The essential materials for making concrete blocks are a hydraulic binder, water and aggregate, and, in the case of aerated concrete blocks only, a reactive foaming agent to produce their characteristic cellular structure.?Additives and/or admixtures are also used?sometimes to extend the product range.

水硬性膠結(jié)料、水和集料是制作混凝土砌塊的基本材料，只有在制作加氣混凝土砌塊的情況下，才用一種產(chǎn)生多孔結(jié)構(gòu)特性的活性泡沫劑。有時(shí)還使用添加劑和/或外加劑來擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品的范圍。

The binder is a Portland cement either alone or mixed with lime, pulverized-fuel ash or ground granulated blastfurnace slag. The Portland cement is usually of ordinary or rapid-hardening type; others are used only when their special properties are required in specific applications. A very wide range of aggregates are used; they may be of dense or lightweight type, normally with a maximum size not exceeding 10 mm. The most common additives are pigments used to impart different colours; admixtures, such as retarders, accelerators and water-reducing agents, are used to facilitate the block manufacturing processes or to impart certain special properties to the finished blocks.

膠結(jié)料可以是單獨(dú)使用的硅酸鹽水泥，或者將其與石灰、粉煤灰或磨細(xì)的?；郀t渣混合使用。通常采用普通型或快硬型的硅酸鹽水泥；其他類型只是在特殊用途中，要求具有特殊性質(zhì)時(shí)才使用。使用的集料范圍很廣，可以是致密的或者是輕型的，通常其最大尺寸不超過 10mm。最普通的添加劑是賦予砌塊不同顏色的顏料。外加劑，諸如緩凝劑、速凝劑和減水劑，被用來簡(jiǎn)化砌塊的制造過程或者賦予成品砌塊以某些特殊的性質(zhì)。

There are two main types of concrete blocks, aggregate concrete blocks and aerated concrete blocks. There are three basic forms of concrete block, solid, cellular, and hollow, and within each type a variety of products are available thus providing versatility to blockwork construction both in style and function. A solid block has no formed holes or cavities other than those inherent in the material, although it may contain transverse slots to facilitate cutting, while cellular and hollow blocks have one or more formed holes or cavities which in?hollow blocks pass right through them. It should be noted that all three forms of block can be produced using aggregate concrete but with aerated concrete only the solid form can be manufactured.

主要有兩種類型的混凝土砌塊：集料混凝土砌塊和加氣混凝土砌塊。有三種基本形式的混凝土砌塊：實(shí)心的、多孔的和空心的，在每一種類型中，可以得到多種多樣的產(chǎn)品，因此在風(fēng)格和功能上都能為砌塊工程結(jié)構(gòu)提供多方面的適用性。實(shí)心的砌塊，盡管它可能帶有便于切割的橫向槽縫，除了材料中固有的微小氣泡外，不形成任何孔、洞；而多孔的或空心的砌塊則有一個(gè)或更多的孔或洞；在空心砌塊中，孔或洞貫穿整個(gè)砌塊。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意，所有這三種形式的砌塊都可以用集料混凝土來制作，但是加氣混凝土只能用來制作實(shí)心砌塊。

The properties of concrete blocks depend to a varying degree on the type and proportions of the constituent materials, the manufacturing process, and the mode and duration of curing employed, as well as on the form and size of the block itself. Since all of these can vary greatly, it is advisable to consult the manufacturer's literature for specific information on his product.

混凝土砌塊的性質(zhì)在不同程度上依賴于組成材料的種類和比例、制作過程、采用的養(yǎng)護(hù)方式和持續(xù)時(shí)間，以及砌體本身的形式和尺寸。由于這些因素的變化范圍很大，最好是查閱制造廠家關(guān)于其產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)說明。

Density

The density of concrete blocks is largely a function of the aggregate density, size and grading, degree of compaction or aeration and the block form. The typical range for dry density is 500 to 2100?kg/, with aerated and solid dense aggregate concrete blocks being on the lighter and heavier end of the scale respectively and lightweight and dense aggregate concrete blocks of cellular and hollow form falling in the middle of the range.

密度

混凝土砌塊的密度主要是集料密度、粒徑和級(jí)配、搗實(shí)或加氣的程度和砌塊的形式的函數(shù)。典型的干燥密度的范圍是 500-2100 kg/，加氣的和實(shí)心密實(shí)的集料混凝土砌塊分別對(duì)應(yīng)于這個(gè)范圍以輕到重的兩個(gè)端點(diǎn)，而輕質(zhì)的和密實(shí)的集料的多孔和空心混凝土砌塊則位于此范圍的中間。

Strength

In addition to size, compressive strength is the basic requirement of concrete blocks. The compressive strength of concrete blocks is dependent mainly on their mix composition ( in particular binder content), degree of compaction (or aeration) and to a lesser extent on the aggregate type and curing normally used. In general, for a given set of materials the strength of a concrete block will increase with its?density.

強(qiáng)度

除尺寸外，混凝土砌塊的基本要求是抗壓強(qiáng)度，混凝土砌塊的抗壓強(qiáng)度主要取決于其混合料的成分（特別是膠結(jié)料的含量）、搗實(shí)（或加氣）的程度，而較少依賴于集料的種類和正常的養(yǎng)護(hù)。一般來說，對(duì)于給定的材料，混凝土砌塊的強(qiáng)度隨其密度的提高而提高。

Modulus of Elasticity

As a general rule, the modulus of elasticity of concrete blocks can be assumed to be related to their strength, increasing as strength increases. However, in the case of aggregate concrete blocks it is greatly influenced by the type of aggregate used and, in the case of autoclaved aerated concrete, by the degree of aeration. The modulus of elasticity is not normally quoted and when this information is required the manufacturer should be asked to furnish it.

彈性模量

通常可以假定混凝土砌塊的彈性模量與其強(qiáng)度相關(guān)，即彈性模量隨強(qiáng)度的提高而提高。然而，對(duì)于集料混凝土砌塊，彈性模量受到所用集料品種很大的影響。對(duì)于高壓蒸氣養(yǎng)護(hù)的加氣混凝土，則砌塊彈性模量受加氣程度的影響。混凝土砌塊的彈性模量通常是不標(biāo)出的，當(dāng)需要這方面資料時(shí)，可直接向制造廠商索取。

Dimensional Changes

Concrete blocks will undergo some dimensional changes owing to variations in the ambient moisture and temperature conditions. The magnitude of such movements, to a varying degree, is largely influenced by the constituent materials ( mainly the aggregate), mix proportions and the process of block-manufacturing adopted. Drying shrinkage is considered to be the most important in normal applications. It should be noted, however, that the drying shrinkage of concrete blocks can be reduced significantly by ensuring that the blocks are properly matured and by preventing them from becoming excessively wet on site prior to their use.

The thermal coefficient of expansion of concrete blocks ranges between 8 and 12×/K, with autoclaved aerated and artificial lightweight aggregate concrete blocks usually having a value

around?8×/K.

尺寸變化

由于環(huán)境濕度和溫度條件的變化，混凝土砌塊的尺寸將會(huì)發(fā)生一些變化。尺寸變化的大小在很大程度 上受組成材料（主要是集料）、配合比和砌塊的制造過程的影響。在正常使用中，干燥時(shí)的收縮被認(rèn)為是最重要的。然而，應(yīng)該注意的是，通過確保混凝土砌塊的適當(dāng)成型，并防止它們?cè)谑褂们霸诂F(xiàn)場(chǎng)過濕，可以顯著減少混凝土砌塊的干燥收縮。

混凝土砌塊的熱膨脹系數(shù)范圍為（8~12)×K。高壓蒸養(yǎng)加氣混凝土砌塊和人造輕集料混凝土砌塊的熱膨脹系數(shù)通常在8×K左右。

Durability

In general, concrete blocks are adequately durable for most normal applications.?As a general rule, in extreme conditions?pollution (chemical attack) and weather (frost attack), fair faced blocks with strength in excess of 7 N/?should be used. It should?be noted that open-textured blocks are no more susceptible to frost attack than other blocks owing to the freedom?with which water can move within the block on freezing.

耐久性

一般來說，對(duì)大多數(shù)普通用途，混凝土砌塊具有足夠的耐久性。按一般規(guī)律，在污染（化學(xué)氣體）和（氣候冰凍侵蝕）的惡劣條件下，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用強(qiáng)度超過7N/?的平飾面砌塊。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意，開放組織的砌塊由于在結(jié)冰時(shí)水能在砌塊中自由移動(dòng)，并不比其它砌塊更容易遭受冰凍的侵蝕。

Efflorescence

Efflorescence of the type found in clay bricks is rarely a problem with concrete blocks. Such efflorescence as occurs in concrete blocks normally consists of sodium, potassium and calcium carbonates formed as a result of a reaction between the corresponding free hydroxides brought to the surface and atmospheric carbon dioxide.

粉化

在黏土磚中發(fā)現(xiàn)的那種粉化問題很少在混凝土砌塊中出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)在混凝土砌塊中產(chǎn)生鈉和鈣的碳酸鹽時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生粉化。這些碳酸鹽是由相應(yīng)的氫氧化物和大氣中二氧化碳之間反應(yīng)而形成的。

Fire Resistance

In general, concrete blocks have good fire-resistance properties.?However, their actual fire-endurance is controlled by numerous factors, for example the type and grading of aggregate and the cement content in the mix, the form, weight and thickness of the block and its moisture content. As a general rule, most concrete blocks of 100 mm thickness can provide an adequate resistance to fire for up to 2 hours if load-bearing or up to 4 hours if nonload-bearing but specific information should be obtained from the manufacturer.

耐火性

一般來說，混凝土砌塊具有良好的耐火性。然而，實(shí)際上的耐火性受到許多因素控制，例如集料的品種和級(jí)配，以及混合料中水泥的含量，砌塊的形式、重量和厚度及其含水量。通常，大多數(shù)厚度為100mm的混凝土砌塊的耐火性，在承載時(shí)可達(dá)2小時(shí)，在非承載時(shí)可達(dá)4小時(shí)，但具體的資料應(yīng)從制造廠家處獲取。