (13.6 million kilos) of tea each year. The EIC's great problem, as with any runaway popular commodity, was how to buy more of the stuff. Tea was only available from China (the first Indian tea plantations were only established in Assam in 1840). The Chinese were not interested in European goods (except for minor quantities of coral, ivory, and mercury, or complex manufactured goods like clocks) and would only accept silver bullion for bulk purchases. The answer was to match two huge demand markets and pay for Chinese tea with Indian opium.

? ? ? ? ? ?東印度公司的茶葉出口穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，從1670年僅占貿(mào)易總額的0.03%到1700年的1.13%再到1740年的10.22%。來自印度的貨物在18世紀(jì)占主導(dǎo)地位，但來自中國(guó)貨物的比重開始增長(zhǎng)，到18世紀(jì)中期達(dá)到公司貿(mào)易總額的12%以上。19世紀(jì)30年代，EIC每年向英國(guó)進(jìn)口3000萬英鎊（1360萬公斤）的茶葉。與任何失控的流行商品一樣，EIC的最大問題是如何購買更多的貨物。當(dāng)時(shí)只有中國(guó)才有茶葉（第一批印度茶葉種植園于1840年才在阿薩姆邦建立）。中國(guó)人對(duì)歐洲商品不感興趣（除了少量的珊瑚、象牙和水銀，或鐘表等復(fù)雜的制成品），只接受大宗購買的銀條。解決方案是匹配兩個(gè)巨大的需求市場(chǎng)——用印度鴉片來支付中國(guó)茶葉。

鴉? ? ?片

Unfortunately for the EIC, the Chinese authorities at Canton (Guangzhou), the company's main presence in China, prohibited the import of opium in December 1799. The reason was the terrible physical effects on users of opium, who quickly became addicts and then thieves to fund their cravings. The EIC did not much care for the victims or the authorities and so smuggled into China vast quantities of premium opium from Patna and Benares in northern India (and later also from Malwa in western India). The numbers rose impressively from 4,000 smuggled chests of opium in 1800 to over 40,000 per year by 1839. Opium was big business and the export figures kept climbing. The EIC did not directly smuggle the opium into China but gave out licenses for merchants to ship it to Canton where they would be paid for their illicit cargo with silver. The quantities of silver required for these transactions were a great source of concern in Britain. Many thought the EIC was bleeding the nation dry of silver only to then fill its veins with tea, an exchange that, in economic terms, did nobody any good except the monopolising shareholders of the EIC. The continuance of this dark trade by the EIC eventually led to a war between Britain and China, The First Opium War of 1839.

? ? ? ? ? 1799年12月，英國(guó)東印度公司在中國(guó)的主要據(jù)點(diǎn)廣州，中國(guó)當(dāng)局禁止進(jìn)口鴉片。原因是鴉片對(duì)使用者的身體產(chǎn)生了可怕的影響，他們很快就成了癮君子，然后成為盜賊以滿足他們的欲望。EIC并不關(guān)心受害者和中國(guó)政府，因此從印度北部的巴特那和貝拿勒斯（后來也從印度西部的馬爾瓦）向中國(guó)走私了大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)鴉片。數(shù)量從1800年的4000箱，到1839年每年超過4萬箱，增長(zhǎng)速度令人矚目。鴉片是大生意，出口額不斷攀升。EIC并不直接將鴉片走私到中國(guó)，而是向商人發(fā)放許可證，讓他們將鴉片運(yùn)到廣州，然后用白銀支付。這些交易所需的白銀數(shù)量在英國(guó)引起了極大的關(guān)注。許多人認(rèn)為EIC在榨干國(guó)家的銀子，然后用茶葉來填充它的血管，從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度看，這種交換除了對(duì)EIC的壟斷股東外，對(duì)其他人都沒有好處。EIC的這種黑暗貿(mào)易的持續(xù)最終導(dǎo)致了英國(guó)和中國(guó)之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，即1839年的第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

1840 年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間英國(guó)對(duì)廣州河的襲擊

后果：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，工廠和瓷器

The immediate consequence of all this trade was enormous profits for the shareholders of the East India Company. Big and small-time investors, British and foreign, came to see the EIC as a safe place to put one's money, a fact supported by the high number of widows who put their savings into the company in order to receive a regular income from their stock. The trade conducted by the EIC, particularly the silver it shifted from Europe to Asia, helped the rulers of the Mughal Empire and Indian princely states maintain their dominance. The EIC was also responsible for the flourishing of trade ports like Mumbai, Singapore, and Canton, which are still today key centres of world trade. The opportunities for artisans and workers the EIC trade provided resulted in a massive migration of peoples to the coast from interior areas which remained little affected by the trade whizzing across the world's oceans.

? ? ? ? ? 所有貿(mào)易的直接后果——為東印度公司的股東們帶來了豐厚的利潤(rùn)。大大小小的投資者，不管是英國(guó)人還是外國(guó)人，都把東印度公司看作是一個(gè)安全的投資場(chǎng)所，大量的寡婦為了從股票中獲得定期收入而把自己的積蓄投入公司，就證明了這一點(diǎn)。EIC進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易，特別是它從歐洲轉(zhuǎn)移到亞洲的白銀，幫助莫臥兒帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者和印度土邦國(guó)家維持其統(tǒng)治地位。歐洲投資中心還促進(jìn)了孟買、新加坡和廣州等貿(mào)易港口的繁榮，這些港口至今仍然是世界貿(mào)易的關(guān)鍵中心。東印度洋貿(mào)易為工匠和工人提供了機(jī)會(huì)，導(dǎo)致大量人口從內(nèi)陸地區(qū)遷移到沿海地區(qū)，而內(nèi)陸地區(qū)很少受到橫跨世界各大洋的貿(mào)易影響。

A second consequence of the trade was that the EIC became rich enough to pay its own armies. The armies of the East India Company came to employ well over 200,000 fighting men, easily the largest army in South and Southeast Asia. These forces allowed the company to expand not only its trade network but also the territories it controlled from the mid-18th century. Through military conquest, treaties, and subterfuge, the EIC soon became a state all by itself. The company's coffers were filled by carefully controlling trade through its monopolies but were further enriched by the extraction of land rents, which permitted the cycle of expansion to continue ever wider. Indian princely states were now gobbled up, and yet more territory was gained with such episodes as Robert Clive's June 1757 victory at the battle of Plassey against forces of the Nawab of Bengal. More territory came after the Four Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-97) and the two Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845-49). The company's need to defend its interests included protecting East Indiamen and ports from rival Europeans in the form of, amongst others, the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602, and the French East India Company, founded in 1664. With such competition, it is no surprise the EIC was spending half its income on military personnel and hardware by the end of the 18th century.

? ? ? ? ? 貿(mào)易的第二個(gè)后果是，東印度公司變得非常富有，足以組建并長(zhǎng)期保留自己的軍隊(duì)。東印度公司的軍隊(duì)雇用了遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過20萬名戰(zhàn)斗人員，這很容易成為南亞和東南亞最強(qiáng)大的軍隊(duì)。這些軍隊(duì)使公司不僅擴(kuò)大了其貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而且從18世紀(jì)中葉開始，還擴(kuò)大了它所控制的領(lǐng)土。通過軍事征服、簽訂條約和一系列潛規(guī)則，EIC很快成為一個(gè)“獨(dú)立的國(guó)家”。該公司通過精心壟斷控制了貿(mào)易，使其國(guó)庫充盈，但又通過抽取地租進(jìn)一步充實(shí)，這使得擴(kuò)張的周期不斷擴(kuò)大。印度的土邦逐漸被吞并了，而且隨著1757年6月羅伯特·克萊武在普拉西戰(zhàn)役中戰(zhàn)勝孟加拉納瓦布的部隊(duì)等事件的發(fā)生，更多的領(lǐng)土被獲得。在四次英邁戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1767-97）和兩次錫克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1845-49）之后，東印度公司掠取了更多的領(lǐng)土。公司需要捍衛(wèi)其利益，包括保護(hù)東印度公司和港口不受歐洲對(duì)手的影響，其中包括1602年成立的荷蘭東印度公司和1664年成立的法國(guó)東印度公司。面對(duì)這樣的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，到18世紀(jì)末，英國(guó)東印度公司將其一半的收入用于軍事人員和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，這并不奇怪。

A third consequence was the impact on traditional industries. The EIC imported so much Indian cotton and Chinese silk to Britain that the age-old wool industry began to suffer from the competition. People of all classes began to wear more cotton. Alas, nobody wanted wool in India, and so the British wool industry suffered such decline laws were passed to protect it, like prohibiting corpses being buried in anything other than wool clothing. Raising import duties and banning completely any finished cloth were only partially successful measures. The fashion for cotton was here to stay, and to meet demand, British entrepreneurs set up their own mills to manufacture cotton clothing, which, eventually, was exported to India, seriously damaging the textile industry there. Landscapes, too, were damaged in India, not just welfares. Plantations of tea, coffee, and opium caused significant deforestation in areas which never recovered thereafter.

? ? ? ? ? 第三個(gè)后果是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的影響。歐洲各國(guó)向英國(guó)進(jìn)口了大量的印度棉花和中國(guó)絲綢，古老的羊毛工業(yè)開始受到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的影響。所有階層的人都開始穿棉花制成的衣服。沒有人想要印度的羊毛，所以英國(guó)的羊毛業(yè)逐漸衰退，所以政府通過了一些法律來保護(hù)它，比如禁止用羊毛衣服以外的東西來埋葬尸體。提高進(jìn)口關(guān)稅和完全禁止任何成品布，只是部分成功的措施。棉花的時(shí)尚一直流行，為了滿足需求，英國(guó)企業(yè)家建立了自己的工廠，生產(chǎn)棉制服裝，這些服裝最終被出口到印度，嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了那里的紡織業(yè)。印度的山水也受到了破壞，不僅僅是社會(huì)福利。茶葉、咖啡和鴉片的種植造成了嚴(yán)重的森林砍伐，這些地區(qū)此后再也沒有恢復(fù)過來。

Another consequence of the EIC's trade success was a change in cultural practices both in England and India. In India, the company made little attempt to encourage the Christianization of the population (as the Spanish and Portuguese had tried in their colonies), but sometimes there were moves to end certain cultural practices. Lord William Bentinck (1774-1839), Governor-General of the EIC from 1828, controversially decided to abolish sati (aka suttee), the custom for a Hindu widow to sacrifice herself on the funeral pyre of their late husband. In England, meanwhile, the massive imports of tea made this drink cheaper than beer, and it caught on quickly. Sugar was readily available from the large slave plantations in the Americas, and this went well with tea to make it a hugely popular drink. Lower classes liked it because it was cheap, mildly stimulating, and could be easily brewed in the workplace. The rich liked tea because it became a centre of and an excuse for conversation where one could show off one's fine porcelain while brewing and drinking it. Even the British colonies adopted the habit. The 1773 Boston Tea Party protestors in North America were outraged that tea was to be taxed when the official duties were removed on it, and so they threw EIC tea chests into the harbour.

? ? ? ? ? EIC貿(mào)易成功的另一個(gè)后果是英國(guó)和印度的文化習(xí)俗發(fā)生了變化。在印度，EIC很少試圖鼓勵(lì)居民的基督教化（正如西班牙和葡萄牙在其殖民地所做的嘗試），但有時(shí)也會(huì)采取一些措施來終止某些文化習(xí)俗。自1828年起，英國(guó)駐馬德拉斯總督威廉·本廷克勛爵勛爵（1774-1839年）決定廢除殉夫自焚（又稱suttee），即印度教寡婦在其亡夫的葬禮上犧牲自己的習(xí)俗，這引起了當(dāng)?shù)氐臓?zhēng)議。與此同時(shí)，在英國(guó)，茶葉的大量進(jìn)口使這種飲料比啤酒更便宜，并迅速流行起來。糖從美洲的大型奴隸種植園中很容易獲得，這與茶葉搭配，使其成為一種大受歡迎的飲料。下層階級(jí)喜歡它，因?yàn)樗阋耍碳ば孕?，而且可以在工作?chǎng)所輕松沖泡。富人喜歡喝茶，因?yàn)樗蔀檎勗挼闹行暮徒杩?，人們可以在沖泡和飲用時(shí)炫耀自己的精美瓷器。甚至英國(guó)殖民地也產(chǎn)生了這種習(xí)慣。1773年北美的波士頓茶黨抗議者對(duì)取消茶葉的官方關(guān)稅后要對(duì)其征稅感到憤怒，因此他們將EIC茶葉箱扔進(jìn)了海里（波士頓傾茶）。

Chinese porcelain and other products ranging from furniture to silk screens were imported in such quantities that, by the 19th century, Britain was thoroughly gripped in a craze for all things Chinese, and this led to the development of a distinctive style in art, furniture, and architecture. Finally, another type of 'import' that came with the EIC's activities was the vocabulary that enriched the English language. Terms such as 'loot' (the Hindustani slang for plunder or war-booty), 'cash' (from the Tamil word for money), and 'thug' (from the Hindi and Marathi word for a cheat and used for the gangs that robbed travellers) all became commonly used terms and remain so today.

? ? ? ? ? 中國(guó)的瓷器和其他產(chǎn)品，從家具到絲網(wǎng)，都大量出口到英國(guó)。到19世紀(jì)，英國(guó)徹底陷入了對(duì)所有中國(guó)事物的狂熱之中，這導(dǎo)致了藝術(shù)、家具和建筑的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格的發(fā)展。最后，隨著EIC活動(dòng)而來的另一種“進(jìn)口”是豐富了英語語言的詞匯。諸如“l(fā)oot”（印度斯坦語中對(duì)掠奪或戰(zhàn)利品的俚語）、“cash”（來自泰米爾語中的金錢）和“thug”（來自印度語和馬拉地語中的騙子，用于指搶劫旅行者的團(tuán)伙）等術(shù)語都成為英語常用術(shù)語，并一直沿用至今。