2004年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題及解析【第二篇】
passage2

注解:標(biāo)題為紅色,翻譯為藍(lán)色,分析為綠色。?
????????Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious潛在的 form continues to thrive繁榮,興旺(本文意思): alphabetism.This, for those as yet 【as yet至今【not yet尚未】【也記一下】】unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames姓氏?begin with a letter in the lower half【lower half后半段】 of the alphabet字母表.
????????It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb拇指 through【thumb?through(用手指(也可以不是大拇指)快速翻閱)】 their phone directories【?phone directories電話簿】. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names?are fairly相當(dāng)?shù)兀ū疚囊馑迹?,公平?/span>?evenly 平均地spread between the halves兩半【可以記作是half后面改f為iv再加es】?of the alphabet.Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
????????Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors前任 (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.Even more striking引人注目的, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers銀行長(zhǎng)?(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and A1brecht).
????????Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up【dreamt up憑空想象出】 in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot腐爛?sets in 【the rot?sets in?腐爛開始【引申含義就是壞事情已經(jīng)開始了】】early. At the start of the first year in infant school【infant school幼兒園】, teachers seat安排座位(本文意思),座位 pupils 學(xué)生alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted近視的,目光短淺的 Zysman junior gets stuck【gets stuck 被困住,陷入..工作】 in the back?row排, and is rarely asked the improving有提升水平的?questions posed by those insensitive不敏感的 teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications學(xué)歷(本文意思),資格, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
????????The humiliation屈辱,羞恥?continues. At university graduation【university graduation大學(xué)畢業(yè)】?ceremonies典禮, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people areliterally字面上地,確實(shí)地(本文意思)?having a ZZZ.【having a ZZZ.這里表示鼾聲不斷】 Shortlists候選人名單 for job interviews, election ballot不記名投票?papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up【drawn up擬定,起草】 alphabetically, and their recipients接受方?lose interest興趣,利益?as they plough 耕地through【plough?through費(fèi)勁地閱讀】 them.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
文章介紹了社會(huì)上存在的一種隱蔽的不平等現(xiàn)象:按字母排序。
第一段:給“字母排序現(xiàn)象”下定義:對(duì)那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人的歧視。
第二、三段:舉例說明社會(huì)上存在的字母排序現(xiàn)象。第四段:提出一種理論來解釋字母排序現(xiàn)象的起源。
第五段:進(jìn)一步舉例說明字母排序現(xiàn)象在人類生活中普遍存在。
26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C]? A type of personal prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
26.作者借用“AAAA汽車”和“Zodiac汽車”的例子來說明什么?
【A】一種被人們忽視的不平等現(xiàn)象。
【B】一種顯而易見的偏見。
【C】一種個(gè)人偏見。
【D】一種品牌上的歧視。
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
27.從文章前三段,我們可以推知什么?
【A】在東西方,名字都是成功的關(guān)鍵。
【B】一些人失敗的原因是其姓氏字母在字母表中排后。
【C】顧客總是很注意公司的名字。
【D】某種歧視太微妙以至很難被察覺。
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that_
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight
28.文章第四段暗示。
【A】聰明的學(xué)生經(jīng)常被提問
【B】按字母排序處于劣勢(shì)的學(xué)生經(jīng)常逃課
【C】老師應(yīng)該關(guān)注所有的學(xué)生
【D】應(yīng)該根據(jù)學(xué)生視力的好壞來給他們排座位
29. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ"(Lines
2-3, Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C]They are feeling humiliated.
[D]They are busy with word puzzles.
29.“most people are literally having a ZZZ”在文中的含義是什么(第五段第二至三行)?
【A】他們變得不耐煩了。
【B】他們大聲地打起解來。
【C】他們覺得很羞恥。
【D】他們忙于做字迷游戲。
30.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
30.下面哪一個(gè)是符合文章的說法?
【A】姓氏字母為N到Z的人經(jīng)常受到不公正待遇。
【B】西方世界里的重要人物從字母排序中獲得很多好處。
【C】消除字母排序的運(yùn)動(dòng)仍然任重而道遠(yuǎn)。
【D】把事物按字母排序可能導(dǎo)致無意識(shí)的偏見。
二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)condemn(v.)譴責(zé),反對(duì);宣判;宣告…不適用
(2)insidious(a.)陰險(xiǎn)的,不知不覺中進(jìn)行的
(3)thrive(v.)茁壯成長(zhǎng);繁榮,旺盛,興旺
(4)alphabetism(n.)alphabet 字母表,-ism是后綴,表示一種獨(dú)特的教條、系統(tǒng)或理論。它常常和名詞合成為……主義、學(xué)、術(shù)、論、法”。
這里是作者臨時(shí)臆造出來的新詞匯,指社會(huì)上存在的按照字母排序的理論。
(5)thumb through 翻閱一遍
(6)suspiciously(ad.)猜疑地,懷疑地
(7)respectively(ad.)各自地,分別地
(8)predecessors(n.)前輩,前任;
(9)coincidence(n.)巧合(的事)
(10)rot(n.)腐爛;胡說,荒唐的想法
the rot sets in習(xí)慣用語(yǔ),表示“情況開始出毛病;事情開始走下坡”
(11)humiliation(n.)羞辱,蒙恥,使人丟臉的條件或環(huán)境
(12)literally(ad.)照字面地;完全地,在確切或嚴(yán)格的意義上;差不多,簡(jiǎn)直
(13)shortlists(n.)供最后挑選(或考慮)用的候選人的名單
(14)ballot(n.)選票,投票權(quán)
(15)attendee(n.)參加者,出席者-ee后綴,表示……者”,
如:devotee獻(xiàn)身者 retiree退休者 refugee逃難者
(16)plough through費(fèi)勁地閱讀,吃力地鉆研;艱難地通過
三、閱讀答案:A D C B D
四、全文翻譯:?
????????在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里,各種各樣的不平等待遇和歧視都已經(jīng)受到人們的譴責(zé)或被視為違法。但是,有一種隱蔽的不公平待遇卻繼續(xù)盛行:字母排序。對(duì)于那些還沒有意識(shí)到存在這種不公平待遇的人,可以這么向他們解釋:它指的是歧視那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人。
????????人們?cè)缇椭?,?dāng)乘客翻電話薄叫出租車時(shí),一家名為“AAAA汽車”的出租車公司遠(yuǎn)比另一家名為“Zodiac汽車”的公司占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。而少為人知的是,名為Adam或Abbott的人在生活中要比名為Zoe或Zysman的人有優(yōu)勢(shì)。英語(yǔ)名字在字母表的前、后部分是很均勻地分布的,但令人不敢相信的是大部分的杰出人物的姓氏字母卻都排在了A到K之間。
????????因此,美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的姓氏字母分別以B和C開頭,而喬治·布什的祖先中,有26位姓氏字母排在了字母表的前半部分,只有16位排在了后半部分。更令人吃驚的是,七個(gè)富裕國(guó)的政府首腦中,六位具有字母排序的優(yōu)勢(shì),他們分別是:貝波魯斯科尼、布萊爾、布什、希拉克、科利汀和小泉。世界三大中央銀行行長(zhǎng)的姓氏也排在了字母表前面,即使其中一位用的是日本名字,他們分別是:格林斯潘、迪森伯格和河野。世界上最富裕的五個(gè)人也是這樣,他們的名字分別是:蓋茨、巴菲特、艾倫、埃利森和阿爾布雷克特。
?????????難道這僅僅只是巧合嗎?有一種理論是那些在字母排序中處于劣勢(shì)的人閑暇之余臆造出來的。它認(rèn)為這種不平等待遇早就存在了。在幼兒園的第一學(xué)期里,老師把學(xué)生按姓氏的字母順序從前往后排座位,以便更容易記住他們的名字。因此一些近視的、姓氏字母排后的學(xué)生就固定在后面幾排了。而一些粗心的老師很少向這些孩子提問,提問其實(shí)有利于他們智力的提高。這時(shí),這些字母排序中處于劣勢(shì)的孩子還認(rèn)為自己有幸逃脫了提問。然而,結(jié)果卻造成了能力的差異,因?yàn)檫@些孩子受到的關(guān)注要少,在公開表達(dá)自己時(shí)更缺乏信心。
????????還有這種讓人感到羞辱的情況。在大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上,姓氏字母排前的學(xué)生先得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),而輪到那些姓氏字母靠后的人時(shí),大多數(shù)參加者差不多都在打鼾了。在求職面試的最后名單里,在投票選舉單上,在與會(huì)發(fā)言人和參加者名單中……往往都是按照字母先后順序的排列,等到拿著這些名單的人費(fèi)勁地從頭看到尾時(shí),他們?cè)缫呀?jīng)失去了興趣。