2003年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解第三篇重點(diǎn)單詞匯總

2003年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解第三篇重點(diǎn)單詞匯總
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In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a serious of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carries.
近年來(lái),鐵路公司一直在相互結(jié)合,合并成超級(jí)系統(tǒng),引起了人們對(duì)壟斷的高度擔(dān)憂。就在1995年,排名前四位位的鐵路占鐵路運(yùn)輸總里程的不到70%。明年,在一系列合并完成后,只有四條鐵路將控制主要鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)?0%以上的貨物。
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distance, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
新的超級(jí)系統(tǒng)的支持者認(rèn)為,這些合并將允許大幅降低成本和更好的協(xié)調(diào)服務(wù)。他們認(rèn)為,任何壟斷威脅都被卡車(chē)的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)所消除。但許多托運(yùn)人抱怨說(shuō),對(duì)于長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐?,如煤炭、化學(xué)品和谷物,卡車(chē)運(yùn)輸成本太高,因此鐵路需要成本。
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive”?shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)部的巨大整合意味著,大多數(shù)托運(yùn)人只由一家鐵路公司提供服務(wù)。鐵路公司通常會(huì)向這種“被俘虜”的托運(yùn)人收取比另一家鐵路公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)該業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)高出20%到30%的費(fèi)用。認(rèn)為自己被過(guò)高收費(fèi)的托運(yùn)人有權(quán)呼吁聯(lián)邦政府的地面運(yùn)輸委員會(huì)減免費(fèi)率,但這個(gè)過(guò)程昂貴、耗時(shí),只有在真正極端的情況下才有效。
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the ground that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue ,shippers who have the option of switching to truck or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”?asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
鐵路公司證明對(duì)圈養(yǎng)托運(yùn)人進(jìn)行費(fèi)率歧視的理由是,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,它降低了每個(gè)人的成本。他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路公司向所有客戶(hù)收取相同的平均費(fèi)率,那么可以選擇改用卡車(chē)或其他運(yùn)輸方式的托運(yùn)人就會(huì)這樣做,讓剩下的客戶(hù)承擔(dān)維持線路的成本。許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都贊同這一理論,但在實(shí)踐中,它往往讓鐵路公司決定哪些公司會(huì)繁榮,哪些將失敗?!拔覀冋娴南MF路成為市場(chǎng)上誰(shuí)贏誰(shuí)輸?shù)闹俨谜邌??”?jīng)常代表托運(yùn)人的華盛頓律師馬丁·貝爾科維奇問(wèn)道。
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying casts of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
許多被扣押的托運(yùn)人還擔(dān)心,他們很快就會(huì)受到一輪大幅加息的打擊。鐵路行業(yè)作為一個(gè)整體,盡管命運(yùn)很光明,但它的收入仍不足以支付它必須投資的交通飆升的資本成本。然而,鐵路公司卻繼續(xù)借貸數(shù)十億美元,在華爾街的鼓勵(lì)下,相互收購(gòu)。想想諾福克南方和CSX今年以102億美元收購(gòu)康雷公司。康雷1996年瑞爾的鐵路凈運(yùn)營(yíng)收入僅為4.27億美元,不到交易承載金額的一半。誰(shuí)來(lái)支付剩下的賬單呢?隨著諾??四戏胶娇展竞虲SX航空公司增加了他們對(duì)市場(chǎng)的控制,許多被俘虜?shù)陌l(fā)貨人擔(dān)心他們會(huì)這樣做。
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railroad ?n. 鐵路;鐵道;鐵路公司;鐵路部門(mén)
v. 迫使…倉(cāng)促行事;強(qiáng)迫…做;輕率判處; 在鐵路工作;乘火車(chē)旅行
過(guò)去分詞:railroaded
現(xiàn)在分詞:railroading
過(guò)去式:railroaded
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):railroads
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combine ?v. 使結(jié)合,混合;融合;協(xié)力,聯(lián)合;同時(shí)做;(人)兼具,兼有;(使)結(jié)合;(使)聯(lián)合;(使)合并;(使)綜合
n. 聯(lián)盟,集團(tuán);聯(lián)合收割機(jī)
過(guò)去分詞:combined
現(xiàn)在分詞:combining
過(guò)去式:combined
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):combines
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merge ?vt.& vi. (使)混合;相融;融入;漸漸消失在某物中
過(guò)去分詞:merged
現(xiàn)在分詞:merging
過(guò)去式:merged
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):merges
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heighten ?vt.& vi. (使)變高;(使)加強(qiáng)
過(guò)去分詞:heightened
現(xiàn)在分詞:heightening
過(guò)去式:heightened
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):heightens
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monopoly ?n. 壟斷;專(zhuān)賣(mài);壟斷者;專(zhuān)利品
復(fù)數(shù):monopolies
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account ?n. 賬號(hào);賬目,賬單;賒購(gòu);描述,解釋?zhuān)焕现黝?/span>
v. 認(rèn)為是;解釋
過(guò)去分詞:accounted
現(xiàn)在分詞:accounting
過(guò)去式:accounted
復(fù)數(shù):accounts
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):accounts
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merger ?n. (兩個(gè)公司的)合并;聯(lián)合體;吸收
復(fù)數(shù):mergers
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complete ?adj. 完全的,完整的;包含;齊全的,全部的;完成的;全能的
v. 使齊全;結(jié)束;完成;填寫(xiě)(表格等)
過(guò)去分詞:completed
現(xiàn)在分詞:completing
名詞:completeness
過(guò)去式:completed
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):completes
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control ?n. 統(tǒng)治;控制(力);克制;管理;限制;控制按鈕;檢查站/人員;對(duì)照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
v. 指揮;控制;限定;限制;阻止蔓延;抑制
過(guò)去分詞:controlled
現(xiàn)在分詞:controlling
過(guò)去式:controlled
復(fù)數(shù):controls
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freight ?n. 貨運(yùn),貨物;運(yùn)費(fèi);船運(yùn)貨物;貨運(yùn)列車(chē)
vt. 運(yùn)輸;裝貨于
過(guò)去分詞:freighted
現(xiàn)在分詞:freighting
過(guò)去式:freighted
復(fù)數(shù):freights
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):freights
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support ?v. 支持;幫助,資助;養(yǎng)活,維持;支撐;證實(shí)
n. 支持;幫助;支撐(物);證據(jù)
過(guò)去分詞:supported
現(xiàn)在分詞:supporting
過(guò)去式:supported
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):supports
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super ?adj. 極好的
adv. 非常
n. 警長(zhǎng);管理人
復(fù)數(shù):supers
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substantial ?adj. 大量的;結(jié)實(shí)的,牢固的;重大的
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reduction ?n. 減少;降低;折扣;還原;縮圖
復(fù)數(shù):reductions
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coordinate ?v. (使)協(xié)調(diào);搭配
adj. 〈語(yǔ)法〉同等的,并列的;坐標(biāo)的
過(guò)去分詞:coordinated
現(xiàn)在分詞:coordinating
名詞:coordinator
過(guò)去式:coordinated
復(fù)數(shù):coordinates
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):coordinates
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threat ?n. 威脅;征兆
復(fù)數(shù):threats
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argue ?v. 爭(zhēng)論,爭(zhēng)吵;辯論,討論;論證;表明;主張,認(rèn)為;不承認(rèn)
過(guò)去分詞:argued
現(xiàn)在分詞:arguing
過(guò)去式:argued
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):argues
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fierce ?adj. 兇猛的;狂熱的;強(qiáng)烈的;惡劣的
副詞:fiercely
比較級(jí):fiercer
最高級(jí):fiercest
名詞:fierceness
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competition ?n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng);比賽;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品
復(fù)數(shù):competitions
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truck ?n. 貨車(chē);(鐵路的)無(wú)蓋貨車(chē);(行李)搬運(yùn)車(chē)
vt. 用卡車(chē)裝運(yùn)
vi. 駕駛卡車(chē);以物易物
過(guò)去分詞:trucked
現(xiàn)在分詞:trucking
過(guò)去式:trucked
復(fù)數(shù):trucks
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):trucks
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complain ?v. 抱怨,發(fā)牢騷
過(guò)去分詞:complained
現(xiàn)在分詞:complaining
過(guò)去式:complained
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):complains
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commodity ?n. 商品;有用的東西
復(fù)數(shù):commodities
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distance ?n. 距離;遙遠(yuǎn),久遠(yuǎn);疏遠(yuǎn);遠(yuǎn)方;冷淡
adj. 遠(yuǎn)程的
v. 使疏遠(yuǎn)
過(guò)去分詞:distanced
現(xiàn)在分詞:distancing
過(guò)去式:distanced
復(fù)數(shù):distances
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):distances
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throat ?n. 咽喉;頸前部;[植物學(xué)]管頸
復(fù)數(shù):throats
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consolidation ?n. 鞏固;合并
復(fù)數(shù):consolidations
動(dòng)詞:consolidate
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industry ?n. 工業(yè);產(chǎn)業(yè)(經(jīng)濟(jì)詞匯);工業(yè)界;勤勞
復(fù)數(shù):industries
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typical ?adj. 典型的;特有的;一貫的,平常的
比較級(jí):more typical
最高級(jí):most typical
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captive ?adj. 被監(jiān)禁的,被關(guān)押的;(市場(chǎng))壟斷的
n. 囚徒;俘虜
復(fù)數(shù):captives
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percent ?n. 百分比
adj. 每一百中
adv. 每一百中
復(fù)數(shù):percent
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overcharge ?vt. 對(duì)…要價(jià)過(guò)高;向…亂討價(jià);使…過(guò)度充電;壓倒
vi. 過(guò)度充電;討價(jià)過(guò)高
過(guò)去分詞:overcharged
現(xiàn)在分詞:overcharging
過(guò)去式:overcharged
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):overcharges
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federal ?adj. 聯(lián)邦制的;聯(lián)邦政府的
副詞:federally
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surface ?n. 表面,表層;臺(tái)面,操作臺(tái);外表
v. 浮出水面;公開(kāi);露面
adj. (軍隊(duì))陸上的,水上的
過(guò)去分詞:surfaced
現(xiàn)在分詞:surfacing
過(guò)去式:surfaced
復(fù)數(shù):surfaces
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):surfaces
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transportation ?n. 運(yùn)輸;交通工具,運(yùn)輸工具;流放
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relief ?n. 寬慰,解脫;減輕;救濟(jì);輕松場(chǎng)面;接替人;解圍;浮雕;醒目;突出品質(zhì)
復(fù)數(shù):reliefs
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process ?n. 過(guò)程;變化過(guò)程;做事方法
v. 加工;處理;沖印;審核;列隊(duì)行進(jìn)
過(guò)去分詞:processed
現(xiàn)在分詞:processing
過(guò)去式:processed
復(fù)數(shù):processes
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):processes
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expensive ?adj. 昂貴的
副詞:expensively
比較級(jí):more expensive
最高級(jí):most expensive
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consume ?v. 消耗;吞噬;充滿(感情);吃喝;燒毀
過(guò)去分詞:consumed
現(xiàn)在分詞:consuming
過(guò)去式:consumed
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):consumes
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extreme ?adj. 極其的;極端的;偏激的;盡頭的
n. 極端
復(fù)數(shù):extremes
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justify ?vt. 證明…有理;為…辯護(hù);對(duì)…作出解釋
vi. 整理版面;證明合法
過(guò)去分詞:justified
現(xiàn)在分詞:justifying
過(guò)去式:justified
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):justifies
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discrimination ?n. 區(qū)別對(duì)待;鑒別力;區(qū)別
復(fù)數(shù):discriminations
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ground ?n. 地面,土地;基礎(chǔ);范圍;陣地,戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)
vi. 擱淺,停飛;著陸
vt. 把…放在地上;在…的基礎(chǔ)樹(shù)立上;交給…基本知識(shí);使…受初步訓(xùn)練
v. grind的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞
adj. 磨細(xì)的;磨碎的
過(guò)去分詞:grounded
現(xiàn)在分詞:grounding
過(guò)去式:grounded
復(fù)數(shù):grounds
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):grounds
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reduce ?v. 減少,縮??;使變成;節(jié)食;使不得不;使淪為(不好境地);(使)濃縮
過(guò)去分詞:reduced
現(xiàn)在分詞:reducing
過(guò)去式:reduced
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):reduces
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average ?adj. 平均的;正常的,一般的
n. 平均數(shù);平均水平
v. 平均為;算出…的平均數(shù)
副詞:averagely
過(guò)去分詞:averaged
現(xiàn)在分詞:averaging
過(guò)去式:averaged
復(fù)數(shù):averages
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):averages
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option ?n. 選擇;選擇權(quán);可選擇的事物
復(fù)數(shù):options
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switch ?n. (電路的)開(kāi)關(guān),閘,轉(zhuǎn)換器;改變,轉(zhuǎn)變
v. 改變,轉(zhuǎn)變;交換,調(diào)換;調(diào)班
過(guò)去分詞:switched
現(xiàn)在分詞:switching
過(guò)去式:switched
復(fù)數(shù):switches
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):switches
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truck ?n. 貨車(chē);(鐵路的)無(wú)蓋貨車(chē);(行李)搬運(yùn)車(chē)
vt. 用卡車(chē)裝運(yùn)
vi. 駕駛卡車(chē);以物易物
過(guò)去分詞:trucked
現(xiàn)在分詞:trucking
過(guò)去式:trucked
復(fù)數(shù):trucks
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):trucks
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form ?n. 類(lèi)型;形態(tài),外形;表格;狀態(tài)
v. 形成,構(gòu)成;組建,排列
過(guò)去分詞:formed
現(xiàn)在分詞:forming
過(guò)去式:formed
復(fù)數(shù):forms
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):forms
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transportation ?n. 運(yùn)輸;交通工具,運(yùn)輸工具;流放
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remain ?v. 保持不變;繼續(xù)存在;仍需去做;停留;剩下
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shoulder ?n. 肩膀;路肩
v. 承擔(dān);闖;推開(kāi)
過(guò)去分詞:shouldered
現(xiàn)在分詞:shouldering
過(guò)去式:shouldered
復(fù)數(shù):shoulders
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):shoulders
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theory ?n. 學(xué)說(shuō);理論;觀點(diǎn);猜想
復(fù)數(shù):theories
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economist ?n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家
復(fù)數(shù):economists
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subscribe ?vt.& vi. 認(rèn)捐,捐贈(zèng);簽署,題詞,署名;認(rèn)購(gòu);訂閱,訂購(gòu)
過(guò)去分詞:subscribed
現(xiàn)在分詞:subscribing
過(guò)去式:subscribed
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):subscribes
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practice ?n. 常規(guī);實(shí)踐;習(xí)俗;訓(xùn)練;工作;診所,事務(wù)所
v. 練習(xí)
過(guò)去分詞:practiced
現(xiàn)在分詞:practicing
過(guò)去式:practiced
復(fù)數(shù):practices
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):practices
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position ?n. 位置;姿勢(shì);地位;職位;名次;處境;立場(chǎng);陣地
v. 安放;定位;駐扎
過(guò)去分詞:positioned
現(xiàn)在分詞:positioning
過(guò)去式:positioned
復(fù)數(shù):positions
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):positions
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determine ?v. 查明;測(cè)定;準(zhǔn)確算出;決定;敲定,安排;下決心
過(guò)去分詞:determined
現(xiàn)在分詞:determining
過(guò)去式:determined
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):determines
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flourish ?vi. 揮舞;茂盛,繁榮;活躍,蓬勃
vt. 揮動(dòng),揮舞
n. 揮舞,揮動(dòng);花樣,華麗的辭藻;夸張的行為或手勢(shì);花式吹奏
過(guò)去分詞:flourished
現(xiàn)在分詞:flourishing
過(guò)去式:flourished
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):flourishes
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arbiter ?n. [法]仲裁人,裁決者;權(quán)威人士,主宰者
復(fù)數(shù):arbiters
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marketplace ?n. 市場(chǎng),集市;商業(yè)界
復(fù)數(shù):marketplaces
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frequent ?adj. 頻繁的
v. 常去
過(guò)去分詞:frequented
現(xiàn)在分詞:frequenting
過(guò)去式:frequented
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):frequents
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represent ?v. 代表;象征;維護(hù)…的利益;相當(dāng)于;描繪;正式提出
過(guò)去分詞:represented
現(xiàn)在分詞:representing
過(guò)去式:represented
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):represents
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captive ?adj. 被監(jiān)禁的,被關(guān)押的;(市場(chǎng))壟斷的
n. 囚徒;俘虜
復(fù)數(shù):captives
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huge ?adj. 巨大的;走紅的
比較級(jí):huger
最高級(jí):hugest
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despite ?prep. 盡管,雖然;不由自主
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brighten ?v. 照亮,使更艷麗;露出喜色;(眼睛)發(fā)亮;(使)變得樂(lè)觀;放晴
過(guò)去分詞:brightened
現(xiàn)在分詞:brightening
過(guò)去式:brightened
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):brightens
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fortune ?n. 大筆的錢(qián);時(shí)運(yùn),運(yùn)氣;命運(yùn)
過(guò)去分詞:fortuned
現(xiàn)在分詞:fortuning
過(guò)去式:fortuned
復(fù)數(shù):fortunes
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):fortunes
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capital ?n. 首都,省會(huì),中心;資本;(借款等)本金;大寫(xiě)字母;柱頂
adj. 資本的;死刑的;大寫(xiě)的
復(fù)數(shù):capitals
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surge ?n. 洶涌;激增;大量;奔涌向前
v. 洶涌;使強(qiáng)烈地感到;激增;飛漲
過(guò)去分詞:surged
現(xiàn)在分詞:surging
過(guò)去式:surged
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):surges
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traffic ?n. 車(chē)流;交通;航線;運(yùn)輸量;信息流;非法買(mǎi)賣(mài)
v. 非法買(mǎi)賣(mài)(毒品等)
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continue ?v. 持續(xù);繼續(xù),再開(kāi)始;移動(dòng);延伸;留任;維持現(xiàn)狀;接著說(shuō)
過(guò)去分詞:continued
現(xiàn)在分詞:continuing
過(guò)去式:continued
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):continues
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borrow ?v. 借,貸;借用,引用
過(guò)去分詞:borrowed
現(xiàn)在分詞:borrowing
過(guò)去式:borrowed
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):borrows
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acquire ?v. 獲得,得到;購(gòu)得;養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣)
過(guò)去分詞:acquired
現(xiàn)在分詞:acquiring
過(guò)去式:acquired
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):acquires
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cheer ?v. 喝彩;歡呼;加油;鼓舞
n. 愉快;歡呼聲;加油歌
形容詞:cheering
過(guò)去分詞:cheered
現(xiàn)在分詞:cheering
過(guò)去式:cheered
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):cheers
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consider ?v. 認(rèn)為,考慮;體諒,顧及;端詳
過(guò)去分詞:considered
現(xiàn)在分詞:considering
過(guò)去式:considered
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):considers
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operate ?v. 經(jīng)營(yíng);工作;運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);操作;動(dòng)手術(shù);作戰(zhàn)
過(guò)去分詞:operated
現(xiàn)在分詞:operating
過(guò)去式:operated
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù):operates
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income ?n. 收入;所得 ;收益
復(fù)數(shù):incomes
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