senior既是名詞也是形容詞，作為名詞是年長者, 資深者, 畢業(yè)班學生，作為形容詞是年長的, 高級的, 資深的。既是高中詞匯，也是大學英語四級詞匯。

這個詞實際上是由古印歐語系詞根sen-發(fā)展而來，sen表示老的，在造詞過程中還延伸出高級的意思。當然sen-詞根還有其他的單詞，例如高齡的，年老的senile，參議院senate，古羅馬的元老院senatus等等，總共至少包括10個單詞，如下圖：

該單詞出現(xiàn)在多次六級考試中，例如2008、2010、2012、2017、2018、2019、2021等年份。

作為高級的，我們經(jīng)常能聽到的、用到的有高級管理，高級工程師等等。作為年長的，有年長者，老人等。我在海外工作的時候，不少銀行就有專門的老年人服務(wù)窗口，或者發(fā)放相關(guān)卡片senior citizen。

運動會的成人組等等

我們常說的老年癡呆癥senile dementia，于1851年首次出現(xiàn)。我們很多了解的老年癡呆癥，可能只是阿爾茨海默癥AD，實際上，除了AD，還有其他原因，例如中風引起的老年癡呆癥。

Alois Alzheimer，1864年6月14日-1915年12月19日，愛羅斯·阿爾茨海默，德國精神科醫(yī)師及神經(jīng)病理學家，1906年，他首先發(fā)表了“老年癡呆癥”的病例，后來并以他的名字命名為阿爾茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease, AD），據(jù)國際阿爾茨海默病協(xié)會（ADI）發(fā)布的《世界阿爾茨海默病2018年報告》顯示，目前全世界至少有5000萬的癡呆患者，到2050年預(yù)計將達到1.52億，其中約60%-70%為阿爾茨海默病患者。

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來源：香港中文大學

The world’s first AI model using fundus photographs alone to detect Alzheimer’s disease

The world’s first AI model using fundus photographs alone to detect Alzheimer’s disease | CUHK in Focus | The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The retina is an extension of the central nervous system; thus, the eye is therefore a window that can show degenerative changes in the blood vessels and nerves of the brain. An international team led by CUHK’s Faculty of Medicine (CU Medicine) has successfully developed the world’s first AI model that can detect Alzheimer’s disease solely through fundus photographs or images of the retina. The model is more than 80% accurate after validation.

Considering fundus photography is widely accessible, non-invasive and cost-effective, this novel AI model incorporated with fundus photography is expected to become an important tool for screening people at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease in the community. Details have been published in The Lancet Digital Health.

Current methods to detect early Alzheimer’s disease are limited

In Hong Kong, 1 in 10 people aged 70 or above suffers from dementia, with more than half of those cases attributed to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is associated with an excessive accumulation of abnormal amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains, leading to the death of brain cells and resulting in progressive cognitive decline.

Dr Lisa Au Wing-chi of the Division of Neurology says, “Memory complaints are common among middle-aged and elderly people, and often considered a sign of Alzheimer’s disease. It is sometimes difficult to make an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on cognitive tests and structural brain imaging. However, methods to detect Alzheimer’s pathology, such as an amyloid-PET scan or testing of cerebrospinal fluid collected via lumber puncture, are invasive and less accessible.”

To address the current clinical gap, CU Medicine has led a number of medical centres and institutions from Singapore, the UK and the US to successfully develop an AI model using state-of-the art technologies which can detect Alzheimer’s disease using fundus photographs alone.

The retina is a window to study disorders of the central nervous system

Professor Clement Tham Chee-yung, chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, explains, “The retina is an extension of the brain in terms of embryology, anatomy and physiology. In the entire central nervous system, only the blood vessels and nerves in the retina allow direct visualisation and analysis. Hence, it has long been considered a window to study disorders in the central nervous system. Through non-invasive fundus photography, we can detect a range of changes in the blood vessels and nerves of the retina that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease.”

The team developed and validated their AI model using nearly 13,000 fundus photographs from 648 Alzheimer’s disease patients (included patients from the Prince of Wales Hospital) and 3,240 cognitively normal subjects. Upon validation, the model showed 84% accuracy, 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity in detecting Alzheimer’s disease. In the multi-ethnic, multi-country datasets, the AI model achieved accuracies ranging from 80% to 92%.

Accessibility, non-invasiveness and high cost-effectiveness of the AI model using fundus photography help detection of Alzheimer’s cases both in clinic and the community

Professor Vincent Mok Chung-tong, director of the Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, says, “In addition to its accessibility and non-invasiveness, the accuracy of the new AI model is comparable to imaging tests such as MRI. It shows potential to become not only a diagnostic test in clinics, but also a screening tool for Alzheimer’s disease in community settings. In the future, we hope to validate its efficacy in identifying high-risk cases of the disease hidden in the community, so that various preventive treatments such as anti-amyloid drugs can be initiated early to slow down cognitive decline and brain damage.”

Dr Carol Cheung Yim-lui of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences adds, “In addition to applying novel AI technologies in the model, we also tested it in different scenarios. Notably, our AI model retained a robust ability to differentiate between subjects with and without Alzheimer’s disease, even in the presence of concomitant eye diseases like macular degeneration and glaucoma which are common in city-dwellers and the older population. This further supports the concept that our AI analysis of fundus photographs is an excellent tool for the detection of the memory-depriving Alzheimer’s disease.”