B787、B777、B735、B744自動(dòng)駕駛教程 上.綜述
第一部分,自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)組成
Autopilot System Components
一、方式控制面板
Mode-Control-Panel (MCP)
在波音系飛機(jī)中,自動(dòng)駕駛面板被稱作方式控制面板,它允許飛行員選擇自動(dòng)駕駛模式并改變參數(shù).
The autopilot panel in Boeing aircraft is called Mode Control Panel (MCP). It allows pilot to select new autopilot modes and change selected values.
從左到右,在最新的波音飛機(jī)中,每個(gè)旋鈕用來:
From left to right the knobs in the latest Boeing aircraft are used for:
速度
飛行朝向
垂直速度
Vertical Speed
高度
速度、高度旋鈕可以被按下(按下后立即執(zhí)行最新速度/高度指令);朝向旋鈕上面也有一個(gè)可以被按下的按鈕.
The knobs for speed and altitude can be pushed in and the heading knob has a button on it that can be pushed as well.
二、飛行模式信號(hào)器
Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA)
飛行模式信號(hào)器是使用自動(dòng)駕駛時(shí)最重要的儀器.它先是在主飛行顯示器上方,顯示的是自動(dòng)駕駛現(xiàn)在在做什么、有什么模式被激活了.
The Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) is the most important instrument when using the autopilot. The FMA is the upper section of the primary flight display (PFD) and it displays to the pilot what the autopilot is currently doing and what modes have been activated.
FMA分為三欄:
The FMA is split into three columns:
正在運(yùn)行的自動(dòng)推力模式
Active Auto-Throttle (A/T) mode
正在運(yùn)行及和預(yù)備的橫軸模式(與Heading對(duì)應(yīng))
Active and armed lateral mode
正在運(yùn)行的及預(yù)備的垂直模式,或者正在運(yùn)行的及預(yù)備的進(jìn)場模式
Active and armed vertical mode or approach mode
在FMA下方，我們可以看到飛行指引儀（FLT DIR）和自動(dòng)駕駛儀（AP、LAND 2和LAND 3）的狀態(tài)指示。
Below the FMA we find a status indication for the flight director (FLT DIR) and autopilot (AP, LAND 2 and LAND 3).
三、飛行指示儀
Flight Director (F/D)
飛行指示儀圖像疊在主飛行顯示器上,呈現(xiàn)為一條水平和一條與之垂直的品紅色線.通過左右兩側(cè)的F/D開關(guān)(分別在MCP左下角和右下角)，可以打開和關(guān)閉相應(yīng)的飛行指引儀。
Superimposed on the attitude indicator of the primary flight display (PFD) we can see the flight director (F/D), visible as a horizontal and vertical magenta line. The flight director can be turned on and off for by setting both F/D switches on either side accordingly. When both flight directors are off and the autopilot is also off the entire system is turned off and is reset.
水平飛行指示條上下移動(dòng)以指示目標(biāo)俯仰姿態(tài).當(dāng)水平條向上移動(dòng)時(shí)，(在沒有接通自動(dòng)駕駛時(shí))你應(yīng)該在當(dāng)前基礎(chǔ)上拉桿,以“追上”那條水平線.反之,你應(yīng)該向下推桿.當(dāng)你處于目標(biāo)俯仰角時(shí)(即按照要求抬機(jī)頭或壓機(jī)頭時(shí))，桿會(huì)移回中心。
The horizontal flight director bar moves up and down to indicated the target pitch attitude. When the bar moves up you should pitch up to catch the bar with the current attitude. The bar moves back to the center when you are at the target pitch angle.
垂直飛行指引桿向左和向右移動(dòng)以顯示目標(biāo)傾斜角度。當(dāng)你滾轉(zhuǎn)到應(yīng)該偏轉(zhuǎn)的一側(cè)時(shí)，飛行指引桿會(huì)向中心移動(dòng)，以指示你正在接近目標(biāo)傾斜角度。
The vertical flight director bar moves left and right to show a target bank angle. When you roll to the side of the deflection the flight director bar moves back towards the center to indicate that you are at the target bank angle.
四、自動(dòng)駕駛概述
Autopilot (AP)
自動(dòng)駕駛儀啟動(dòng)伺服系統(tǒng)，使之移動(dòng)控制柱、控制輪和方向舵踏板，使飛機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向.這為飛行員提供了直接反饋.飛行員可以凌駕于伺服系統(tǒng)之上進(jìn)行手動(dòng)控制,(當(dāng)你手動(dòng)操控伺服系統(tǒng)時(shí))自動(dòng)駕駛模式解除.但這需要“大力出奇跡”,如果你動(dòng)作很溫柔的話,自動(dòng)駕駛是不會(huì)解除的;并且最好不要這樣做(言外之意:要解除自動(dòng)駕駛模式的話最好還是直接按A/P或者A/P Disengage)
The autopilot actuates servos that move the control column, control wheel and rudder pedals to steer the plane. This provides direct feedback to the pilots. Pilots can override the servo to take manual control and the autopilot disengages. But this usually requires some force and the disengagement isn’t soft and isn’t the preferred method.
成功啟動(dòng)自動(dòng)駕駛模式需要:
To successfully engage the autopilot a couple of conditions have to be met first:
空速(注:非地速)大于失速速度;小于最大速度——注意檢查襟翼情況,襟翼放下時(shí)是有速度限制的,如果速度超出這個(gè)限制那自動(dòng)駕駛無法啟動(dòng).
Airspeed above stall speed and below maximum speed, check that you are not currently flying too fast for the flap setting you have
仰角/俯角在25度到-15度之間,傾斜角小于45度.
Pitch angle between about 25° and -15° and bank angle less than 45°
飛行沒有新的控制指令,且飛機(jī)已經(jīng)配平
Flight control inputs neutral and aircraft trimmed out
起飛后飛機(jī)至少離地100英尺,或降落前至少400英尺高
Aircraft in the air at least 100 feet above the ground after takeoff or above 400 feet prior to landing
想要解除自動(dòng)駕駛:
按下“A/P”鍵(在737上旋轉(zhuǎn)AP開關(guān))
Push the AP engagement button (or set the AP switch on in the 737)
五、自動(dòng)油門(A/T)
自動(dòng)油門系統(tǒng)（A/T）驅(qū)動(dòng)駕駛艙推力桿上的伺服系統(tǒng),以便在啟動(dòng)后調(diào)整發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推力.飛行員可以隨時(shí)“僭越”伺服系統(tǒng)并手動(dòng)控制,然后自動(dòng)油門會(huì)關(guān)閉,但除非A/T ARM開關(guān)也關(guān)閉，否則會(huì)保持待命狀態(tài).A/T通常在起飛前接通,著陸后解除.在著陸期間,A/T系統(tǒng)會(huì)自動(dòng)拉回推力桿并保持慢車位,開啟反推后自動(dòng)關(guān)閉.
The Auto-Throttle System (A/T) drives servos on the thrust levers in the cockpit to adjust engine thrust when engaged. Pilots can overpower the servos and manually take control at any time, the Auto-Throttle then disengages but stays armed unless the A/T ARM switches are turned off as well. A/T is usually armed before takeoff and disarmed after landing. During landing the A/T system automatically pulls back the thrust levers to idle during flare and disengages when reversers are selected.
接通自動(dòng)油門:
To engage A/T:
首先將自動(dòng)駕駛開關(guān)打開(即抬起至上面的位置,會(huì)聽到“咔”一聲)
Set the A/T switches to the ARM position (upper position)
在跑道上,,按下推理手柄上的TO/GA開關(guān)
When on the runway: Push the TO/GA switches on the thrust levers
在空中時(shí),按下SPD或A/T鍵
In the air: Push the SPD or A/T button
六、飛行管理系統(tǒng)（FMS）
Flight Management System (FMS)
對(duì)于路線規(guī)劃和長期復(fù)雜的導(dǎo)航功能，飛機(jī)配備了飛行管理系統(tǒng)（FMS），該系統(tǒng)存儲(chǔ)飛行計(jì)劃和預(yù)先編程的性能值，并計(jì)算最經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛行概況。飛行員可以通過駕駛艙中的控制顯示單元（CDU）或多功能顯示器（MFD）更改飛行計(jì)劃或輸入值。
(up注:FMC教程已經(jīng)發(fā)了一部分,由于up能力有限,剩下一部分我不一定能發(fā),得看前一部分反響如何)
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第二部分 波音系列飛機(jī)自動(dòng)駕駛的共性
Similarities between Boeing Autopilots
多年來，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的波音自動(dòng)駕駛儀發(fā)生了一些變化。核心功能仍然存在，但MCP的一些組件被移動(dòng)或重新設(shè)計(jì)。最現(xiàn)代化的777和787幾乎相同，但仍然與舊的747-400和更舊的737-500有很多共同之處.
以下為共同點(diǎn):
MCP左下角和右下角的F/D開關(guān)
左上角的 A/T 開關(guān)
IAS/MACH小口，下面有旋鈕
SPD、FLCH、VNAV按鈕的排列順序
位置相似的LNAV/VNAV按鈕
帶有傾斜角度限制選擇和航向保持按鈕的航向旋鈕（737除外）
垂直速度旋鈕和按鈕
帶有高度保持按鈕的高度旋鈕
LOC（737中的VOR/LOC）和APP按鈕
Over the years several changes have been introduced to real world Boeing autopilots. The core functionality remained but some components of the MCP were moved around or redesigned. The most modern aircraft like the 777 and 787 are near identical but still have a lot in common with the older 747-400 and the even older 737-500 with classic cockpit in Aerofly FS.
F/D switches in the lower left and lower right of the MCP
A/T switches in the top left
IAS/MACH window with knob underneath
Arrangement of SPD, FLCH, VNAV buttons
LNAV/VNAV buttons in similar position
Heading knob with bank angle limit selection and heading hold button (except 737)
Vertical speed wheel and button
Altitude knob with altitude hold button
LOC (VOR/LOC in 737) and APP buttons
第三部分 波音系列不同飛機(jī)的主要區(qū)別
Main Differences
B737 FMA：當(dāng)自動(dòng)駕駛接通時(shí)，姿態(tài)指示器上方的幾盞燈會(huì)變成綠色;當(dāng)僅使用飛行指示儀時(shí)，這幾盞燈會(huì)變成琥珀色。
B737 FMA: Several lights above the attitude indicator turn green when the autopilot is engaged or amber when only flight-director is in use.
B737 MCP：航向旋鈕和飛行指示儀優(yōu)先燈;朝向旋鈕下方的HDG SEL按鈕;沒有HDG HOLD按鈕;右側(cè)垂直速度旋鈕每旋轉(zhuǎn)一小格增量為50英尺/分鐘;自動(dòng)駕駛接通/關(guān)閉是靠抬桿而不是按按鈕.
B737 MCP: Course knobs and flight director priority lights, HDG SEL button underneath heading knob and no HDG HOLD button, vertical speed wheel on the right and with 50ft/min increments, autopilot levers and not pushbuttons
B747：三個(gè)單獨(dú)的自動(dòng)駕駛儀CMD按鈕
B747: Three individual autopilot?CMD?buttons
B777和B787：自動(dòng)駕駛有兩個(gè)按鈕(正駕和副駕兩側(cè)各一個(gè))
B777 and B787: Two?buttons?for autopilot
B777和B787：TRK-HDG開關(guān)，V/S-FPA開關(guān)和高度增量選擇器
B777 and B787: TRK - HDG switch, V/S - FPA switch and altitude increment selector
B787：添加了XFR按鈕可以將ATC指令傳輸?shù)交顒?dòng)值(up注:這里是機(jī)翻,因?yàn)槲彝娴哪M器沒有ATC,這里也沒有概念)
B787: XFR buttons added to transfer ATC?instruction?to active values
