原文標(biāo)題：
New universities
Britain’s surprising, upstart universities
A handful of new institutions are set on upending higher education
新大學(xué)
英國(guó)令人驚訝的新辦大學(xué)
一些新機(jī)構(gòu)將顛覆高等教育

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SIR JAMES DYSON, a designer of whizzy home appliances who became a billionaire, has long complained that Britain pumps out too few engineers. So a few years ago he set out to mint graduates of his own.

詹姆斯·戴森爵士是一位出色的家用電器設(shè)計(jì)師，后來成為了億萬(wàn)富翁，他一直抱怨英國(guó)培養(yǎng)出來的工程師太少。因此，幾年前，他開始辦學(xué)校，培養(yǎng)自己的畢業(yè)生。

A mini-university he created at his company’s glassy research facility in Wiltshire now has about 160 youngsters enrolled, all in engineering.

他在威爾特郡的玻璃研究中心（他自己的公司）里創(chuàng)建了一所微型大學(xué)，現(xiàn)在約有 160 名年輕人在這里就讀，全部都是工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生。

They spend two days a week in lessons and the rest working on real products, for which they earn a salary. They pay no fees and incur no loans.

學(xué)生每周花兩天時(shí)間上課，其余時(shí)間都在研發(fā)實(shí)際產(chǎn)品，以此獲得薪水。他們不需要交學(xué)費(fèi)或貸款上學(xué)。

Instead of residential halls, newcomers live in timber “pods” stacked near Dyson’s labs; on a sunny September afternoon they stand ready for incoming freshers.

新生們不住宿舍，而是住在戴森實(shí)驗(yàn)室附近的木制 "吊艙 "里；在9月一個(gè)陽(yáng)光明媚的下午，這些 "吊艙 "隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備迎接新生。

Two undergraduates say they turned down Cambridge for the chance to attend.
兩名本科生說，他們拒絕了劍橋大學(xué)的入學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)。

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The Dyson Institute in Malmesbury, one of a clutch of universities that have opened in recent years, saw its first students graduate in 2021.

馬姆斯伯里的戴森學(xué)院是近年來開辦的眾多大學(xué)之一，戴森學(xué)院首屆學(xué)生于 2021 年畢業(yè)。

In the past it was almost impossible for such outfits to hand out degrees unless they first partnered with an existing institution.

過去，這類機(jī)構(gòu)幾乎無(wú)權(quán)頒發(fā)學(xué)位，除非先與現(xiàn)有大學(xué)合作。

Now upstarts may apply to operate independently from day one—a consequence of rule changes the government introduced in 2017.

現(xiàn)在，新辦大學(xué)從開學(xué)第一天起就可以申請(qǐng)獨(dú)立運(yùn)營(yíng)--這是政府在 2017 年推出的規(guī)則變更的結(jié)果。

Having lifted caps that limited how many people could attend university, policymakers hoped that new providers would keep incumbents on their toes and encourage innovation in higher education.

政策制定者取消了大學(xué)入學(xué)人數(shù)限制，他們希望新辦大學(xué)能夠讓現(xiàn)有大學(xué)有危機(jī)感，并鼓勵(lì)高等教育領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新。

The result, so far, is a handful of energetic new institutions. But the campaign for their expansion needs another shove.
因此截至目前，出現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)富有活力的新機(jī)構(gòu)。但是，這些新機(jī)構(gòu)的擴(kuò)張運(yùn)動(dòng)還需要更多的推動(dòng)力。

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So far seven new bodies have received “degree awarding powers”, though they are not yet supposed to use the term “university”, which remains a tightly protected title.

目前已有7個(gè)新機(jī)構(gòu)獲得“學(xué)位授予權(quán)”，但它們還不能使用“大學(xué)”這個(gè)受嚴(yán)格保護(hù)的機(jī)構(gòu)名稱。

Most teach only one or two degrees, usually in technical subjects whose graduates are in the most demand from employers.

大多數(shù)新機(jī)構(gòu)只教授一兩個(gè)學(xué)位，學(xué)生通常學(xué)的是用人單位最需要的技術(shù)科目。

In Hereford the New Model Institute for Technology and Engineering (NMITE) offers bachelor’s degrees that can be finished in two years—and upgraded to a master’s degree with one additional year.

赫里福德的新模范技術(shù)與工程學(xué)院 (NMITE) 提供可在兩年內(nèi)完成的學(xué)士學(xué)位，并可通過再學(xué)習(xí)一年完成碩士學(xué)位。

That saves students money; NMITE’s classes run daily from nine to five, and pause only briefly in the summer.
這樣可以為學(xué)生節(jié)省開支；NMITE每天朝九晚五上課，只在暑假稍作休息。

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There are no lectures at The Engineering & Design Institute (TEDI-London), which operates from a waterside campus in east London that is packed with 3D printers.

工程與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院（TEDI-London）在倫敦東部的一個(gè)水邊校園里沒有講座，那個(gè)校區(qū)擺滿了3D打印機(jī)。

Its students spend 85% of their time doing practical projects, says Judy Raper, its boss.

該校負(fù)責(zé)人朱迪·拉珀說，學(xué)生們 85% 的時(shí)間都花在了實(shí)踐項(xiàng)目上。

TEDI-London expects applicants to its engineering courses to have decent grades, but does not insist they have A-levels in both maths and physics, as is standard elsewhere.

工程與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院倫敦校區(qū)希望其工程專業(yè)的申請(qǐng)人成績(jī)不錯(cuò)，但不要求申請(qǐng)人的數(shù)學(xué)和物理均要有A級(jí)成績(jī)，這與其他機(jī)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同。

That helps to attract clever candidates, including girls, who might otherwise overlook the discipline.
這有助于吸引聰明的申請(qǐng)人，包括那些可能會(huì)忽視這門學(xué)科的女孩們。

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Perhaps the most novel degrees are offered by the London Interdisciplinary School (LIS) in Whitechapel, whose first cohort of polymaths graduate next year.

倫敦跨學(xué)科學(xué)院（LIS）白教堂校區(qū)提供最新穎的學(xué)位課程，首屆多才多藝的畢業(yè)生將于明年畢業(yè)。

Each term its students examine a different thorny issue: inequality, say, or sustainability.

學(xué)生每學(xué)期都會(huì)研究一個(gè)不同的難題，比如不平等或可持續(xù)性。

Rather than pick one subject, they study things as diverse as philosophy and data science; eventually they earn a degree in “interdisciplinary” studies.

學(xué)生不是專攻一門學(xué)科，而是會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)和數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)等不同的學(xué)科；最終他們會(huì)獲得“跨學(xué)科”學(xué)位。

Ed Fidoe, a LIS founder, says that nurturing broad thinkers is crucial to solving big problems.
倫敦跨學(xué)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)始人埃德·菲多表示，培養(yǎng)多元思考者對(duì)于解決重大問題至關(guān)重要。

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If these new outfits are zingy, for the moment they are all still very small. There are also fewer of them than reformers a few years ago had hoped.

如果說這些新機(jī)構(gòu)很有活力，但目前它們的規(guī)模都還很小。機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量也比幾年前改革者所希望的要少。

It takes uncommon gumption to get a new university off the ground.

創(chuàng)辦一所新大學(xué)需要非凡的勇氣。

“There’s no guidebook,” says James Newby of NMITE. Before creating LIS, Mr Fidoe set up a London secondary school; he says that breaking into higher education has been a lot tougher.

NMITE 的詹姆斯·紐比說：“沒有辦學(xué)指南。”在創(chuàng)辦倫敦跨學(xué)科學(xué)院之前，費(fèi)多在倫敦創(chuàng)辦了一所中學(xué)；他說，相比之下，進(jìn)軍高等教育要困難得多。

New entrants have to battle big incumbents, including some with the “oldest brands in the world”.
新辦學(xué)府必須與現(xiàn)有大學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，其中包括一些“世界老牌大學(xué)”。

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The bigger challenge is that, despite promises, regulation continues to hamper the new providers.

更大的挑戰(zhàn)在于，盡管做出了承諾，但監(jiān)管仍然阻礙著新的辦學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)。

Though upstarts are no longer forced into partnerships with their competitors, they must convince the Office for Students (OfS), Britain’s newish universities regulator, that they are made of the right stuff. That process has sometimes taken years.

盡管新辦機(jī)構(gòu)不再被迫與老牌大學(xué)建立合作伙伴關(guān)系，但他們必須讓英國(guó)新成立的大學(xué)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)--學(xué)生辦公室（OfS）相信他們的實(shí)力。這個(gè)過程有時(shí)需要數(shù)年時(shí)間。

Jo Johnson, a former universities minister whose reforms helped to create the OfS, says that in too many cases the regulator has saddled new providers with “endless delays, mindless bureaucracy, and unreasonable demands”.

前大學(xué)部長(zhǎng)喬·約翰遜的改革幫助創(chuàng)建了 OfS，他表示，在很多情況下，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)讓新的辦學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)忍受著 "無(wú)盡的拖延、無(wú)謂的官僚主義和無(wú)理的要求"。

Innovators say the box-ticking has been hardest for outfits unwilling to promise they will do things the same way as everyone else.
創(chuàng)新者說，對(duì)于不愿承諾與其他大學(xué)做相同事情的新辦機(jī)構(gòu)來說，條條框框的要求是最苛刻的。

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The pandemic slowed things.

疫情減緩了事情的發(fā)展。

Conservatives once championed “challenger” institutions, but no longer talk about them much. Ruling politicians have been preoccupied with a crackdown on “rip-off university degrees”.

保守派曾一度支持“挑戰(zhàn)者”機(jī)構(gòu)，但現(xiàn)在已不再多談。執(zhí)政黨政客們一直專注于打擊“野雞大學(xué)學(xué)位”。

This rouses their base, but hardly encourages the regulator to welcome new entrants.

這引起了支持者的興趣，但卻不鼓勵(lì)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歡迎新參與者。

It doesn’t help that ministers have given the OfS lots of new tasks, such as policing academic freedom and monitoring policies on harassment.

部長(zhǎng)們賦予了 OfS 大量新任務(wù)，例如監(jiān)管學(xué)術(shù)自由和監(jiān)控騷擾政策，這也無(wú)濟(jì)于事。

That limits the time and resources it can use for working with startups.
這限制了OfS與新辦機(jī)構(gòu)合作的時(shí)間和資源。

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The zeal for “challenger” universities deserves to be rediscovered (it may be easier once employment data for their graduates show that they create a successful pathway to well-paid jobs).

我們應(yīng)該重燃對(duì)“挑戰(zhàn)者”大學(xué)的熱情（一旦畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)表明新辦大學(xué)創(chuàng)造了通往高薪工作的成功路徑，這可能會(huì)更容易）。

With the right policies, this demographic bulge could be used to plant universities in cities that presently go without one, and increase competition everywhere else.
如果政策得當(dāng)，就可以利用人口膨脹在目前沒有大學(xué)的城市創(chuàng)辦大學(xué)，增加各地的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

（恭喜讀完，本篇英語(yǔ)詞匯量922左右）
原文出自：2023年9月16日《The Economist》Britain版塊

精讀筆記來源于：自由英語(yǔ)之路

本文翻譯整理: Irene本文編輯校對(duì): Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】（來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
詹姆斯·戴森（James Dyson）是一位著名的英國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師和發(fā)明家，他最廣為人知的作品是吸塵器。他年輕時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)。在20世紀(jì)60年代末，他開始獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)吸塵器，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)吸塵器的設(shè)計(jì)不能有效地清理地面。他在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行了大量試驗(yàn)和研究，最終開發(fā)出了一種名為“戴森”（Dyson）的新型吸塵器，它使用一種名為“環(huán)流動(dòng)力學(xué)”的技術(shù)，可以更有效地清理地面。

【重點(diǎn)句子】（3個(gè)）
So far seven new bodies have received “degree awarding powers”, though they are not yet supposed to use the term “university”, which remains a tightly protected title.
目前已有7個(gè)新機(jī)構(gòu)獲得“學(xué)位授予權(quán)”，但它們還不能使用“大學(xué)”這個(gè)受嚴(yán)格保護(hù)的機(jī)構(gòu)名稱。

Rather than pick one subject, they study things as diverse as philosophy and data science; eventually they earn a degree in “interdisciplinary” studies.
學(xué)生不是專攻一門學(xué)科，而是會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)和數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)等不同的學(xué)科；最終他們會(huì)獲得“跨學(xué)科”學(xué)位。

It takes uncommon gumption to get a new university off the ground.
創(chuàng)辦一所新大學(xué)需要非凡的勇氣。