問 題?與 解 答

婦女在新教改革中的作用是什么？

? ? ? ? ? ?婦女在新教改革中的作用因其所屬的新教教派而異。再洗禮派將婦女提升到權(quán)威的位置，但大多數(shù)教派沒有這樣做。

新教改革對(duì)女性有幫助嗎？

? ? ? ? ? 新教改革通過鼓勵(lì)婦女接受教育和允許更多的個(gè)人自由來幫助婦女，盡管她們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬先匀粚儆谄拮雍湍赣H的角色。

誰是新教改革中最著名的女性？

? ? ? ? ? 卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉是新教改革中最著名的女性，她是馬丁·路德的妻子，幫助他確立了基督教的愿景。

女性是如何幫助建立新教改革的？

? ? ? ? ? 婦女通過自己作為改革者的努力、著作、政治權(quán)力，以及支持她們的丈夫，幫助其宗教改革的事業(yè)。

新 教 改 革 中 的 十 位 女 性

Women played a vital role in the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) not only by supporting the major reformers as wives but also through their own literary and political influence. Their contributions were largely marginalized in the past, but modern-day scholarship has highlighted women's roles and established their importance in spreading the reformed vision of Christianity.

? ? ? ? ? 婦女在新教改革（1517-1648年）中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，她們不僅作為妻子支持主要的改革者（丈夫），而且還通過自己的文學(xué)和政治影響力發(fā)揮作用。她們的貢獻(xiàn)在過去基本上被邊緣化了，但現(xiàn)代的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了婦女的作用，并確立了她們?cè)趥鞑セ浇谈母锢砟罘矫娴闹匾浴?/p>

Prior to the Reformation, the lives of women were ordered by the Catholic Church, the patriarchal nobility, and their husbands or sons. Women in the Middle Ages held jobs and some even assumed control of the family business after their husbands' death, but their opportunities were still limited, with rare exceptions, to becoming a wife and mother or a nun. After the Reformation began, women found new freedoms – as well as uncertain futures – as monasteries and nunneries were closed, eliminating the option of monastic life, while also allowing women who had been forced to become nuns to now choose their own path.

? ? ? ? ? 在宗教改革之前，婦女的生活是由天主教會(huì)、父權(quán)制貴族以及她們的丈夫或兒子安排的。中世紀(jì)的婦女有工作，有些人甚至在丈夫去世后掌握了家族企業(yè)的控制權(quán)，但她們的機(jī)會(huì)仍然限于成為妻子和母親或修女，只有少數(shù)例外。宗教改革開始后，婦女發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的自由——以及不確定的未來，因?yàn)樾薜涝汉湍峁免直魂P(guān)閉，修道生活的選擇被取消了，同時(shí)也讓那些被迫成為修女的婦女可以重新選擇自己的人生道路。

The Reformation affected women's lives throughout Europe and beyond and, as it was not a cohesive movement, different Protestant sects regarded women in different ways. The followers of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) believed that a woman's place was in the home, caring for the children, and those who supported the views of Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) felt likewise, while the Anabaptists, who had emerged as their own sect from Zwingli's reforms, elevated women's status to positions of authority as ministers and prophets.

? ? ? ? ? 宗教改革影響了整個(gè)歐洲及其他地區(qū)的婦女生活，由于它不是一個(gè)有凝聚力的運(yùn)動(dòng)，不同的新教教派以不同的方式對(duì)待婦女。馬丁·路德（1483-1546）的追隨者認(rèn)為，婦女的位置是在家里，照顧孩子，那些支持胡德里克·茨溫利（1484-1531）觀點(diǎn)的人也認(rèn)為如此，而從茨溫利的改革中自成一派的再洗禮派則將婦女的地位提升到牧師和先知的權(quán)威位置。

Even within more restrictive Protestant sects, however, women still found they had more of a voice and greater opportunities than before. Luther's wife, Katharina von Bora, was a former nun who married, raised children, brewed her own beer, and ran a farm, while Katharina Schutz, wife of reformer Michael Zell (d. 1548), became far more famous than her husband for her written works. The Protestant Reformation encouraged literacy because, no matter the sect, the new teaching emphasized the importance of reading the Bible for oneself, and so girls were now allowed an education whereas, previously, educating women was considered a waste of time.

? ? ? ? ? 然而，即使在限制性更強(qiáng)的新教教派中，婦女仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)她們比以前有更多的發(fā)言權(quán)和機(jī)會(huì)。路德的妻子卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉(Katharina von Bora)曾是一名修女，她結(jié)婚、撫養(yǎng)孩子、自己釀造啤酒并經(jīng)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，而改革者邁克爾·澤爾(Michael Zell)的妻子卡塔琳娜·澤爾(Katharina Schutz)（卒于1548年）因其書面作品遠(yuǎn)比她丈夫更出名。新教改革鼓勵(lì)識(shí)字，因?yàn)闊o論哪個(gè)教派，新的教義都強(qiáng)調(diào)為自己閱讀圣經(jīng)的重要性，所以他們?cè)试S女孩接受教育；而以前，教育婦女被認(rèn)為是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

新教改革中的十位女性

The ten women on this list are only a very small sampling of the many who contributed to the Reformation and are mainly drawn from the Lutheran and Reformed sects as their lives are among the best documented:

Katharina von Bora (l.1499-1552)

Argula von Grumbach?(l. 1490 to c. 1564)

Anna Reinhart (l. c.1484-1538)

Katharina Schutz (l.1497-1562)

Marguerite de Navarre?(l. 1492-1549)

Marie Dentiere?(l. c.1495-1561)

Katharina von Zimmern(l.1478-1547)

Jeanne d'Albret?(Joan III of Navarre, l. 1528-1572)

Anna Adischwyler (l.?c. 1504-1564)

Olympia Fulvia Morata?(l.1526-1555)

? ? ? ? ? 這份名單上的十位女性只是對(duì)宗教改革有貢獻(xiàn)的眾多女性中的一小部分，她們主要來自路德教派和改革派，她們的生活是有據(jù)可查的：

卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉

阿古拉·馮·格倫巴赫

安娜·賴因哈特

卡塔琳娜·澤爾?????????

瓦盧瓦·昂古萊姆的瑪格麗特

瑪麗·丹蒂埃爾

卡塔琳娜·馮·施文

阿爾布雷特的胡安娜，又稱為胡安娜三世

安娜·布林格

奧林皮亞·富爾維亞·莫拉塔

These women did not suffer as greatly as many others who took a stand for their religious convictions but often endured hardships for their faith, refusing to compromise, even when doing so would have made their lives easier.

? ? ? ? ? 這些婦女沒有像其他許多人那樣為自己的宗教信仰而遭受巨大的痛苦，但她們常常為自己的信仰而忍受苦難，拒絕妥協(xié)——即使妥協(xié)會(huì)使她們的生活更輕松。

卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉

Katharina von Bora (also known as Katherine Luther, l. 1499-1552) was a nun who wrote to Martin Luther in 1523 asking for his help in freeing her and some others who had converted to his teachings from their convent. Luther sent a merchant, Leonard Kopp, who regularly delivered goods to the convent, and he smuggled the women out in empty herring barrels. These women were then free to return home, marry, or do what they wished, but many of their families could not afford to take them back, and men were reluctant to marry former nuns. Luther found a place for all the women except Katharina who he then married in 1525. She instantly took over all of the practical matters of the household, including the finances, planted gardens, brewed her own beer for sale, and helped Luther in the formulation of his ideas. She also regularly contended with harsh criticism from Luther's enemies, who denounced the marriage of two former clerics who, according to Catholic tradition, were supposed to have remained celibate. After Luther's death in 1546, Katharina struggled to maintain their home but was forced to flee during the Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) and died of an unknown disease in 1552.

? ? ? ? ? 卡塔琳娜·馮·博拉（又名凱瑟琳·路德，約1499-1552年）是一位修女，她在1523年寫信給馬丁·路德，請(qǐng)求他幫助將她和其他一些皈依他教義的人從修道院中解救出來。路德派了商人倫納德·科普（Leonard Kopp），他經(jīng)常向修道院運(yùn)送貨物，他用空鯡魚桶把這些婦女偷運(yùn)出來。然后，這些婦女可以自由地回家、結(jié)婚或做她們想做的事，但她們的許多家庭沒有能力把她們帶回去，而且當(dāng)時(shí)的男人也不愿意與以前的修女結(jié)婚。路德為所有的婦女找到了一個(gè)家，除了卡塔琳娜，他在1525年娶了她。她立即接管了家里所有的實(shí)際事務(wù)，包括財(cái)務(wù)，種植花園，自己釀制啤酒出售，并幫助路德制定他的想法。她還經(jīng)常與路德的敵人的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)作斗爭(zhēng)，他們譴責(zé)兩個(gè)前教士的婚姻，而根據(jù)天主教傳統(tǒng)，這兩個(gè)教士應(yīng)該保持獨(dú)身。路德1546年去世后，卡塔琳娜努力維持家，但在施馬爾卡爾德戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1546-1547）期間被迫逃離，并于1552年死于一種未知的疾病。

阿古拉·馮·格倫巴赫

Argula von Grumbach (nee von Stauff, l. 1490 to c. 1564) was born to an upper-class, highly devout, Catholic family in Bavaria who valued education. Her father ignored the Church's teachings discouraging education for women, and she was already reading and memorizing the Bible by age ten. She was a lady-in-waiting at court by age 16 where she continued to study the Bible, and in 1516, she was married to the noble Friedrich von Grumbach (d. 1530). In 1522, Argula read the works of Luther and Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) and converted to the Protestant vision. Her husband remained Catholic and, as she wrote frequently about her new faith, his colleagues encouraged him to break her hands or even murder her if he could not make her stop. He did neither, but their marriage seems to have suffered because of their religious differences. She is best known for her eloquent letter defending a young Lutheran teacher at the University of Ingolstadt who was arrested for heresy. The letter was quickly turned into a pamphlet, printed, and became a bestseller. She was regularly denounced as a whore and was shunned by many of her family and friends, but she continued writing, corresponding with Luther, and even traveling alone to preach on the new teachings until her death from unknown causes c. 1564.

? ? ? ? ? 阿古拉·馮·格倫巴赫（Argula von Grumbach）（名馮·斯陶夫，約1490年至約1564年）出生在巴伐利亞一個(gè)高度虔誠(chéng)的天主教上層家庭，他們重視教育。她的父親無視教會(huì)不鼓勵(lì)婦女接受教育的教義，她在10歲時(shí)就開始閱讀和背誦圣經(jīng)。她16歲時(shí)成為宮廷的女官，繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)《圣經(jīng)》，1516年，她與貴族弗里德里?！ゑT·格倫巴赫（1530年去世）結(jié)婚。1522年，阿古拉閱讀了路德和菲利普·梅朗雄（1497-1560）的作品，并皈依了新教的視野。她的丈夫仍然是天主教徒，由于她經(jīng)常寫關(guān)于新信仰的文章，他的同事們鼓勵(lì)他打斷她的手，甚至謀殺她。他沒有這樣做，但他們的婚姻似乎因?yàn)樗麄兊淖诮谭制缍艿接绊?。她最出名的是為因戈?duì)柺┧卮髮W(xué)一位年輕的路德教教師辯護(hù)的雄辯信，該教師因異端而被捕。這封信很快就被編成小冊(cè)子，印刷出來，成為一本暢銷書。她經(jīng)常被譴責(zé)為妓女，并被她的許多家人和朋友回避，但她繼續(xù)寫作，與路德保持通信，甚至獨(dú)自旅行，宣講新教義，直到她在1564年左右因不明原因而死亡。

安娜·賴因哈特

Anna Reinhart (also given as Anna Rheinhard, l. c. 1484-1538) was a young woman of Zürich known for her exceptional beauty who secretly married one John von Knonau in 1504 after his father forbade their relationship. When von Knonau's father learned of their marriage, he disinherited his son, who then joined the Swiss mercenaries to make a living. He returned from the wars in ill health and died, leaving Anna with a son, Gerold. When Huldrych Zwingli came to Zürich in 1519, he discarded the Church liturgy and began reading directly from the Bible, making him a popular minister. Anna was a member of his congregation, and he took an interest in helping her and her son. They were married in 1524, but in secret since Zwingli was a priest and was supposed to remain celibate. When news of their marriage broke, they were censured, and Zwingli responded by defending clerical marriages and the state of marriage in general as sinless. Anna supported and cared for Zwingli throughout their time together, arranging for bodyguards when he left the home and helping him proofread his translation of the Bible. After he was killed in the Kappel Wars in 1531, she was taken under care by his successor Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) and his wife Anna until her death from illness in 1538.

? ? ? ? ? 安娜·賴因哈特（Anna Reinhart，又名安娜·萊茵哈特，約1484-1538年）是蘇黎世的一位年輕女子，以其非凡的美貌而聞名，在約翰·馮·克諾諾的父親禁止其關(guān)系后，她于1504年秘密結(jié)婚。當(dāng)馮·克諾諾的父親得知他們的婚姻后，他剝奪了兒子的繼承權(quán)，馮·克諾諾被迫加入了瑞士雇傭軍以謀生。他從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中回來后因健康狀況不佳去世了，留下安娜和一個(gè)兒子格羅爾德。1519年，當(dāng)胡德萊克·茨溫利來到蘇黎世時(shí)，他拋棄了教會(huì)的禮儀，開始直接誦讀《圣經(jīng)》，這使他成為一個(gè)受歡迎的牧師。安娜是他的會(huì)眾之一，他對(duì)幫助她和她的兒子產(chǎn)生了興趣。他們于1524年結(jié)婚，但由于茨溫利是一名牧師，應(yīng)該保持獨(dú)身，所以是秘密結(jié)婚。當(dāng)他們結(jié)婚的消息傳出后，他們受到了指責(zé)，而茨溫利的回應(yīng)是為神職人員的婚姻和一般的婚姻狀態(tài)辯護(hù)，認(rèn)為其沒有罪。在他們?cè)谝黄鸬娜兆永?，安娜一直支持和照顧茨溫利，在他離開家的時(shí)候安排保鏢，并幫助他校對(duì)《圣經(jīng)》翻譯。1531年茨溫利在卡佩爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中被殺后，她被他的繼任者海因里?！げ剂指瘢s1504-1575）和他的妻子安娜照顧，直到1538年因病去世。

卡塔琳娜·澤爾? ?

Katharina Schutz (also known as Katharina Zell, l. 1497-1562) was a well-educated Catholic of Strasbourg who was introduced to Luther's teachings by the priest Matthew Zell who became the pastor of her church in the city in 1518. Zell had rejected Catholic precepts for Lutheranism, and Katharina converted as well. She married Zell in 1523, one of the first women to marry a clergyman, and worked with him as an equal partner in advancing the cause of the Reformation. She was a prolific writer whose pamphlets became bestsellers, especially her work justifying clerical marriage. Like Argula von Grumbach, she was criticized by her enemies for neglecting her 'wifely duties' and acting 'against nature,' though she never faced the same level of opposition. When the German Peasants' War broke out in 1524, she and her husband worked together to try to stop the violence, and she regularly cared for the sick and poor of the city. After her husband's death, she continued writing, preaching, and welcoming refugees from Catholic persecution into her home. She was well-respected by both Luther and John Calvin (l. 1509-1564) and continued in her care for others until dying of disease in 1562.

? ? ? ? ? 卡塔琳娜·舒茨（又名卡塔琳娜·澤爾，l.1497-1562）是斯特拉斯堡一位受過良好教育的天主教徒，她被牧師馬修·澤爾傳授給路德的教義，后者于1518年成為她在該市的教堂牧師。澤爾拒絕了天主教的戒律，轉(zhuǎn)而信仰路德教，卡塔琳娜也皈依了路德教。她于1523年與澤爾結(jié)婚，是第一批與神職人員結(jié)婚的婦女之一，并作為平等伙伴與他一起推動(dòng)宗教改革事業(yè)。她是一位多產(chǎn)的作家，她的小冊(cè)子成為暢銷書，特別是她為牧師婚姻辯護(hù)的作品。與阿古拉·馮·格倫巴赫一樣，她被敵人批評(píng)為忽視 "妻子的責(zé)任 "和 "違背自然"的行為，盡管她從未面臨同樣程度的反對(duì)。1524年德國(guó)農(nóng)民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)時(shí)，她和丈夫一起努力試圖阻止暴力，她還經(jīng)常照顧城市里的病人和窮人。丈夫去世后，她繼續(xù)寫作、布道，并歡迎逃避天主教迫害的難民來到她家。她深受路德和約翰·加爾文（1509-1564）的尊重，并繼續(xù)照顧他人，直到1562年因病去世。

瓦盧瓦·昂古萊姆的瑪格麗特

Marguerite de Navarre (also known as Margaret of Navarre, l. 1492-1549) was the highly educated Queen of Navarre, wife of Henry II of Navarre (r. 1517-1555) and sister of Francois I (Francis I of France, r. 1515-1547). She was fluent in English, French, Hebrew, Latin, and Spanish and well-versed in classical literature. Her court was internationally renowned and, after her conversion to Protestantism, she influenced the Reformation in England through the translation of her poem Mirror of the Sinful Soul, which was condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church. Marguerite would have no doubt been persecuted for this poem and her other writings but for the protection of her powerful brother. She regularly interceded with him to release Protestants from prison or allow them to preach in France, and he did as she asked, even though he remained a devout Roman Catholic. She maintained a correspondence with Marie Dentière, John Calvin, and Philip Melanchthon, among others, and helped to establish the Reformation in France through her patronage of the arts, Protestant works, and protection of those who would otherwise have been arrested and executed as heretics.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪格麗特·德·納瓦拉（Marguerite de Navarre，又稱瓦盧瓦·昂古萊姆的瑪格麗特，1492-1549）是受過高等教育的納瓦拉女王，納瓦拉的亨利二世（1517-1555年）的妻子，弗朗索瓦一世（法國(guó)的弗朗西斯一世，1515-1547年）的妹妹。她能說流利的英語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、希伯來語(yǔ)、拉丁語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)，并精通古典文學(xué)。她的宮廷在國(guó)際上享有盛名，在她皈依新教后，通過翻譯她的詩(shī)歌《罪惡的靈魂之鏡》影響了英國(guó)的宗教改革，這首詩(shī)被天主教會(huì)譴責(zé)為異端邪說。如果不是因?yàn)樗龔?qiáng)大的哥哥的保護(hù)，瑪格麗特?zé)o疑會(huì)因?yàn)檫@首詩(shī)和她的其他著作受到迫害。她經(jīng)常向他求情，讓他釋放獄中的新教徒，或允許他們?cè)诜▏?guó)傳教，而他也按她的要求做了，盡管他仍然是一個(gè)虔誠(chéng)的羅馬天主教徒。她與瑪麗·丹蒂埃爾、約翰·加爾文和菲利普·梅朗雄等人保持著通信聯(lián)系，并通過對(duì)藝術(shù)、新教作品的贊助，以及對(duì)那些會(huì)被當(dāng)作異端逮捕和處決的人的保護(hù)，幫助在法國(guó)建立宗教改革。

瑪麗·丹蒂埃爾

Marie Dentière (l. c. 1495-1561) was an accomplished writer and reformer in her own right who worked with her husband Antoine Froment (l. 1508-1581), Guillaume Farel (William Farel, l. 1489-1565), and John Calvin to establish the Reformation in Geneva and extend reformed teachings throughout Switzerland and France. She was a nun in modern-day Belgium and had become an abbess when she read Luther's works in 1524 and abandoned her position, fleeing to Strasbourg where she married a Reformed priest. After his death, she married Froment, and the two lived outside of Geneva. She wrote and anonymously published The War and Deliverance of the City of Geneva in 1536 advocating for widespread acceptance of Reformed teachings and equality for women, especially as clergy. Dentière rejected the patriarchal view that women were incapable of understanding, much less preaching, scripture, and cited female figures from the Bible as support for her claims. She encouraged Marguerite de Navarre to banish the Catholic clergy from France and supported the work of Calvin and Farel in Geneva until they distanced themselves from her due to her 'radical' views on women's equality. After her death, Froment faded from the movement, suggesting it was actually Dentière who was the reformer. She is the only woman whose name appears on the Reformation Wall monument in Geneva.

? ? ? ? ? 瑪麗·丹蒂埃爾（約1495-1561年）是一位有成就的作家和改革者，她與她的丈夫安托萬·弗蒙特（約1508-1581年）、紀(jì)堯姆·法雷爾（威廉-法雷爾，約1489-1565年）和約翰·加爾文合作，在日內(nèi)瓦建立宗教改革，并將改革的教義推廣到整個(gè)瑞士和法國(guó)。她是比利時(shí)的一名修女，1524年當(dāng)她讀到路德的作品時(shí)，已經(jīng)成為一名修道院院長(zhǎng)；她放棄了職位，逃到斯特拉斯堡，在那里她嫁給了一名改革派牧師。牧師死后，她嫁給了弗洛芒，兩人住在日內(nèi)瓦郊外。她撰寫并在1536年匿名出版了《日內(nèi)瓦城的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與解救》，主張廣泛接受改革宗的教義和婦女的平等，特別是作為神職人員。丹蒂埃爾反對(duì)認(rèn)為婦女沒有能力理解，更不用說宣講經(jīng)文的父權(quán)制觀點(diǎn)，并引用了《圣經(jīng)》中的女性人物來支持她的主張。她鼓勵(lì)瑪格麗特·德·納瓦拉（Marguerite de Navarre）將天主教神職人員驅(qū)逐出法國(guó)，并支持加爾文和法勒爾在日內(nèi)瓦的工作，直到他們因?yàn)樗龑?duì)婦女平等的 "激進(jìn) "觀點(diǎn)而與她保持距離。她死后，弗洛芒特逐漸淡出了這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，這表明改革者實(shí)際上是丹蒂埃爾。她是唯一一位名字出現(xiàn)在日內(nèi)瓦宗教改革墻紀(jì)念碑上的女性。

卡塔琳娜·馮·施文

Katharina von Zimmern (l. 1478-1547) was the abbess of the Fraumünster Abbey in Zürich for 30 years and the last before the monasteries were dissolved. She entered monastic life when she was around 13 and became abbess at 18. Under her authority, the monastery expanded, and she became one of the most powerful and well-respected women in the city. When Zwingli began preaching the Reformed vision in 1519, von Zimmern supported him, inviting him to preach at the monastery every Friday. After the First Disputation of 1523 between Zwingli and representatives of the Church, Zwingli's version of Christianity was accepted by Zürich, and in 1524, von Zimmern voluntarily surrendered Fraumünster to the city of Zürich to be put to other uses. Her advocacy of the Reformation ensured its peaceful adoption by the city council and the closure of the other monasteries without the kind of violence and bloodshed that accompanied such changes elsewhere. Afterwards, she married Eberhard von Reischach, and they had two children before von Reischach was killed in the Kappel Wars along with Zwingli. She died of natural causes at home around the age of 69.

? ? ? ? ? 卡塔琳娜·馮·施文（Katharina von Zimmern）（約1478-1547）是蘇黎世的弗勞明斯特修道院的院長(zhǎng)，為期30年，是修道院解散前的最后一位院長(zhǎng)。她在13歲左右進(jìn)入修道院生活，18歲成為院長(zhǎng)。在她的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，修道院不斷擴(kuò)大，她也成為該市最有權(quán)勢(shì)和最受尊敬的婦女之一。當(dāng)茨溫利在1519年開始宣揚(yáng)改革派的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，馮·施文支持他，邀請(qǐng)他每周五在修道院講道。在1523年茨溫利和教會(huì)代表之間的第一次爭(zhēng)論之后，茨溫利的基督教版本被蘇黎世接受，1524年，馮·施文自愿將弗勞明斯特交給蘇黎世市作其他用途。她對(duì)宗教改革的倡導(dǎo)確保了宗教改革被市議會(huì)和平采納，并關(guān)閉了其他修道院，而沒有像其他地方那樣發(fā)生暴力和流血事件。之后，她嫁給了埃伯哈德·馮·賴沙赫，在馮·賴沙赫與茨溫利一起在卡佩爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中被殺之前，他們有兩個(gè)孩子。她大約69歲時(shí)在家中自然死亡。

阿爾布雷特的胡安娜

Jeanne d'Albret (Joan III of Navarre, l. 1528-1572) was the daughter of Marguerite de Navarre. She converted to Calvinism in 1560 and became the leader of the French Huguenots (French Protestants). She was well-educated, composing poetry and memoirs, and was influenced by her mother's religious convictions, entertaining them without embracing them. In 1555, she and her second husband Antoine de Bourbon (l. 1518-1562) became the rulers of Navarre, and one of her earliest acts was to call a conference of Protestant ministers to present their case. She officially converted to Protestantism on Christmas Day 1560 and outlawed Catholicism, banishing all Catholic clergy. Her actions contributed to the hostilities that erupted as the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) between Catholics and Protestants in which over 3 million people, including Antoine de Bourbon, died. Jeanne ruled alone afterwards and used her personal funds to finance the Huguenot forces. She was threatened by the pope, who also initiated plans to have her kidnapped and imprisoned or executed, but she remained true to her convictions even when Antoine, who had sided with the Catholics, threatened to divorce her. She concluded the peace through the marriage of her son Henry (l. 1553-1610, later King Henry IV of France) to Margaret of Valois (l. 1553-1615), daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici (l. 1519-1589), who was later rumored to have poisoned her. She actually died of natural causes at home.

? ? ? ? ? 阿爾布雷特的胡安娜（Joan III of Navarre, 1528-1572）是瑪格麗特·德·納瓦拉的女兒。她于1560年皈依加爾文教，成為法國(guó)胡格諾派（法國(guó)新教徒）的領(lǐng)袖。她受過良好的教育，創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌和回憶錄，并受到她母親的宗教信仰的影響，接受了這些信仰，但沒有完全接受。1555年，她和她的第二任丈夫安托萬·德·波旁（Antoine de Bourbon，1518-1562年）成為納瓦拉的統(tǒng)治者，她最早的行動(dòng)之一就是召集新教牧師開會(huì)，陳述他們的觀點(diǎn)。1560年圣誕節(jié)，她正式改信新教，并取締了天主教，驅(qū)逐了所有天主教神職人員。她的行為促成了天主教徒和新教徒之間爆發(fā)的法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1562-1598），包括安托萬·德·波旁在內(nèi)的300多萬人在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中死亡。她此后單獨(dú)執(zhí)政，用她的個(gè)人資金資助胡格諾派的軍隊(duì)。她受到教皇的威脅，教皇還發(fā)起了將她綁架入獄或處決的計(jì)劃，但她仍然堅(jiān)持自己的信念，即使是在站在天主教徒一邊的安托萬威脅要與她離婚的時(shí)候。她通過讓兒子亨利（1553-1610年，后來的法國(guó)國(guó)王亨利四世）與法國(guó)國(guó)王亨利二世和凱瑟琳·德·美第奇（1519-1589年）的女兒瓦盧斯的瑪格麗特（1553-1615年）結(jié)婚來達(dá)成和平，后來有人傳言瑪格麗特曾對(duì)她下毒。她實(shí)際上是在家里自然死亡的。

安娜·布林格

Anna Adischwyler (also known as Anna Bullinger, l. c. 1504-1564) was the wife of the reformer Heinrich Bullinger who succeeded Zwingli as head of the Reformed Church in Zürich after the latter's death in 1531. Her father died when she was eight years old, and her mother, who was ill and could not afford to raise her, turned her over to a local convent in Zürich, where she became a nun. The convent also served as a hospital where her mother became a patient. After the monasteries were dissolved in 1524, Anna (who had converted to Protestantism) and her mother remained behind, and she met Bullinger when he accompanied Zwingli's associate Leo Judd (l. 1482-1542) on a visit one day. Bullinger instantly fell in love with her and proposed marriage, but her mother, who remained Catholic, objected, and they had to wait until she died in 1529 to marry. Anna Bullinger not only supported her husband's ministry and vast responsibilities once he took over from Zwingli but also opened her home to refugees and the poor of the city as well as entertaining the leading reformers of the day when they visited Zürich in addition to raising her eleven children. She was praised as a selfless and devoted Christian, working tirelessly to provide comfort and shelter for others, and proved this by caring for her husband when he was stricken by the plague, even though she was sick herself. She died of the plague in 1564.

? ? ? ? ? ?安娜·布林格（約1504-1564年）是改革家海因里希·布林格的妻子，在茨溫利于1531年去世后接替他成為蘇黎世改革派教會(huì)的領(lǐng)袖。她的父親在她8歲時(shí)去世，她的母親因病無力撫養(yǎng)她，就把她交給了蘇黎世當(dāng)?shù)氐囊患倚薜涝?，在那里她成為了一名修女。修道院同時(shí)也是一家醫(yī)院，她的母親是那里的病人。1524年修道院被解散后，安娜（已皈依新教）和她的母親留了下來，有一天布林格陪同茨溫利的助手利奧·賈德（1482-1542）訪問時(shí)，她遇到了布林格。布林格一下子就愛上了她，并提出結(jié)婚，但她的母親仍然是天主教徒，所以女兒的請(qǐng)求遭到反對(duì)，他們不得不等到母親于1529年去世后才結(jié)婚。安娜·布林格不僅在丈夫接替茨溫利后支持他的事業(yè)，而且接收難民和城市的窮人，并在當(dāng)時(shí)的主要改革者訪問蘇黎世時(shí)招待他們；此外還撫養(yǎng)她的11個(gè)孩子。她被稱贊為一個(gè)無私奉獻(xiàn)的基督徒，不知疲倦地工作，為他人提供安慰和庇護(hù)，并在她丈夫患瘟疫時(shí)照顧他，即使她自己也生病了。她于1564年死于瘟疫。

奧林皮亞·富爾維亞·莫拉塔

Olympia Fulvia Morata (l. 1526-1555) was a poet, scholar, and writer who also served as companion and tutor to the princess Anna d'Este (l. 1531-1607). She was born in Ferrara, Italy, and her literary father ensured she was well-educated. She had read the classical works and was fluent in both Greek and Latin by age 12, prompting her selection as companion-at-court to Anna d'Este. Around 1546 she converted to Protestantism, and after Anna d'Este left to get married, Olympia returned home to care for her ailing father. After his death, she cared for her mother while studying philosophy and the Bible, writing commentaries and dialogues, and corresponding with other scholars including Melanchthon. Around 1550, she married the physician Andreas Grundler and followed him to his hometown in Schweinfurt, Bavaria. At this point, she had already translated the psalms into Greek and seems to have written a number of important commentaries on philosophy and religion, which were not yet published. In 1553, the renegade noble Albert Alcibiades pillaged Schweinfurt as part of his policy of securing sacred relics, and the couple had to flee with only their clothes, leaving many of Olympia's works behind, which were lost when the city was burned. They found refuge in Heidelberg, where they lived for a year until Olympia died, possibly of plague, in 1555. Her husband had saved what works he could, and they were later published at Basel in three editions between 1558 and 1580. They are regarded as some of the greatest philosophical works of the Reformation period.

? ? ? ? ? 奧林皮亞·富爾維亞·莫拉塔（1526-1555）是一位詩(shī)人、學(xué)者和作家，也是安娜·德·埃斯特公主（1531-1607）的伙伴與導(dǎo)師。她出生在意大利的費(fèi)拉拉，她的父親確保其受到了良好的教育。她讀過古典作品，12歲時(shí)就能流利地講希臘語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)，這促使她被選為安娜·德·埃斯特的宮廷伙伴。1546年左右，她皈依了新教，在安娜·德·埃斯特離開后結(jié)婚，奧林匹亞回到家里照顧她生病的父親。父親去世后，她一邊照顧母親，一邊學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)和圣經(jīng)，寫評(píng)論和對(duì)話，并與包括梅朗雄在內(nèi)的其他學(xué)者通信。1550年左右，她與醫(yī)生安德烈亞斯·格倫德勒結(jié)婚，并跟隨他來到巴伐利亞州施韋因富特的故鄉(xiāng)。此時(shí)，她已經(jīng)將詩(shī)篇翻譯成希臘文，似乎還寫了一些關(guān)于哲學(xué)和宗教的重要評(píng)論，但這些評(píng)論還沒有出版。1553年，叛亂的貴族阿爾伯特·阿爾西比阿德(Alcibiades)掠奪了施韋因富特，作為其保護(hù)圣物政策的一部分，這對(duì)夫婦不得不只帶著衣服逃走，留下了許多奧林匹亞的作品，這些作品在城市被燒毀時(shí)丟失了。他們?cè)诤５卤ふ业搅吮茈y所，在那里生活了一年，直到奧林匹亞于1555年去世，可能是死于瘟疫。她的丈夫保存了他能保存的作品，這些作品后來在1558年至1580年期間在巴塞爾分三個(gè)版本出版。它們被認(rèn)為是宗教改革時(shí)期最偉大的哲學(xué)作品之一。

總? ? ?結(jié)

There are many others whose contributions were considered important enough to note but with few details given. One famous example of this is Idelette de Bure (l. 1500-1549), wife of John Calvin. Idelette was a young widow with two children when she married Calvin, and when she died, he wrote that she was his best friend who faithfully encouraged his ministry. She also cared for him constantly during his bouts of illness. Another interesting figure is Mary Phyllis (b. c. 1577), who came from Africa to London as a child and embraced the Protestant vision. She is among the first known Protestants of color in Europe, but little else is recorded of her life save that she was an important member of her congregation.

? ? ? ? ? 還有許多人，他們的貢獻(xiàn)也很重要，但卻沒有什么細(xì)節(jié)記載。這方面，有個(gè)著名的例子是約翰·加爾文的妻子伊德萊特·德·布雷（l.1500-1549）。伊德萊特嫁給加爾文時(shí)是個(gè)年輕的寡婦，有兩個(gè)孩子，當(dāng)她去世時(shí)，他寫道，她是他最好的朋友，忠實(shí)地鼓勵(lì)他的事業(yè)。她還在加爾文生病期間不斷地照顧他。另一個(gè)有趣的人物是瑪麗·菲利斯（約1577年生），她從小就從非洲來到倫敦，接受了新教的理念。她是歐洲第一批已知的有色人種新教徒之一，但除了她是會(huì)眾中的重要成員外，關(guān)于她的生活幾乎沒有記錄。

Several Anabaptist women are also noted in the records but frequently only regarding their arrest and execution. Aefgen Listincx (d. 1538), for example, was an Anabaptist prophet who was instrumental in establishing the sect's control over the German city of Münster in 1534-1535. The Anabaptists were denounced as dangerous radicals by both Catholics and other Protestant sects, and after the city fell to their forces in 1535, she was arrested and burned as a heretic in 1538. These women, and many others, contributed greatly to the Reformation, establishing themselves as the equals of men and encouraging other women to follow their example.

? ? ? ? ? 記錄中還提到了幾位再洗禮派的婦女，但往往只是關(guān)于她們的逮捕和處決。例如，Aefgen Listincx（卒于1538年）是一名再洗禮派的先知，在1534-1535年建立該教派對(duì)德國(guó)城市明斯特的控制方面發(fā)揮了作用。再洗禮派被天主教徒和其他新教教派譴責(zé)為危險(xiǎn)的激進(jìn)分子，在1535年城市落入他們的勢(shì)力范圍后，她于1538年被逮捕并作為異端被燒死。這些婦女和其他許多婦女對(duì)宗教改革作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，她們確立了自己與男人平等的地位，并鼓勵(lì)其他婦女以她們?yōu)榘駱印?/p>

參考書目：

Bossy, J. Christianity in the West 1400-1700. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Gregory, B. S. Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe. Harvard University Press, 2001.

Janz, D. R. A Reformation Reader: Primary Texts with Introductions. Fortress Press, 2008.

MacCulloch, D. The Reformation: A History. Penguin Books, 2010.

Rublack, U. The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations . Oxford University Press, 2019.

VanDoodewaard, R. Reformation Women. Reformation Heritage Books, 2017.

原文作者：Joshua J. Mark

? ? ? ? ?Joshua J. Mark是自由撰稿人，曾是紐約馬里斯特學(xué)院的兼職哲學(xué)教授，他曾在希臘和德國(guó)生活過，并游歷過埃及。曾在大學(xué)階段教授歷史、寫作、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)。

原文網(wǎng)址：

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1964/ten-women-of-the-protestant-reformation/