【理論06】可獲得性啟發(fā),Availability Heuristic

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman 1973
釋義
The tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future.
很多時(shí)候,人們只是簡(jiǎn)單根據(jù)對(duì)事件已有的信息來(lái)確定事件發(fā)生的可能性,而不是更理性地分析相關(guān)的信息。
例子
投資:股市崩盤帶來(lái)的痛苦會(huì)讓投資者一直擔(dān)心再次蒙受巨大損失,從而高估股價(jià)下跌的概率,一直不敢入市。
結(jié)果,指數(shù)一漲再漲,等到股價(jià)漲到很高時(shí),人們才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)失去了絕好的投資機(jī)會(huì)。
原因
人們?cè)谟洃浿兴褜は嚓P(guān)信息時(shí),并不是所有的相關(guān)信息都能被無(wú)偏差地搜索到。
事件刺激的頻率、新異性、生動(dòng)性、情緒性也會(huì)影響到信息可獲得程度,從而影響到其在個(gè)體心目中的主觀概率。
如何應(yīng)對(duì)
(1)學(xué)會(huì)忘記,接受新信息。
(2)經(jīng)過(guò)分析做出的決策,不要倉(cāng)促改變決定,謹(jǐn)防一些生動(dòng)新聞讓自己成為情緒的俘虜。
(3)保持良好的心境。
(4)不宜在心中過(guò)多主觀預(yù)演,變成臆想的奴隸。
相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1973). "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability". Cognitive Psychology. 5 (2): 207–232.
Schwarz, Norbert; Bless, Herbert; Strack, Fritz; Klumpp, Gisela; Rittenauer-Schatka, Helga; Simons, Annette (1991). "Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (2): 195–202.
Lee, Byunghwan; O'Brien, John; Sivaramakrishnan, K. (2008). "An Analysis of Financial Analysts' Optimism in Long-term Growth Forecasts". Journal of Behavioral Finance. 9 (3): 171–184.?
Fox, Craig R. (2006). "The availability heuristic in the classroom: How soliciting more criticism can boost your course ratings" . Judgment and Decision Making. 1 (1): 86–90.
Carroll, John S. (1978). "The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 14 (1): 88–96.?