正文翻譯

I always see stuff and history about the Mongols, the Japanese and the Chinese Empires. But I wonder if apart from those 3, any countries further down South, in the SEA region ever had Empires? And successful conquests of other territories.

我只看到有關(guān)蒙古、日本和中華帝國(guó)的歷史。但我想知道，除了這三個(gè)國(guó)家，在東南亞地區(qū)是否曾經(jīng)存在過帝國(guó)，并成功征服其他領(lǐng)土？

評(píng)論翻譯

Abba_Fiskbullar
You beat me to the Khmer! They had good hydrological engineering, and were able to grow enough rice to feed both a massive population and an army. Visiting Angkor Wat, you only see the jungle and the stone temples, the canals and reservoirs, but not the massive grid city, with multistory wood buildings and palaces that once composed a city of a million people.

高棉戳到我了！他們有優(yōu)秀的水利工程，種植的水稻能夠供養(yǎng)龐大的人口和軍隊(duì)。參觀吳哥窟，你只會(huì)看到叢林、石廟、運(yùn)河和水庫(kù)，而不是龐大的網(wǎng)格城市，城市里有多層木結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑和宮殿，這些曾經(jīng)構(gòu)成百萬(wàn)人口的城市。

KoiGreenTea
Agree with this completely. The majapahit empire was such a naval power it blew my mind to see exactly how much of the surrounding islands it conquered lol - plus it's very much relevant to Indonesian history and national identity,,,, and gods only know exactly how important Indonesia is in SouthEast Asian affairs

完全同意你說(shuō)的話。滿者伯夷帝國(guó)有著非常強(qiáng)大的海軍，在知道它征服了周邊多少島嶼的時(shí)候我都震驚了，再加上它對(duì)印度尼西亞的歷史和國(guó)家認(rèn)同很重要，而印度尼西亞在東南亞事務(wù)中又具有及其重要的地位。

SYLOH
The Majapahit Empire survived something most empire did not:
They insulted/mutilated ambassadors from the Mongols.
But the Mongol horses can't ride on water.

滿者伯夷帝國(guó)延續(xù)了下來(lái)，但其他帝國(guó)則沒有。
他們羞辱了蒙古人的使節(jié)。
但蒙古人的馬無(wú)法渡水。

theshadypineapple
The Mongols apparently didn't do too well in South Asia in general though, the heat was not something their soldiers or equipment were used to.

蒙古人在南亞的表現(xiàn)不太好，炎熱的天氣讓他們的士兵和裝備無(wú)法適應(yīng)。

votes0nly
Yep, pre-colonial Philippines probably didn't have any empires, but they did have a handful of thriving city-states, highlander tribes, pirate nations, and hindu/muslim kingdoms. All of these were very different in culture and form, with different international relations (some were tributaries of China for example) and all of them were only ever truly unified into "the Philippines" with the arrival of the Americans who consolidated the highlands of Luzon and finalized the maritime border between Borneo and Mindanao.
So yeah, no empire. But IMHO the Philippines is so diverse (yet self-contained) and densely populated that it can be reorganized into a semi-cosmopolitan empire right now, if it wanted to, much in the same style as Japan had been the past few centuries.

是的，被殖民前的菲律賓沒有過帝國(guó)。但他們確實(shí)有一些繁榮的城邦、高地部落、海盜國(guó)家、印度教或穆斯林王國(guó)。這些國(guó)家在文化和形式上都有很大的不同，國(guó)際關(guān)系也不同（比如有些就是中國(guó)的支流），只有當(dāng)美國(guó)人到來(lái)后，鞏固了呂宋，確定了婆羅洲和棉蘭老島之間的海上邊界后，這些國(guó)家才真正的統(tǒng)一為“菲律賓”。
所以，是的，菲律賓沒有帝國(guó)。但在我看來(lái)，菲律賓非常的多樣化，且人口眾多，如果它們想的話，可以立即統(tǒng)一成半世界性的帝國(guó)，就像幾百年前的日本一樣。

balthizor1
Malacca Empire/Sultanate, was around for a short time but controlled most of the wealth along the Strait of Malacca (major trading port and control point for trade between the Indian Ocean trade complex/network and the ports of Canton) during the 15th and 16th centuties. It fell due to an invasion by the Portuguese.

馬六甲帝國(guó)或蘇丹國(guó)曾短暫存在過，但在15到16世紀(jì)的時(shí)候控制了馬六甲海峽的大部分財(cái)富。它因葡萄牙人的入侵而沒落。

Haksoski
Yes, the kingdoms of Ava in Myanmar, majapahit in indonesia, the Khmer in cambodia, Ayyuatha in Thailand, the sultanate of Malaya are just some examples.

緬甸的東吁王朝、印度尼西亞的滿者伯夷、柬埔寨的高棉、泰國(guó)的阿瑜陀耶王朝、馬來(lái)亞的蘇丹國(guó)就是一些例子。

ZevKyogre
Well, there's the Khmer Empire, and Thailand had its empire, but everything else was dominated by China to the north, or India to the west (Maurya, Mughal).
Indonesia and Malaysia did have empires, and you can take a look here for a surface-scratching uation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4zGw2OewIk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1suZVUoxCA (for the Polynesians).
Empires, a term used to denote a cohesive conquest, isn't going to be easy when you have islands that can defend themselves, and declare autonomy. Britain never really got absorbed into Europe (since the Roman conquest) and Japan never got absorbed into Asia - islands have that nice buffer to decide whether they want to accept other influences. Korea couldn't really refuse China, and France couldn't really refuse Germany (or vice-versa). But the islands had a better chance of picking and choosing influences, and even among islands, forming a cohesive state is less likely.

有高棉帝國(guó)，泰國(guó)也曾有過帝國(guó)，但其他的都被北邊的中國(guó)或西邊的印度(孔雀王朝、莫臥兒王朝)支配。
印尼和馬來(lái)西亞確實(shí)有帝國(guó)，可以看看下面的【鏈接】大概了解一下。
帝國(guó)，一個(gè)用來(lái)象征征服的詞語(yǔ)，但當(dāng)有島嶼可以用來(lái)防御的時(shí)候，想要征服并不容易。英國(guó)從來(lái)沒有真正被歐洲所吞并，日本也從來(lái)沒有被亞洲吞并，島國(guó)擁有良好的緩沖，可以拒絕接受其他帝國(guó)的影響。朝鮮無(wú)法真正的拒絕中國(guó)，法國(guó)也不能真正的拒絕德國(guó)（或反過來(lái)）。島國(guó)擁有選擇或拒絕接受影響的機(jī)會(huì)，即使在各個(gè)島國(guó)間，形成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一國(guó)家的可能性也很低。

FCU-hoppa
There are a some SE Asian empires you missed my friend. The Taungoo empire, short lived, but covering most of SEA for instance. But at its the Ayuthaya dynasty could definitely be considered an empire too. As does the Pagan one. SEA may be influenced by Indian states and Chinese dynasties but they were sure as hell not dominated.

你漏掉了一些東南亞帝國(guó)。比如東吁帝國(guó)，存在的時(shí)間短暫，但曾掌控東南亞大部分地區(qū)。但阿瑜陀耶王朝絕對(duì)可以算作一個(gè)帝國(guó)。蒲甘也可以算一個(gè)。東南亞或許受到了印度各個(gè)國(guó)家和中華王朝的影響，但絕不是支配。

kangcore
Some great examples cited here - Khmer, Srivijaya, Majapahit. I think its also very important to note that historical South East Asian polities tended not to conform to traditional European or Chinese conceptions of a physical state with clearly delineated borders, but rather conformed more to spheres of influence - and the loyalties of a particular region tended to follow the wax and wane of various centres of influence. This is known as the Mandala polity model

有些不錯(cuò)的例子：高棉、三佛齊、滿者伯夷。我認(rèn)為有一點(diǎn)要注意的是，在歷史上，東南亞的政體往往與傳統(tǒng)歐洲或中國(guó)概念上的政體不同，它更像是勢(shì)力范圍，某個(gè)地區(qū)的忠誠(chéng)往往隨著勢(shì)力中心的興衰而變化。這就是曼荼羅政體模式。

nerupu_kumaru
I'm surprised no one here's mentioning Chola dynasty.The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history. Cholas had one of the most efficient navy of their time.At its peak, the Chola Navy was Asia's largest navy, with blue-water capabilities, and a personnel strength of a million men.Between 900 and 1100 CE, the navy grew from a small backwater entity to a potent maritime and diplomatic force across Asia, with maritime trade lixs extending from Arabia to China.

我很驚訝，這里竟然沒有人提到朱羅王朝。朱羅王朝延續(xù)了1500多年，是人類歷史上在位時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的家族之一。朱羅王朝擁有當(dāng)時(shí)最強(qiáng)大的海軍之一。在它的鼎盛時(shí)期，朱羅海軍是亞洲最龐大的海軍，具有遠(yuǎn)洋能力，達(dá)到100萬(wàn)人。在公元900年至1100年之間，他們的海軍從小而落后發(fā)展到橫跨亞洲的強(qiáng)大海上、外交力量，海上貿(mào)易聯(lián)系從阿拉伯延伸到中國(guó)。

deezee72
One thing to note is that SE Asia has relatively little written documentation. Written records in native SE Asian languages don't appear until the earliest Khmer scxts in the 7th century.
Even then, Khmer language histories are relatively sparse. Despite the fact that the Khmer language was literate, many of our major sources on the Khmer Empire come from foreign (especially Chinese) writing. For instance, the main written source regarding the golden age of Angkor comes from the Yuan dynasty diplomat Zhou Daguan and his report, The Customs of Cambodia.
As a result, other than Vietnam (which was a territory of the Chinese empire for much of its history until 938 and again from 1407-1427), most SouthEast Asian countries don't have a lot of written history, which in turn limits what we know about SouthEast Asian history.
For instance, for a long time historians believed that there was a proto-Khmer empire prior to the 6th century (known as Funan in the Chinese sources), but historians increasingly believe that Funan was actually a cultural region consisting of independent city states.

有一點(diǎn)要注意，東南亞流傳下來(lái)用文字書寫的文獻(xiàn)記錄相對(duì)稀少。東南亞本土語(yǔ)言的書面記錄，直到7世紀(jì)才最早出現(xiàn)了高棉文字。
即使是那時(shí)，用高棉語(yǔ)記錄的歷史也相對(duì)稀少。盡管高棉擁有文字，但關(guān)于高棉帝國(guó)的主要資料，許多都來(lái)源于外國(guó)（特別是中國(guó)）的文字。例如，有關(guān)吳哥王朝黃金時(shí)代的主要書面資料，來(lái)源于元朝的外交官周達(dá)觀及其報(bào)告《真臘風(fēng)土記》。
因此，除了越南（在938年以前，越南大部分時(shí)候都是中華帝國(guó)的領(lǐng)土，1407-1427年也是），大多數(shù)東南亞國(guó)家都沒有多少書面歷史，這限制了我們對(duì)東南亞歷史的了解。
例如，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為在6世紀(jì)之前有一個(gè)原高棉帝國(guó)(在中國(guó)資料中稱為扶南)，但歷史學(xué)家逐漸認(rèn)為扶南實(shí)際上是一個(gè)由獨(dú)立城邦組成的文化區(qū)域。

oldwatchlover
Not an expert, and maybe not long lasting enough to be an “empire”, but I’d nominate Thailand (Siam). They were at their peak of power as western countries sailed into the east, I believe the only/largest country in that region that wasn’t colonized by England, France, Spain, or Portugal, as well as resisting other Asian powers during that time

我不是專家，也許它存續(xù)的時(shí)間不夠長(zhǎng)久，不足以成為“帝國(guó)”，但我提名泰國(guó)（暹羅）。當(dāng)西方國(guó)家向東方航行時(shí)，暹羅正處于其實(shí)力的巔峰期，我認(rèn)為它是這個(gè)地區(qū)沒有被英國(guó)、法國(guó)、西班牙或葡萄牙殖民的唯一或最大的國(guó)家，也是那時(shí)候抵抗其他亞洲強(qiáng)國(guó)的唯一國(guó)家。

DudleysCar
You forgot the Dutch, but yes, Thailand is the only country in SEA that was never colonised by a Western power.

你忘了荷蘭，但確實(shí)，泰國(guó)是東南亞唯一沒有被西方列強(qiáng)殖民過的國(guó)家。

Ask_for_me_by_name
That was less about their power and more their geographic location between British Burma and French Indochina.

這跟它們的實(shí)力關(guān)系不大，跟他們?cè)谟倬挼楹头▽儆≈еg的地理位置關(guān)系更大。

HippiesBeGoneInc
Correct. The only two countries in Asia which avoided colonization were Thailand and Japan, and perhaps China depending how you consider the unequal treaties and outright Western control of certain major cities. Thailand, however, did lose about 1/3 of its territory to France so maybe not them either.

確實(shí)。亞洲唯二沒有被殖民的國(guó)家就是泰國(guó)和日本，也許還有中國(guó)，這取決于你如何看待不平等條約和西方對(duì)某些主要城市的完全控制。然而，泰國(guó)確實(shí)有大約三分之一的領(lǐng)土被法國(guó)占領(lǐng)了，所以它可能也不能算。

matmoe1
Was Korea colonized by a western force or only by Japan?

朝鮮是被西方勢(shì)力殖民還是只被日本殖民？

HippiesBeGoneInc
Korea and Taiwan were both colonized by Japan. And I'm counting Mongolia as a client state of the Soviet unx which is really just another form of imperialism.

韓國(guó)和臺(tái)灣都被日本殖民。我認(rèn)為蒙古是蘇聯(lián)的附庸國(guó)，這其實(shí)是帝國(guó)主義的另一種形式。

eruner11
There were plenty. The Taungoo empire, Siam, Khmer, Srivijaya, Majapahit, Brunei, though maybe not quite on the scale of empires in other places. I assume the jungles and mountains in the area might have made expansion difficult.

有過很多帝國(guó)。東吁帝國(guó)、暹羅、高棉、三佛齊、滿者伯夷、文萊，雖然他們的規(guī)?？赡軟]有其他地區(qū)的帝國(guó)那么龐大。我認(rèn)為這個(gè)地區(qū)的叢林和山脈讓擴(kuò)張難以進(jìn)行。

A6M_Zero
Oddly Vietnam seems to be escaping mention in most of the comments. While often dominated by its more powerful northern neighbours in China, it was an empire that did last some time and expanded from its heartlands to what is now modern Vietnam.

奇怪，好像都沒有多少人提到越南。雖然它經(jīng)常被更強(qiáng)大的北方鄰國(guó)中國(guó)統(tǒng)治，但它作為一個(gè)帝國(guó)確實(shí)延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間，并從其核心地帶擴(kuò)張到現(xiàn)代越南的規(guī)模。