這是一份 163 人的簽名，在上面你會(huì)看到水利學(xué)泰斗張光斗、地理學(xué)家施雅風(fēng)、導(dǎo)彈控制專(zhuān)家梁思禮以及中國(guó)氫彈之父于敏等等，163 位來(lái)自各個(gè)學(xué)科各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的院士共同聯(lián)名已經(jīng)相當(dāng)罕見(jiàn)，而他們之所以振臂疾呼只為了一件事：拯救黃河。

This,is a paper with 163 people's signatures on it, where you can see Zhang Guangdou, a leading scholar in water conservancy, Shi Yafeng, a geographer, Liang Sili, an expert in missile control, Yu Min, the father of China's hydrogen bomb and so on. For 163 academicians from various disciplines and fields to jointly sign their names is quite rare enough, and the reason why they raised their voice is only for one thing: to save the Yellow River.

這就是當(dāng)時(shí)的黃河，今天的我們也許很難想象，在 1997 年時(shí)，黃河一年中有將近 2/3 的時(shí)間無(wú)水入海，最嚴(yán)重時(shí)，整個(gè)下游 90% 的河道完全干涸。是的，黃河斷流了。

This was the Yellow River at that time. It may be difficult for us today to imagine that, back in 1997, the Yellow River had no water into the sea for nearly 2/3 of the year, while at its worst, 90% of the lower reaches almost completely dried up. Yes, The Yellow River cut off.

如果說(shuō)一條河流的完全干涸標(biāo)志著它的徹底死亡，那么斷流就是它接近死亡的開(kāi)始。難以相信這條奔流了百萬(wàn)年的大河、這條哺育了中華文明 5000 年的大河竟然如此接近死亡的邊緣?？墒?，我們?cè)撊绾握冗@條母親河呢？20 多年后的今天，黃河的命運(yùn)又真的安枕無(wú)憂(yōu)了嗎？

If the complete drying up of a river marks its ultimate death, then the flow cutoff means the beginning of its approach to death. It is hard to believe that this great river running for millions of years and nurturing the Chinese civilization for 5000 years came so close to death. However, what should we do to save our mother river? Today,more than 20 years later is the fate of Yellow River really safe again?

實(shí)際上，這條大河雖然古老卻也十分脆弱。你現(xiàn)在看到的就幾乎是它全部的支流，如果與條母親河長(zhǎng)江相比，可謂是天壤之別。而如果對(duì)比兩個(gè)流域的降水量，差距也同樣明顯。正因如此，從河流的年徑流量來(lái)看，黃河僅僅只有長(zhǎng)江的 1/17，甚至將近 60% 的水量都來(lái)自蘭州以上僅僅 28%的流域面積內(nèi)，而接下來(lái)連片分布的沙漠和沙地又基本無(wú)法提供多少水源補(bǔ)給。直到關(guān)中平原一帶最大的支流渭河注入，才讓黃河水量有了片刻喘息。然而沿線(xiàn)的 9 個(gè)省區(qū)，尤其是寧夏、內(nèi)蒙古、河南、山東等等，甚至流域之外極度缺水的河北天津都有大量的農(nóng)業(yè)工業(yè)和人口需要從黃河取水，讓本就不豐沛的黃河水雪上加霜。

In fact, this river is ancient though while very fragile. What you see now is almost all of its tributaries. If compared to the other mother river, the Yangtze River, there is a world of difference. And if comparing the precipitation of these two watersheds, we can see a significant gap. As a result, judging from the river's average annual runoff, the Yellow River is only 1/17 of the Yangtze River. Nearly 60% of the water even comes from just 28% of the watershed area above Lanzhou, while the deserts and sand lands distributed continuously can hardly meet much water supply. It is in the Guanzhong Plain where the largest tributary goes into the Yellow River that its water quantity gets temporarily relieved. However, nine provinces and regions along the river, especially Ningxia, Nei Mongol, Henan, and Shandong, even Hebei and Tianjin which are extremely short of water outside the river basin have a large demand to draw water from the Yellow river for agriculture,industry and population, making the already insufficient Yellow River water even worse.

因此，早在 1972 年，黃河下游就出現(xiàn)了第一次斷流，并在之后的 20 多年里斷流頻發(fā)，為了爭(zhēng)取寶貴的水資源，沒(méi)有哪個(gè)地區(qū)愿意主動(dòng)削減用水量，甚至在 1983 年統(tǒng)計(jì)各省用水需求時(shí)，總計(jì)需水量達(dá)到了近 700 億立方米，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了當(dāng)時(shí)黃河本身的徑流量。于是，一場(chǎng)關(guān)于水量分配的討論甚至爭(zhēng)論持續(xù)了整整 4 年。直到 1987 年，在經(jīng)歷了無(wú)數(shù)次的協(xié)調(diào)和征求意見(jiàn)后，中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)針對(duì)大江大河的水量分配方案終于獲批，史稱(chēng)八七分水方案。

Therefore, early in 1972, the first flow cutoff occurred in the lower Yellow River, and occurred frequently in the following 20 more years. In order to strive for valuable water resources, there was no region willing to reduce its water consumption. Even in 1983 when calculating the water demand of every province, the total water demand reached nearly 70 billion cubic meters, far exceeding the runoff of the Yellow River itself at that time. As a result, a discussion and even debate on water allocation continued for four full years. Until 1987, after countless rounds of coordination and consultation, China's first water allocation plan for larger rivers was finally approved, namely Water Allocation 87 Scheme.

可是想象中的轉(zhuǎn)折并沒(méi)有馬上到來(lái)，畢竟長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的用水方式很難一朝一夕發(fā)生改變，再加上流域管理機(jī)構(gòu)黃河水利委員會(huì)在當(dāng)時(shí)并沒(méi)有足夠的權(quán)力對(duì)干流上的大型水庫(kù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一調(diào)度，更無(wú)法強(qiáng)制管控違規(guī)的取水行為。因此，部分地區(qū)仍在長(zhǎng)期超量取水，黃河的斷流也日益嚴(yán)重。到 10 年后的 1997 年，黃河斷流已達(dá)到了史無(wú)前例的 226 天。面對(duì)如此不堪重負(fù)的母親河，人們已經(jīng)到了不得不做改變、不得不下決心的時(shí)候了。

However, the imagined turning point did not come immediately. After all,the long-term way of using water is impossible to change overnight. In addition, the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission had limited power at that time to uniformly regulate large reservoirs on the mainstream, not to mention to forcibly manage and control illegal water intake actions. Therefore, some regions were still taking excessive water for a long time. The flow cutoff problem of the Yellow River was getting increasingly serious. 10 years later, by 1997, the Yellow River had been cut off for unprecedented 226 days. Faced with such a heavy burden on the mother river, it was time for people to make changes and make decisions.

就在這第二年（1998 年），163 位院土聯(lián)合發(fā)起了視頻開(kāi)頭的那份簽名，黃河水利委員會(huì)也獲得了國(guó)務(wù)院的正式授權(quán)，開(kāi)始逐步對(duì)干流上的龍洋峽、劉家峽、萬(wàn)家寨、三門(mén)峽、小浪底和支流上的一系列水庫(kù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一調(diào)度，黃河終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了整條河流的水量管理。到 2006 年，更是由國(guó)務(wù)院頒布了黃河水量調(diào)度條例，讓黃河的水量管理有了正式的規(guī)范。再加上分水方案的完善、取水口的管理、水權(quán)交易等市場(chǎng)手段的建立，以及農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水和引調(diào)水工程的建設(shè)等等，從 1999 年至今的 23 年里，盡管整個(gè)流域的 GDP 增長(zhǎng)了 7 倍以上，黃河卻再也未曾斷流，黃河流域也成為了全國(guó)水資源利用效率最前列的地區(qū)之一。不過(guò)這條母親河面臨的問(wèn)題卻遠(yuǎn)不止水資源而已。

Just in the second year (1998), at the beginning of this video, 163 academicians jointly sponsored the signature, and the Yellow River Conservancy Commission was officially authorized by the State Council, to gradually regulate the reservoirs including Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Wanjiazhai, Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi on the mainstream and a series of others on the tributaries. The Yellow River finally achieved-its water management for the entire river. By 2006, the State Council had promulgated the Regulation on Water Dispatch of the Yellow River, which formalized the water management of the Yellow River. In addition to the improvement of water allocation plan, water intake management, the establishment of markets instruments such as water rights trading, and the construction of agricultural water saving project and water diversion projects, in the 23 years from 1999 till now, although the GDP of the entire basin has increased by more than 7 times, the Yellow River has never ceased flowing and this basin has also become one of the most efficient areas in the utilization of water resources in China. However, the problems faced by the mother river are not limited to water resources alone.

這是山東濟(jì)南的黃河，屬于黃河下游，而這是甘肅臨夏的黃河，位于上游，它的改頭換面發(fā)生在中游地區(qū)。在這里，黃河流經(jīng)了世界上最大、最厚的黃土覆蓋區(qū)，黃土高原。就像有句老話(huà)說(shuō)，下一場(chǎng)大雨脫一層皮，發(fā)一回山水滿(mǎn)溝泥，黃士高原嚴(yán)重的水生流失讓黃河（曾經(jīng)）成了世界上含沙量最大的河流，尤其當(dāng)河流進(jìn)入下游的華北平原，流速突然減緩，巨量的泥沙逐漸堆積，讓河床不斷抬高，甚至遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高出周?chē)牡孛?，成為一條地上懸河，因而極易引發(fā)河堤決口，甚至河流改道。這意味著要想解決地上懸河問(wèn)題，就必須解決泥沙問(wèn)題。

This is the Yellow River in Jinan, Shandong, which belongs to the lower reaches of the Yellow River. And this is the Yellow River in Linxia, Gansu, located in the upper reaches. Its transformation occurred in the middle reaches. Here, the Yellow River flows through the world's largest and thickest loess coverage area, the Loess Plateau. As the saying goes, After a heavy rain, a layer of skin is peeled off and water fills the gullies with silt. The serious water and soil erosion of the Loess Plateau has made the Yellow River the river with the highest sediment content in the world. Especially when the river enters the North China Plain in the lower reaches the flow suddenly slows down and huge amounts of silt gradually accumulate, causing the riverbed to constantly rise even far higher than the surrounding land becoming an aboveground river that is extremely prone to burst its banks or even river channel changes. This means that solve the problem of the aboveground river, the sediment problem must be addressed.

而在歷史上，人們主要的治沙策略可以歸結(jié)為一個(gè)字，就是排。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，就是盡快將泥沙沖入大海。但這樣一來(lái)，無(wú)論是水還是泥沙都會(huì)直接流走，無(wú)法再被利用。因此新中國(guó)成立后，為了徹底解決黃河的泥沙等問(wèn)題，同時(shí)發(fā)揮黃河的灌溉發(fā)電航運(yùn)等效益，人們開(kāi)始設(shè)想在黃土高原進(jìn)行水士保持，從源頭阻止大部分泥沙進(jìn)入黃河，同時(shí)建設(shè)一系列梯級(jí)水庫(kù)分段攔截水和泥沙，這種策略被稱(chēng)為蓄水?dāng)r沙。而在當(dāng)時(shí)規(guī)劃的一系列水庫(kù)中，最大最重要的就是這座三門(mén)峽水庫(kù)。

However,in history, the main sand control strategy for people is in one word: discharge. In simple terms, it is to quickly flush the silt into the sea. However, this way, both water and silt will flow away directly and cannot be reused. Therefore, after the establishment of People's Republic of China, in order to completely solve sediment and other problems of the Yellow River while taking effect in irrigation,power generation and shipping, people began to imagine soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, blocking most of the sediment from entering the Yellow River at the source, and building cascade reservoirs to intercept water and sediment in sections. This strategy is called water storage and silt detention. Among the series of planned reservoirs at that time, the largest and most important was the Sanmenxia Reservoir.

然而遺憾的是，那時(shí)的人們大大低估了黃土高原水土流失治理的難度，也過(guò)于樂(lè)觀地估計(jì)了泥沙削減的效果。因此，在蘇聯(lián)專(zhuān)家的建議下，三門(mén)峽大壩不僅泄水孔位置較高、泄流規(guī)模較小，也沒(méi)有在壩底保留最后的排沙通道。最終，這座設(shè)計(jì)方案中至少能使用 50 年的水庫(kù)不到一年半就被能填滿(mǎn) 100 多個(gè)西湖的泥沙嚴(yán)重淤積，也讓陜西潼關(guān)一帶河床抬高了 44 米，被阻擋的渭河水無(wú)路可去，只能住回倒灌，淹沒(méi)大量土地，直接威脅古都西安。這座萬(wàn)里黃河第一壩以一種近乎悲壯的方式證明了這種粗暴的攔沙思想的失敗。

However,unfortunately, people at that time greatly underestimated the difficulty of controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, and were too optimistic about the effect of sediment reduction. Therefore, on the recommendation of Soviet experts, the Sanmenxia Dam not only had a higher position for the water discharge outlet and a smaller discharge scale, but also did not retain the last sediment outlet channel at the bottom of the dam. In the end, this reservoir,which was designed to be used for at least 50 years, was seriously silted up with sediment that could fill more than 100 West Lakes in less than 1.5 years. It also caused the riverbed in the vicinity of Tongguan, Shaanxi to rise by 4.4 meters, and the blocked Wei River had nowhere to go but to reverse flow and flood a large amount of land, directly threatening the ancient capital of Xi'an. This First Dam of the Yellow River has proved, in the almost tragic way, the failure of this crude sand-blocking idea.

無(wú)奈之下，人們重新為大壩增設(shè)改建了眾多排沙渠道，甚至只在枯水期泥沙較少時(shí)蓄水，而在汛期泥沙量大時(shí)則大量泄水，促使泥沙排出水庫(kù)。在這種蓄清排渾的方式下，三門(mén)峽庫(kù)區(qū)的淤積情況才逐漸好轉(zhuǎn)。但盡管如此，三門(mén)峽水庫(kù)的實(shí)際運(yùn)行能力仍然遠(yuǎn)低于設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的水平，不過(guò)這次失敗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也讓人們開(kāi)始重新反思治理思路進(jìn)而探索出了新的方式，那就是調(diào)水調(diào)沙。

Helplessly, people have added and rebuilt many sand sluices for the dam, and even only store water during the dry season when there is less sediment, when sediment is high while releasing large amounts of water during the flood season promoting the discharge of sediment from the reservoir. Under this water storage and silt detention method, the sedimentation in the Sanmenxia Reservoir area gradually improved. Despite this, the actual operating capacity of the Sanmenxia Reservoir was still far below its design level. However, this experience of failure has also made people start to rethink their approach to governance and thus explore new ways, such as water-sediment regulation.

如今，黃河干流上規(guī)劃的梯級(jí)水庫(kù)中，萬(wàn)家寨小浪底等水庫(kù)也先后建成。如果你在黃河汛期前來(lái)到小浪底景區(qū)，就有機(jī)會(huì)看到滾滾河水飛瀉而下的壯觀場(chǎng)面，只不過(guò)你看到的黃河水有時(shí)是清的，有時(shí)是渾的。若是清澈，一般是洪水來(lái)臨前水庫(kù)為了騰出庫(kù)容下泄的清水。這些含沙量較少的水流正好用于沖刷下游河道的泥沙，而如果出現(xiàn)混濁的水流，則是在小浪底水庫(kù)水位下降后，通過(guò)上游的萬(wàn)家寨和三門(mén)峽水庫(kù)聯(lián)合放水，讓含沙量較高的水流進(jìn)入小浪底庫(kù)區(qū)，當(dāng)它遇到清水時(shí)，就會(huì)因?yàn)槊芏冗^(guò)大潛到清水下方，從而將水底淤積的泥沙沖出庫(kù)區(qū)，這就是異重流排沙。這樣一來(lái)，通過(guò)上下游水庫(kù)的聯(lián)合調(diào)度，人們終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)黃河水沙的主動(dòng)調(diào)控。而與此同時(shí)，持續(xù)了 70 多年的水土流失治理也開(kāi)始凸顯成效。

Today, the planned cascade reservoirs on the mainstream of the Yellow River, including Wanjiazhai, Xiaolangdi and other reservoirs have been built one after another. If you come to Xiaolangdi before the Yellow River floods, you will have the opportunity to see the spectacular scene of the rolling river water rushing down. However, the Yellow River water you see is sometimes clear and sometimes turbid. If the water is clear, it is generally before the arrival of floods when the reservoir releases clear water to free up space for storage. These water flows with less sediment are used to flush downstream riverbed sediment. If there is turbid water, it is after the water level in Xiaolangdi reservoir drops and with cooperation from Wanjiashan and Sanmenxia Reservoirs upstream, water flows with high sediment content are allowed to enter the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. When it encounters clear water, the dense sediment sinks to the bottom of the clear water and flushes out the sedimentation in the reservoir, which is called density current sand transport. In this way, through joint scheduling of upstream and downstream reservoirs, people have finally achieved active control of the water and sediment of the Yellow River. At the same time, the continuous control of water and soil erosion for more than 70 years has begun to show its effectiveness.

如今的黃土高原和建國(guó)時(shí)相比，林草植被覆蓋率提升了 59%，進(jìn)入黃河的泥沙量則減少了將近 88%，而如今的黃河，下游主河槽不僅沒(méi)有繼續(xù)抬升，反而向下沖刷了 3.1 米。當(dāng)然，這場(chǎng)黃河保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)。今天，黃河流域的 9 個(gè)省份內(nèi)仍有 4 個(gè)處于極度或重度缺水，而全流域的水資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用率已經(jīng)高達(dá) 80% ，遠(yuǎn)超 40% 的生態(tài)警戒線(xiàn)，流域內(nèi)仍有將近一半的水土流失面積等待有效的治理，小浪底水庫(kù)的調(diào)水調(diào)沙能力也將逐漸到達(dá)極限。隨著時(shí)代發(fā)展，人們還面臨更多的挑戰(zhàn)。比如上游的水源涵養(yǎng)、國(guó)家公園建設(shè)，中游的水土保持、污染治理，下游的濕地保護(hù)等等，勢(shì)必需要統(tǒng)籌兼顧，而以水資源作為地方發(fā)展產(chǎn)規(guī)劃的約束條件也需要成為更多城市的發(fā)展理念。

Today, compared to the founding of the country, the vegetation coverage of the Loess Plateau has increased by 59%, and the amount of sediment entering the Yellow River has decreased by nearly 88%. As for the Yellow River, the downstream main river channel has not continued to rise, but has instead flushed by 3.1 meters downstream. Of course, The Yellow River Defense War is far from over. Nowadays, Four of the nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin still suffer from extreme or severe water shortages, and the overall water resources utilization ratio is up to 80%, well beyond the ecological redline of 40%. Nearly half of the erosion areas in the basin still require effective control, and the capacity of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir's sediment and water regulation is gradually reaching its limit. As the times develop, people are faced with more challenges, such as upstream water conservation and national park construction, midstream soil and water conservation, pollution control, and downstream wetland protection. These challenges require comprehensive consideration and coordination, and the use of water resources as a constraint for local development and industrial planning needs to become a development concept for more cities.

黃河，這條世界上最為復(fù)雜的河流，注定了它的治理道路必然艱巨而漫長(zhǎng)。在過(guò)去的 70 多年里，它是全國(guó)第一個(gè)進(jìn)行水量分配的大河，第一個(gè)實(shí)施統(tǒng)一調(diào)度的大河。而在 2023 年 4 月 1 日，隨著黃河保護(hù)法正式生效，更是將它的保護(hù)提高到了了前所未有的高度。這條古老的大河在百萬(wàn)年前出生，一萬(wàn)年前成形。它無(wú)言地流淌，沿著大自然的規(guī)律，漲落、侵蝕、搬運(yùn)、堆積。而與之相比，我們的探索和認(rèn)知還太過(guò)短暫。如何與它相處，貫穿著中華文明的古今。而未來(lái)，也將是一個(gè)永恒的命題

The Yellow River, for being the most complex river in the world, has always faced a difficult and long path to its restoration. Over the past 70 years, it has been the first large river in the country to implement water allocation and unified regulation. With the formal implementation of the Yellow River Protection Law on April 1, 2023, its protection will reach an unprecedented level. This ancient river was born 1 million years ago and formed 10,000 years age. It flows silently along the laws of nature, fluctuating, eroding, transporting, and depositing. And compared to it, our exploration is still too short. The question of how to get along with it has been intertwined with the ancient and modern civilizations of China. In the future, it will continue to began eternal topic.