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【簡譯】哈米爾卡·巴卡（迦太基將軍）

2022-07-14 10:06 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 – c. 228 BCE) was a Carthaginian general active in the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. In these conflicts, Hamilcar had switched Carthage from a naval power to a land power with great success, and he firmly established the Barcid family as the ruling house of Carthage. He was the father of Hannibal Barca who continued his father's tactics and won major land battles in Italy during the Second Punic War.

? ? ? ? ? 哈米爾卡·巴卡（約公元前285年-約公元前228年）是活躍于第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭（公元前264-241年）中的迦太基將軍。他在公元前241年至237年間平息了一場離家較近的叛亂，然后前往國外，成功地擴大了迦太基人在西班牙南部的利益。在對外戰(zhàn)爭中，哈米爾卡將迦太基從一個海軍強國轉變成了一個陸軍強國，并取得了巨大的成功，他牢固地確立了巴卡家族作為迦太基統(tǒng)治者的地位。他是漢尼拔·巴卡的父親，在第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭期間，漢尼拔繼承了父親的陸軍戰(zhàn)術，在意大利取得了勝利。

姓名及家庭

'Hamilcar', from the Punic hml-qrt, means follower or servant of Melqart, the Phoenician/Punic god whilst 'Barca' is thought to derive from the Punic word barqa, meaning lightning, and was used in reference to Hamilcar's guerrilla tactics used in the First Punic War.

? ? ? ? ? “哈米爾卡”來自布匿語hml-qrt，意思是腓尼基/布匿神Melqart的追隨者或仆人；而 “巴卡”被認為出自布匿語barqa，意思是閃電，并被用來指哈米爾卡在第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭中使用的游擊戰(zhàn)術。

Hamilcar Barca was a member of the Barcid clan of Carthage and the father of Hannibal Barca, Rome's most notorious enemy, who crossed the Alps and caused havoc in Italy in the Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE). In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. Hamilcar's other two sons were Hasdrubal Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, both of whom commanded during the Second Punic War.

? ? ? ? ? ?哈米爾卡·巴卡是迦太基巴卡家族（Barcid）的成員，也是羅馬最臭名昭著的敵人漢尼拔·巴卡的父親，漢尼拔在第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭（公元前218-201年）中越過阿爾卑斯山，對意大利造成了嚴重的破壞。公元前237年，哈米爾卡曾把他當時9歲的兒子帶到迦太基的巴力神廟，讓他發(fā)誓永遠不做羅馬的朋友，這一點非常有名。哈米爾卡的另外兩個兒子是哈斯德魯巴·巴爾卡和哈斯德魯巴·吉斯科，他們都在第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭中擔任指揮官。

第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭

After 15 years of fighting, there was still no end in sight to the first Punic War. Carthage had beaten a Roman army in Africa, but Rome seemed able to replace their naval fleets at will. Sicily had been the principal battleground but had yet to see a decisive victory for either side. Then the enterprising Hamilcar Barca came to the fore. He replaced Carthalo, who had not been altogether unsuccessful, as the commander of the Carthaginian fleet.

? ? ? ? ? 經(jīng)過15年（公元前264-249）的戰(zhàn)斗，第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭仍然沒有結束的跡象。迦太基在非洲擊敗了一支羅馬軍隊，但羅馬似乎能夠隨意更換他們的海軍艦隊。西西里島是主要戰(zhàn)場，但雙方都還沒有取得決定性的勝利。隨后，積極進取的哈米爾卡·巴爾卡出現(xiàn)了。他取代了建樹頗少的卡爾塔羅，成為迦太基艦隊的司令官。

Hamilcar first raided the Italian coast at Bruttium in 247 BCE, perhaps in search of booty to pay his mercenaries, and then landed on Sicily at Heircte near Panormus (Palermo). This position allowed Hamilcar to hold a mountain base and harass the rear of the Roman forces who were besieging Drepana and Lilybaeum, which were Carthage's last remaining strongholds on Sicily. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. As Carthage no longer had the resources for a large army, he could not face the enemy in an all-out battle, but he did manage to capture Eryx in 244 BCE, which became his new base. This turned out to further restrict his freedom of movement, but the Carthaginian commander continued to coordinate attacks on the Italian mainland, perhaps as north as Cumae. Still, without a significant force at his disposal (fewer than 20,000 men) and despite Polybius' praise that he was the best Carthaginian general of the war, Hamilcar's effect on the conflict was ultimately a limited one.

? ? ? ? ? 公元前247年，哈米爾卡首次襲擊了意大利海岸的布魯提烏姆，也許是為了尋找戰(zhàn)利品來支付他的雇傭兵的工資，他的軍隊在西西里島的帕諾爾穆斯（巴勒莫）附近的希爾克特登陸。哈米爾卡在此能夠守衛(wèi)山地基地，并騷擾圍攻德雷帕納和馬爾薩拉的羅馬軍隊的后方，這兩個地方是迦太基在西西里島上剩下的最后據(jù)點。羅馬人的回應是封鎖哈米爾卡，但他似乎能夠定期突圍，繼續(xù)他的游擊戰(zhàn)術。由于迦太基不再能維持大量的軍隊，他無法在全面戰(zhàn)斗中面對敵人，但他確實在公元前244年設法占領了埃里克斯，那里成為他新的基地。但事實證明，這進一步限制了他的行動自由；不過，這位迦太基指揮官繼續(xù)組織對意大利的攻擊，襲擊范圍可能一直到庫馬的北部。盡管如此，由于沒有可供支配的大量兵力（不到20,000人），盡管波利比烏斯稱贊他是戰(zhàn)爭中最好的迦太基將軍，哈米爾卡對沖突的影響最終還是很有限。

The end finally came on 10th March 241 BCE when the Romans defeated a Carthaginian fleet led by Hanno sent to relieve the besieged city of Drepana off the Aegates Islands (Isole Egadi). 50 Carthaginian ships were sunk, 70 captured and 10,000 prisoners taken. This loss was not huge, but after decades of war, it drove the cash-strapped Carthaginians to instruct Hamilcar to seek peace terms. Hamilcar then resigned his command but he would be needed again within months.

? ? ? ? ? 公元前241年3月10日，羅馬人擊敗了一支由漢諾率領的迦太基艦隊，該艦隊被派去解救伊蓋茨群島（Isole Egadi）外被圍困的德雷帕納城。50艘迦太基船只被擊沉，70艘被俘，10,000名士兵被俘。這一損失在過去并不巨大，但經(jīng)歷了幾十年的戰(zhàn)爭，它促使資金緊張的迦太基人指示哈米爾卡尋求和平協(xié)議。哈米爾卡隨后辭去了指揮職務，但幾個月內，迦太基又需要他的幫助。

傭兵戰(zhàn)爭（The Truceless War）

Not only did the Carthaginians lose the First Punic War and so the control of Sicily but they were also compelled to pay huge reparations to Rome. Then the so-called Truceless War (also Mercenary War) broke out in 241 BCE. Carthage faced a joint rebellion of mercenary troops, understandably upset at not having been paid for their efforts in the first Punic War, Libyan groups seizing the opportunity of a weakened Carthage to rebel, and several cities looking for independence such as Tunis and Utica. Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. First, Hamilcar broke the rebel siege of Carthage and then defeated an army led by Spendius near the Bagradas River. Hamilcar had managed to persuade the Numidian prince Naravas to defect with his cavalry force to the Carthaginian side, lured by the promise of Hamilcar's daughter for his wife. Hamilcar now had an army of 12,000 and 70 elephants with which to face the rebels.

? ? ? ? ? ?迦太基人不僅在第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭中失利，從而失去了對西西里島的控制，而且還被迫向羅馬支付巨額賠款。公元前241年爆發(fā)了所謂的殘酷戰(zhàn)爭（The Truceless War）（也是雇傭兵戰(zhàn)爭）。迦太基面臨著雇傭軍的聯(lián)合叛亂，他們對在第一次布匿戰(zhàn)爭中沒有得到報酬感到不滿是可以理解的；利比亞傭兵抓住迦太基被削弱的機會進行叛亂，還有一些城市尋求獨立，如突尼斯和烏提卡。哈米爾卡·巴卡被從西西里召回，他與在西西里時在利比亞取得重大征服的漢諾大帝一起平定了叛亂。首先，哈米爾卡打破了叛軍對迦太基的圍困，然后在巴格拉達斯河附近擊敗了斯賓迪烏斯率領的軍隊。在哈米爾卡的女兒為其妻子的承諾誘惑下，哈米爾卡成功地說服了努米底亞王子納拉瓦斯，，帶著他的騎兵部隊投奔迦太基一方。哈米爾卡現(xiàn)在擁有一支12000人的軍隊和70頭大象，可以應對叛軍。

Elsewhere, things did not go so well. Hippacra and Utica were both besieged, and Hanno was unable to free them. In 239 BCE a mercenary force took control of Sardinia and then defeated a Carthaginian army sent to re-take the island. In the same year, both Hippacra and Utica joined the rebels. The war was now becoming particularly brutal with atrocities committed on both sides. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. Long-time rivals Hamilcar and Hanno could not agree on the best strategy and eventually the army was permitted to choose which general should lead them. They chose Hamilcar.

? ? ? ? ? 在其他地方，事情并不那么順利。希帕克拉和烏提卡都被圍困了，而漢諾無法解放它們。公元前239年，一支雇傭兵部隊控制了撒丁島，然后擊敗了被派去重新奪取該島的迦太基軍隊。同年，希帕克拉和烏提卡都加入了叛軍。現(xiàn)在，戰(zhàn)爭變得特別殘酷，雙方都犯下了暴行。叛軍殘害俘虜，哈米爾卡則讓大象踐踏俘虜。長期以來，哈米爾卡和漢諾無法就最佳戰(zhàn)略達成一致，最終軍隊被允許選擇哪位將軍來領導他們。士兵們最終選擇了哈米爾卡。

The war started to improve for Carthage when they were aided by Rome, who repatriated captured Carthaginian soldiers for free, and the tyrant of Syracuse Hiero, who feared that without Carthage then Rome might act at will in the central Mediterranean. Hamilcar broke off the second siege of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army awaited him. There, after several skirmishes, Hamilcar cornered the enemy at 'the Saw' (Prion), a ridge in the Libyan mountains. The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. Hamilcar refused and slaughtered all of them except for the commanders. These were taken to Tunis, the rebel capital, and crucified in full sight of Mathos' army. Meanwhile, Mathos had defeated a Carthaginian army, and he dealt the same treatment to the captured Carthaginian general. Mathos could not, though, resist a joint army of Hamilcar and Hanno, and he was driven out of the city and defeated at Byzacium. Finally, with the fall of the rebel capital in 237 BCE, Hippacra and Utica back on the Carthaginian side, and Libya now compliant, Carthage had regained control of its African empire. Hamilcar and the Barcid line would now dominate the Carthaginian political and military arenas for the next 35 years.

? ? ? ? ? 迦太基得到了羅馬的援助，羅馬免費遣返了被俘的迦太基士兵，而錫拉庫扎的暴君希羅則擔心沒有迦太基，羅馬可能會在地中海中部隨意行動，于是戰(zhàn)爭局勢開始好轉。哈米爾卡打破了馬托斯對迦太基的第二次圍攻，他的軍隊向內陸進發(fā)，那里有一支叛軍在等著他。在那里，經(jīng)過幾次小規(guī)模的戰(zhàn)斗后，哈米爾卡將敵人逼到了"鋸"（Prion）--利比亞山脈的一個山脊。叛軍物資匱乏，最終尋求投降。哈米爾卡拒絕了叛軍，并屠殺了他們所有的人——除了指揮官。這些人被帶到叛軍的首都突尼斯，在馬托斯軍隊的眼皮底下被釘死。與此同時，馬托斯還打敗了一支迦太基軍隊，他對被俘的迦太基將軍也給予了同樣的待遇。不過，馬托斯無法抵擋哈米爾卡和漢諾的聯(lián)合軍隊，他被趕出了城市，并在拜扎凱納（Byzacium）被打敗。公元前237年，隨著叛軍首都的陷落，希帕克拉和烏提卡歸順迦太基，利比亞現(xiàn)在也順從了，迦太基重新控制了其在非洲的勢力范圍。哈米爾卡和巴卡家族將在未來35年內主宰迦太基的政治和軍事。

哈米爾卡在西班牙

Carthage was on the rise again and eager to create a wider Mediterranean empire. Without a significant fleet and having lost their strategically important fortresses in Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, the Carthaginians, though, had to look elsewhere for a source of money to fund their armies. The answer was Spain. They had long since had control of the old Phoenician colonies there, and it had already proven a rich source of silver. Accordingly, Hamilcar Barca was dispatched in 237 BCE to expand Carthaginian territory, which he did, establishing his base at Gades (Cadiz) and founding a new city of Acra Leuce. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. Using a blend of terror and diplomacy Hamilcar relentlessly expanded his control over southern Spain. The riches from these campaigns were channelled back to Carthage. Hamilcar's move away from the traditional naval power of Carthage to a land force was reaping fantastic rewards.

? ? ? ? ? 迦太基再次崛起，他們渴望建立一個更廣泛的地中海帝國。由于沒有一支重要的艦隊，并且在之前的戰(zhàn)爭中失去了西西里島、科西嘉島和撒丁島的重要戰(zhàn)略要塞，迦太基人不得不從其他地方尋找資金來源以資助他們的軍隊——答案是西班牙。他們早就控制了那里的舊腓尼基殖民地，而且那里已經(jīng)被證明是一個豐富的銀源。因此，哈米爾卡·巴卡于公元前237年被派去擴大迦太基的領土；他做到了，在加的斯（Cadiz）建立了基地，并建立了一個新的城市Acra Leuce。他用當?shù)氐男卤a充了原有的約25000人的部隊，并組建了一支50,000人的軍隊，其中包括一支努米底亞騎兵團（由納拉瓦王子提供）和100頭大象。哈米爾卡利用恐怖和外交手段，無情地擴大了他對西班牙南部的控制。這些戰(zhàn)爭財富被陸續(xù)輸送回迦太基。哈米爾卡從迦太基的傳統(tǒng)海軍力量轉向陸軍，獲得了巨大的回報。

By the time Hamilcar had conquered southern and south-east Spain, Rome became suspicious of their old enemy's intentions. Envoys were sent to Hamilcar demanding an explanation. The wily commander told them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage so that they could meet their reparation obligations to Rome. Certainly, tribute in money, if not men, was extracted from local cities and new silver mines were worked. The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. After the siege of Helice and betrayed by local allies, Hamilcar retreated and drowned while crossing a river in the winter of 229/228 BCE. Hasdrubal the Fair then took over command of the Carthaginian army. When he was replaced by Hannibal in 221 BCE, the Carthaginians broke the territorial agreement with Rome of 226 BCE not to cross the River Ebro and attacked Rome's ally Saguntum (Sagunto). This led to the Second Punic War and Hannibal taking the army across the Alps into Italy. Hamilcar had indeed got his wish that the Barcid line would be no friend of Rome.

? ? ? ? ? 當哈米爾卡征服了西班牙南部和東南部時，羅馬對他們的老對手的意圖產(chǎn)生了懷疑。特使們被派往哈米爾卡駐地，要求他作出解釋。這位狡猾的指揮官告訴他們，他只是在為迦太基爭取財富，以便他們能夠履行對羅馬的賠償義務。當然，他們繼續(xù)從當?shù)爻鞘姓ト〗疱X，還有開采新的銀礦。無論如何，迦太基人繼續(xù)在西班牙開展活動。公元前229/228年冬天，哈米爾卡在圍攻赫利斯后被當?shù)孛擞殉鲑u，在渡河時淹死了。公平者哈斯德魯巴隨后接管了迦太基軍隊的指揮權。當他在公元前221年被漢尼拔取代后，迦太基人破壞了公元前226年與羅馬達成的不渡過埃布羅河的領土協(xié)議，并攻擊了羅馬的盟友薩貢托（Saguntum）。這導致了第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)，漢尼拔帶著軍隊越過阿爾卑斯山進入意大利。哈米爾卡確實如愿以償，巴卡家族不會是羅馬人的朋友。