how to be a producitve doctoral student

1. In doctoral programs, students' progress is much more uncertain. Many students end up leaving doctoral programs, both voluntariby, if they change their mind about their chosen career, and involuntarily，if they do not pass their exams or cannot write acceptable dissertations!
博士項目中，學(xué)生的進(jìn)展往往具有更大不確定性。很多學(xué)生會中途退出博士項目，或是因為改變職業(yè)選擇而自愿退出，或是因為無法通過考試或難以完成畢業(yè)論文被強(qiáng)制清退。

2. In short, when a student enters a PhD program, there is much uncertainty about whether she will eventually receive her PhD and if she does receive it, how long the process will take.
簡而言之，當(dāng)一個學(xué)生進(jìn)入博士生項目時，對于他or她是否能夠取得博士學(xué)位以及需要多長時間都是高度不確定的。

3. In contrast, in a PhD program the goal is to teach students how to do research. The main graduation requirement is a dissertation, which is an original piece of research that meaningfully moves the frontier of our knowledge.
正相反，博士教育的目的是教會學(xué)生如何做研究。最主要的畢業(yè)要求提交一份具有原創(chuàng)性，能夠拓展已有知識邊界的畢業(yè)論文。

4. it is difficult for faculty or even a student herself to know whether she will be a natural fit for academic research.
對于老師或?qū)W生本人來說要判斷她是否天生就適合走上學(xué)術(shù)道路是極其困難的。

5. Sometimes PhD students are surprised to discover that empirical academic research tends to analyze systematic data sets rather than carry out case studies, and that theoretical research uses mathematical models to convey ideas rather than verbal arguments,emphasizing generality and abstraction more than specific institutienal details.
一些博士學(xué)生驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)證學(xué)術(shù)研究傾向于分析系統(tǒng)性數(shù)據(jù)集而非個例研究，傾向于應(yīng)用理論研究使用數(shù)理模型去傳達(dá)思想而不是口頭辯論，更強(qiáng)調(diào)通用和抽象而不是具體制度細(xì)節(jié)。

6. I would encourage anyone thinking about getting a PhD to work with their undergraduate or master's faculty on their research. If they write a thesis as an undergraduate or master's student, they should try to publish it.
對于想要攻讀博士學(xué)位的任何人，我都鼓勵他們在本科或研究生時同老師一起學(xué)習(xí)工作。如果他們完成了畢業(yè)論文，他們應(yīng)該努力爭取去發(fā)表。

ps 翻譯比較生澀，翻著玩玩；我是掃描紙質(zhì)圖片轉(zhuǎn)文字，可能有錯漏，并非原文問題，應(yīng)該是我轉(zhuǎn)換的問題，望周知，謝謝。