寫在前面：

12.重復(fù)強調(diào)：請閱讀英文學(xué)習(xí)，中文僅供參考對照生詞等，勿深究中文語病。

11『CEPT』

CEPT comes from the Latin verb meaning “take, seize.” Capture, which is what a captor has done to a captive, has the same meaning. Captivate once meant literally “capture,” but now means only to capture mentally through charm or appeal. But in some other English words this root produces, such as those below, its meaning is harder to find.

CEPT來源于拉丁語動詞，意思是“抓住，抓住”?！癱apture”，即“captor”對“captive”所做的事情，即抓住。captive曾經(jīng)字面意思是“捕獲”，但現(xiàn)在只意味著通過魅力與吸引力在精神上抓住。但在這個詞根產(chǎn)生的其他一些英語單詞中，比如下列單詞，它的意思較難直接理解。

reception ? [r??sep?n]

n.接待;招待會;接待處;歡迎;接待區(qū);接待儀式;歡迎會;反應(yīng);反響;接收效果;接納

(1) The act of receiving. (2) A social gathering where guests are formally welcomed.

(1)接收的行為。(2)正式歡迎客人的社交聚會。

Although the reception of her plan by the board of directors was enthusiastic, it was months before anything was done about it.

盡管董事會對她的計劃反應(yīng)熱烈，但幾個月后才采取行動。

Reception is the noun form of receive. So at a formal reception, guests are received or welcomed or “taken in.” A bad TV reception means the signal isn’t being received well. When a new novel receives good reviews, we say it has met with a good critical reception. If it gets a poor reception, on the other hand, that’s the same as saying that it wasn’t well-received.

reception是receive的名詞形式。因此，在正式的招待會(reception)上，客人會受到接待或歡迎，或者“被接納”。電視的reception不好意味著信號接收不好。當(dāng)一部新小說獲得好評時，我們說它meet with a good critical reception。而如果它的反響很差，那就等于說它isn’t well-received。

intercept ? [??nt?r?sept]

vt.攔截;攔阻;截住;

n.(數(shù)學(xué))截距;截擊;攔截;截聽;攔截者

To stop, seize, or interrupt (something or someone) before arrival.

在其到達之前阻止、抓住或打斷(某物或某人)。

The explosives had been intercepted by police just before being loaded onto the jet.

爆炸物在裝上飛機之前被警方攔截。

Since the prefix inter means “between,” it's not hard to see how intercept was created. Arms shipments coming to a country are sometimes intercepted, but such interceptions can sometimes be understood as acts of war. In football, soccer, and basketball, players try to intercept the ball as it’s being passed by the other team. In years gone by, letters and documents being carried between officers or officials were sometimes intercepted when the carrier was caught; today, when these communications are generally electronic, an intercepted e-mail isn’t actually stopped, but simply read secretly by a third party.

由于前綴inter表示“between”，因此不難看出intercept是如何被構(gòu)詞的。運往一個國家的武器有時會被攔截，但這種攔截有時可以被理解為戰(zhàn)爭行為。在橄欖球、足球和籃球比賽中，當(dāng)對方傳球時，球員會試圖攔截球。在過去的幾年里，當(dāng)承運人被抓住時，職員或官方之間攜帶的信件和文件有時會被攔截；今天，當(dāng)這些通信通常是電子的時，被攔截的電子郵件不會被實際阻止，而是被第三方秘密讀取。

perceptible ? [p?r?sept?bl]

adj.可察覺的;可感知的;可察覺到的;看得出的;可感覺的

Noticeable or able to be felt by the senses.

感官可以察覺或感覺到的。

Her change in attitude toward him was barely perceptible, and he couldn’t be sure he wasn’t just imagining it.

她對他的態(tài)度變化幾乎感受不到，他無法確定是否只是自己的想象。

Perceptible includes the prefix per-, meaning “through,” so the word refers to whatever can be taken in through the senses. A perceptive person picks up minor changes, small clues, or hints and shades of meaning that others can’t perceive, so one person’s perception-a tiny sound, a slight change in the weather, a different tone of voice-often won’t be perceptible to another.

perceptible包括前綴per-，意思是“through”，所以這個詞指的是通過感官可以理解的任何東西。一個洞察力強的(perceptive)人會發(fā)現(xiàn)別人無法感知(perceive)的細微變化、小線索、暗示和意義的細微差別，因此一個人的感知(perception)——微小的聲音、天氣的輕微變化、不同的語調(diào)——通常不會被另一個人感知到。

susceptible ? [s??sept?bl]

adj.易受影響(或傷害等);敏感;過敏;好動感情的;感情豐富的;善感的;容許…的;可能…的;可以…的

(1) Open to some influence; responsive. (2) Able to be submitted to an action or process.

(1)受到某種影響；反應(yīng)敏捷的(2)能夠被提交給行動或過程的。

She impressed everyone immediately with her intelligence, so they’re now highly susceptible to her influence and usually go along with anything she proposes.

她給每個人的印象都很深刻，因為她的聰明，所以他們現(xiàn)在很容易受到她的影響，通常都會同意她提出的任何建議。

With its prefix sus-, “up,” susceptible refers to something or someone that “takes up” or absorbs like a sponge. A sickly child may be susceptible to colds, and an unlucky adult may be susceptible to back problems. A lonely elderly person may be susceptible to what a con man tells him or her on the phone. And students are usually susceptible to the teaching of an imaginative professor-that is, likely to enjoy and learn from it.

鑒于其前綴sus-，即“up”，susceptible指的是像海綿一樣吸收的某物或某人。一個虛弱的孩子可能容易感冒，而一個不幸的成年人可能容易出現(xiàn)背部問題。一個孤獨的老人可能容易受到騙子的影響。學(xué)生通常容易受到富有想象力的教授的教導(dǎo)，他們很可能會從中受益。

12『FIN』

FIN comes from the Latin word for “end” or “boundary.” Final describes last things, and a finale or a finish is an ending. (And at the end of a French film, you may just see the word “Fin.”) But its meaning is harder to trace in some of the other English words derived from it.

FIN來自拉丁語中的“結(jié)束”或“邊界”。final描述最后的事情，而finale或finish是結(jié)尾。(在一部法語電影的結(jié)尾，你可能看到“Fin”。)但它的含義在其他一些源自它的英語單詞中很難明確。

confine ? [k?n?fa?n]

vt.限制;限定;監(jiān)禁;禁閉;使離不開(或受困于床、輪椅等);

n.范圍;界限;邊界;限度

(1) To keep (someone or something) within limits. (2) To hold (someone) in a location.

(1)限制(某人或某物)在一定范圍內(nèi)。(2)把(某人)保持在某個地方。

He had heard the bad news from the CEO, but when he spoke to his employees he confined his remarks to a few hints that sales had slipped.

他從首席執(zhí)行官那里聽到了這個壞消息，但當(dāng)他與員工交談時，他只對銷售下滑的幾點跡象進行了評論。

Confine means basically to keep someone or something within borders. A person under “house arrest” is confined to his or her house by the government. The discussion at a meeting may be confined to a single topic. A town may keep industrial development confined to one area by means of zoning. And when potholes are being repaired, traffic on a two-way road may be confined to a single lane.

Confine基本上是指將某人或某物限制在邊界內(nèi)。被軟禁即為“confined”在家中。會議上的討論“confined”于單一主題。城鎮(zhèn)可以通過分區(qū)的方式將工業(yè)發(fā)展“confine”在一個區(qū)域內(nèi)。當(dāng)維修坑洞時，雙向道路上的交通可能僅“confine”于單行道。

definitive ? [d??f?n?t?v]

adj.決定性的, 最后的;最可靠的，權(quán)威性的;限定的, 限制的;〈生〉發(fā)育完全的, 定形的;

n.〈語〉限定詞;普通郵票

(1) Authoritative and final. (2) Specifying perfectly or precisely.

(1)權(quán)威性和最終性。(2)完美或精確地指定。

The team’s brilliant research provided a definitive description of the virus and its strange mutation patterns. Something definitive is complete and final. A definitive example is the perfect example. A definitive answer is usually a strong yes or no. A definitive biography contains everything we’ll ever need to know about someone.?

該團隊出色的研究為該病毒及其奇怪的突變模式提供了明確的描述?！癲efinitive”的東西即為完整且最終的。一個“definitive”的例子就是完美的例子。一個“definitive”的答案通常是肯定或否定。一本“definitive”的傳記包含了我們需要了解的關(guān)于某人的一切。

finite ? [?fa?na?t]

adj.有限的;有限制的;限定的

n.有限(性);有限物

Having definite limits.

有明確的界限。

Her ambitions were infinite, but her wealth was finite.

她的野心是無限的，但她的財富是有限的。

infinitesimal ? [??nf?n??tes?ml]

n.無窮小;無限小;極微量;極小量

adj.極小的;微量的

Extremely or immeasurably small.

極小的或(無法測量的)無限小的。

Looking more closely at the research data, he now saw an odd pattern of changes so infinitesimal that they hadn’t been noticed before.

經(jīng)過對研究數(shù)據(jù)的更仔細觀察，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種奇怪的變化模式，這種變化非常微小，以前從未被注意到。

Just as infinite describes something immeasurable (“without limit”), infinitesimal describes something endlessly small.

正如“infinite”描述了無法測量的東西(無極限)一樣，“infinitesimal”描述了無限小的東西。

13『JECT』

JECT comes from jacere, the Latin verb meaning “throw” or “hurl.” To reject something is to throw (or push) it back; to eject something is to throw (or drive) it out; and to inject something is to throw (or squirt) it into something else.

JECT來自拉丁語動詞jacere，意思是“throw”或“hurl”(都是“扔”)?！皉eject”(拒絕)某物就是把它扔回去(或推回去)；“eject”(彈射)某物就是把它扔出去；而“inject”(注入)某物就是把它扔(或噴射)到其他東西里。

interject ? [??nt?r?d?ekt]

v.打斷(別人的講話);插話

To interrupt a conversation with a comment or remark.

用評論打斷談話。

His anger was growing as he listened to the conversation, and every so often he would interject a crude comment.

當(dāng)他聽談話時，他的憤怒越來越大，而且他經(jīng)常插嘴一句粗鄙的話。

According to its Latin roots, interject ought to mean literally “throw between.” For most of the word’s history, however, the only things that have been interjected have been comments dropped suddenly into a conversation. Interjections are often humorous, and sometimes even insulting, and the best interjections are so quick that the conversation isn’t even interrupted.

根據(jù)其拉丁語詞根，interject的字面意思應(yīng)該是“扔進兩者之間”。然而，在這個詞的大部分歷史中，唯一被插入的東西是在對話中突然插入的評論。 “interjection”(感嘆詞)通常是幽默的，有時甚至是侮辱性的，最好的感嘆詞應(yīng)用語速很快，不致中斷對話。

conjecture ? [k?n?d?ekt??r]

n.猜想;推測;猜測;臆測;揣測

v.推測;猜測

To guess.

猜。

He was last heard of in Bogotá, and they conjectured that he had met his end in the Andes at the hands of the guerrillas.

人們最后一次聽說他是在波哥大(哥倫比亞的首都)，他被猜測死于安第斯山脈的游擊隊手中。

Formed with the prefix con-, “together,” conjecture means literally “to throw together”-that is, to produce a theory by putting together a number of facts. So, for example, Columbus conjectured from his calculations that he would reach Asia if he sailed westward, and his later conjecture that there was a “Northwest Passage” by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the North American continent was proved correct centuries later.

由前綴con-(意即“together”) 構(gòu)成的“conjecture”字面意思是“扔在一起”，即通過將一些事實組合在一起來產(chǎn)生一個理論。因此，例如，哥倫布從他的計算中推測，如果他向西航行，他將到達亞洲，而他后來的推測是，從大西洋到太平洋，在北美大陸上空有一條“西北航道”，這在幾個世紀(jì)后被證明是正確的。

projection ? [pr??d?ek?n]

n.預(yù)測;推斷;設(shè)想;投射;放映;投影;放映的影像;投影圖;突起物;(嗓音或聲音的)發(fā)送，傳送，放開;(思想感情的)體現(xiàn)，形象化

An estimate of what might happen in the future based on what is happening now.

根據(jù)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情而對未來可能發(fā)生的事情的預(yù)測。

The president has been hearing different deficit projections all week from the members of his economic team.

總統(tǒng)整個星期都在聽取其經(jīng)濟團隊成員的不同赤字預(yù)測。

Projection has various meanings, but what they all have in common is that something is sent out or forward. A movie is projected onto a screen; a skilled actress projects her voice out into a large theater without seeming to shout; and something sticking out from a wall can be called a projection. But the meaning we focus on here is the one used by businesses and governments. Most projections of this kind are estimates of a company’s sales or profits-or of the finances of a town, state, or country-sometime in the future.

“Projection”有各種各樣的含義，但它們的共同點是對一些東西的發(fā)送或推動。電影被投影到屏幕上；一位技藝精湛的女演員不需要大聲喊叫就將自己的聲音投射到一個大劇院里；從墻上伸出的東西可以稱為“projection”。但我們在這里關(guān)注的是企業(yè)和政府使用的含義。這類“projection”大多是對公司銷售額或利潤的估計，或?qū)ξ磥砟硞€時候某個城鎮(zhèn)、州或國家的財務(wù)狀況的估計。

trajectory ? [tr??d?ekt?ri]

n.彈道;(射體在空中的)軌道;軌跡

The curved path that an object makes in space, or that a thrown object follows as it rises and falls to earth.

物體在太空中形成的彎曲路徑，或投擲物體在上升和降落到地面時所遵循的彎曲路徑。

Considering the likely range, trajectory, and accuracy of a bullet fired from a cheap handgun at 100 yards, the murder seemed incredible.

考慮到一枚廉價手槍在100碼距離處射出的子彈的預(yù)期射程、彈道和準(zhǔn)確度，這起謀殺案似乎令人難以置信。

Formed with part of the prefix trans-, “across,” trajectory means a “hurling across.” By calculating the effect of gravity and other forces, the trajectory of an object launched into space at a known speed can be computed precisely. Missiles stand a chance of hitting their target only if their trajectory has been plotted accurately. The word is used most often in physics and engineering, but not always; We can also say, for example, that the trajectory of a whole life may be set in a person’s youth, or that a new book traces the long trajectory of the French empire.

由前綴trans-(即“cross”)的一部分組成的“trajectory”意味著“拋過”。通過計算重力和其他力的影響，可以精確計算以已知速度發(fā)射到太空的物體的“trajectory”(軌跡)。導(dǎo)彈只有在其“trajectory”(軌跡)被精確繪制的情況下才有機會擊中目標(biāo)。這個詞在物理學(xué)和工程學(xué)中最常用，但并不總是；例如，我們也可以說，整個人生的“trajectory”可能設(shè)定在一個人的青春時期，或者一本新書追溯了法蘭西帝國的漫長“trajectory”。

14『TRACT』

TRACT comes from trahere, the Latin verb meaning "drag or draw." Something attractive draws us toward it. Something distracting pulls your attention away. And when you extract something from behind the sofa, you drag it out.

TRACT來自拉丁語動詞trahere，意思是拖拽或吸引?！癮ttractive”的東西會吸引我們?！癲istracting”的東西會分散你的注意力。當(dāng)你從沙發(fā)后面“extract”東西時，你把它拖出來。

traction ? [?tr?k?n]

n.拖拉;牽引力;拉力;牽引(使體內(nèi)斷骨復(fù)位的療法);(車輪等對地面的)附著摩擦力

The friction that allows a moving thing to move over a surface without slipping.

允許運動物體在表面上移動而不滑動的摩擦力。

The spinning wheels were getting no traction on the ice, and we began to slip backward down the hill.

旋轉(zhuǎn)的輪子在冰面上沒有牽引力，我們開始向后滑下山。

A tractor is something that pulls something else. We usually use the word for a piece of farm machinery, but it’s also the name of the part of a big truck that includes the engine and the cab. Tractors get terrific traction, because of their powerful engines and the deep ridges on their huge wheels. A cross-country skier needs traction to kick herself forward, but doesn’t want it to slow her down when she’s gliding, so the bottom of the skis may have a “fish-scale” surface that permits both of these at the same time.

“tractor”是牽引其他東西的東西。我們通常用這個詞來形容一臺農(nóng)業(yè)機械，但它也是大卡車的一部分的名稱，包括發(fā)動機和駕駛室?！皌ractor”(拖拉機)由于其強大的發(fā)動機和巨大車輪上的深脊而獲得了極好的牽引力。越野滑雪者需要“traction”(牽引力)來向前踢，但不希望在滑行時拖慢速度，因此滑雪板底部有一個“魚鱗”表面以同時實現(xiàn)這兩個條件。

retract ? [r??tr?kt]

v.(使)縮回，(使)縮進(爪、觸角、舌頭等);(使)收起(飛機起落架等);撤回，收回(聲明、諾言、意見等);〈語〉收舌發(fā)(音);〈棋〉悔(著);變卦，食言

(1) To pull back (something) into something larger. (2) To take back (something said or written).

(1)把(某物)拉回更大的東西。(2)收回(所說或?qū)懙臇|西)。

She was forced to retract her comment about her opponent after it was condemned in the press.

在被媒體譴責(zé)后，她被迫撤回了自己對對手的評論。

The prefix re- (“back”) gives retract the meaning of “draw back.” Just as a cat retracts its claws into its paws when they aren’t being used, a public figure may issue a retraction in order to say that he or she no longer wants to say something that has just been said.

前綴re-(“back”)賦予了“retract”收回的含義。正如貓在爪子不被使用時將爪子收回一樣，公眾人物可能會發(fā)布“retraction”(撤回聲明)，表示撤回方才的發(fā)言。

protracted ? [pr??tr?kt?d]

adj.延長的;拖延的;持久的

Drawn out, continued, or extended.

拉長的，繼續(xù)的或延長的。

No one was looking forward to a protracted struggle for custody of the baby.

沒有人期待著為孩子的監(jiān)護權(quán)而進行一場曠日持久的斗爭。

With its prefix pro-, “forward,” protracted usually applies to something drawn out forward in time. A protracted strike may cripple a company; a protracted rainy spell may rot the roots of vegetables; and a protracted lawsuit occasionally outlives the parties involved. Before the invention of the polio vaccines, polio’s many victims had no choice but to suffer a protracted illness and its aftereffects.

鑒于其前綴pro-，即“forward”，“protracted”通常適用于在時間上被拉長的東西。長期罷工可能會使公司癱瘓；長雨季可能會腐爛蔬菜的根；一場曠日持久的訴訟有時會比當(dāng)事人的壽命更長。在小兒麻痹癥疫苗發(fā)明之前，小兒麻痹癥的許多受害者別無選擇，只能忍受長期的疾病及其后遺癥。

intractable ? [?n?tr?kt?bl]

adj.棘手的;很難對付(或處理)的

Not easily handled, led, taught, or controlled.

不容易處理、引導(dǎo)、教導(dǎo)或控制。

Corruption was the country’s intractable problem, and for many years all foreign aid had ended up in the colonels’ pockets.

腐敗是該國的棘手問題，多年來，所有外援都落入上校的腰包。

Intractable simply means “untreatable,” and even comes from the same root. The word may describe both people and conditions. A cancer patient may suffer intractable pain that doctors are unable to treat. An intractable alcoholic goes back to the bottle immediately after “drying out.”

“intractable”基本上是“untreatable”，甚至來自同一個根源。這個詞既可以描述人，也可以描述條件。癌癥患者可能會遭受醫(yī)生無法治療的頑固性疼痛。一個頑固的酒鬼在戒斷后立即回歸酒瓶為伴的生活。

15『DUC/DUCT』

DUC/DUCT, from the Latin verb ducere, “to lead,” shows up regularly in English. Duke means basically “l(fā)eader.” The Italian dictator Mussolini was known simply as Il Duce, “the leader.” But such words as produce and reduce also contain the root, even though their meanings show it less clearly.

DUC/DUCT，來自拉丁語動詞ducere，意為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，在英語中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。“Duke”的意思基本上是“領(lǐng)袖”。意大利獨裁者墨索里尼被簡單地稱為“Il Duce”，即領(lǐng)袖。但produce和reduce等詞盡管也包含其詞根，但其含義難以辨明。

conducive ? [k?n?du?s?v]

adj.有利于;使容易(或有可能)發(fā)生的

Tending to promote, encourage, or assist; helpful.

傾向于促進、鼓勵或幫助的；有用的

She found the atmosphere in the quiet café conducive to study and even to creative thinking.

她發(fā)現(xiàn)安靜的咖啡館里的氣氛有利于學(xué)習(xí)，甚至能醞釀創(chuàng)造性思維。

Something conducive “l(fā)eads to” a desirable result. A cozy living room may be conducive to relaxed conversation, just as a boardroom may be conducive to more intense discussions. Particular tax policies are often conducive to savings and investment, whereas others are conducive to consumer spending. Notice that conducive is almost always followed by to.

一些“conducive”(有益)的事情導(dǎo)致一個理想的結(jié)果。舒適的客廳可能有利于輕松的交談，就像董事會會議室可能有利于更激烈的討論一樣。特定的稅收政策通常有利于儲蓄和投資，而其他政策則有利于消費者支出。注意，conductive后面幾乎總是接to。

deduction ? [d??d?k?n]

n.演繹;推論;推理;扣除(額);減去(數(shù))

(1) Subtraction. (2) The reaching of a conclusion by reasoning.

(1)減法。(2)通過推理得出結(jié)論。

Foretelling the future by deduction based on a political or economic theory has proved to be extremely difficult.

事實證明，通過基于政治或經(jīng)濟理論的推斷來預(yù)測未來是極其困難的。

Deduction also means “reasoning,” and particularly reasoning based on general principles to produce specific findings. Mathematical reasoning is almost always deduction, for instance, since it is based on general rules. But when Dr. Watson exclaims “Brilliant deduction, my dear Holmes!” he simply means “brilliant reasoning,” since Sherlock Holmes’s solutions are based on specific details he has noticed rather than on general principles.

演繹也意味著推理，特別是基于一般原則的推理，以產(chǎn)生具體的結(jié)果。例如，數(shù)學(xué)推理幾乎總是推理，因為它是基于一般規(guī)則的。但當(dāng)華生驚呼“完美的推理，我親愛的福爾摩斯！”時，他的意思只是“聰明的推論”，因為福爾摩斯的解決方案是基于他注意到的具體細節(jié)而不是一般原則。

induce ? [?n?du?s]

vt.誘導(dǎo);引起;導(dǎo)致;誘使;勸說;引產(chǎn);催生

(1) Persuade, influence. (2) Bring about.

(1)說服、影響。(2)帶來。

To induce him to make the call we had to promise we wouldn't do it again.

為了誘使他打電話，我們必須保證不會再做了。

Inducing is usually gentle persuasion; you may, for instance, induce a friend to go to a concert, or induce a child to stop crying. An inducement is something that might lure you to do something, though inducements are occasionally a bit menacing, like the Godfather’s offer that you can’t refuse. Induce also sometimes means “produce”. thus, doctors must at times induce labor in a pregnant woman. Notice that induct and induction are somewhat different from induce and inducement, though they come from the identical roots.

誘導(dǎo)通常是溫和的勸說；例如，你可以誘導(dǎo)朋友去聽音樂會，或者誘導(dǎo)孩子停止哭泣。誘因是一種可能誘使你做某事的東西，盡管誘因有時有點嚇人，比如教父的提議，你無法拒絕。誘導(dǎo)有時也意味著“生產(chǎn)”。因此，醫(yī)生有時必須為孕婦引產(chǎn)。

seduction ? [s??d?k?n]

n.誘奸;誘惑力;魅力;吸引力

(1) Temptation to sin, especially temptation to sexual intercourse. (2) Attraction or charm.

(1)犯罪的誘惑，尤指性。(2)吸引力或魅力。

The company began its campaign of seduction of the smaller firm by inviting its top management to a series of weekends at expensive resorts.

該公司開始了吸引這家小公司的活動，邀請其高級管理人員在昂貴的度假勝地度過一系列周末。

Seduction, with its prefix se-, “aside,” means basically “l(fā)ead aside or astray.” Seduction takes less physical forms. Advertisements constantly try to seduce us (often using sex as a temptation) into buying products we hadn’t even known existed.

誘惑，前綴為se-，“aside”，意思基本上是“引開或誤入歧途”。誘惑采取較少的身體形式。廣告經(jīng)常試圖引誘我們(通常以性作為誘惑)購買我們甚至不知道存在的產(chǎn)品。