散文網(wǎng) » 科技 »人文歷史 » 【簡(jiǎn)譯】安條克（安提阿、安塔基雅或安提約基雅）

【簡(jiǎn)譯】安條克（安提阿、安塔基雅或安提約基雅）

2022-09-22 18:05 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Antioch or Antiochia was an ancient city located on the Orontes River near the Amanus Mountains in Syria. The “l(fā)and of four cities” - Seleucia, Apamea, Laodicea, and Antiochia - was founded by Seleucus I Nicator (Victor) between 301 and 299 BCE. Some credit the city's initial founding as Antigoneia to Antigonus I the One-Eyed who lost the area to Seleucus after the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. According to some ancient sources, Seleucus was considered one of the more capable successors to the empire established by Alexander the Great. Seleucus was not one of the people in Alexander's inner circle, serving as one of the commanders of the hypaspists, an elect guard that served as a buffer between Alexander's cavalry and infantry. Although little mention is made of him and his relationship to Alexander, he and his descendants would rule an empire which included Antioch for almost 250 years.

? ? ? ? ? 安條克或安提約基雅，位于敘利亞阿馬努斯山脈附近的奧倫特河畔的一座古城?！八某侵亍薄鹞鱽?、阿帕米亞、老底嘉和安條克——是由塞琉古一世·尼卡托爾（維克多）在公元前301年至299年之間建立的。有些人認(rèn)為該城市最初作為安提柯尼亞的建立，與“獨(dú)眼巨人”安提柯一世有關(guān)，他在公元前301年的伊普蘇斯戰(zhàn)役后將該地區(qū)輸給了塞琉古一世。根據(jù)一些古代資料，亞歷山大大帝建立的帝國(guó)，其繼承者之一應(yīng)該是更有能力的塞琉古。塞琉古不是亞歷山大的核心圈子里的人，他是帝國(guó)持盾衛(wèi)隊(duì)的指揮官之一，持盾衛(wèi)隊(duì)是一個(gè)作為亞歷山大的騎兵與步兵之間緩沖區(qū)的選民衛(wèi)隊(duì)。雖然很少有人提到塞琉古或塞琉古與亞歷山大的關(guān)系，但塞琉古和他的后代將統(tǒng)治一個(gè)包括安條克在內(nèi)的帝國(guó)，長(zhǎng)達(dá)近250年。

繼承者之戰(zhàn)

After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, his empire and its future lay in ruin. Because Alexander had not named a successor, one of his generals, Perdiccas, wanted to delay any decision concerning the naming of a new leader until after the birth of Alexander and Roxanne's child. Another general, Ptolemy I, on the other hand, wanted the empire divided immediately (he had his eye on Egypt) - the Wars of the Diadochi began and would continue for almost three decades. After Ptolemy stole Alexander's body on its way to Macedonia and took it to Alexandria, Perdiccas and his army attacked Ptolemy and his forces in Egypt. Seleucus, although initially loyal to Perdiccas, turned and sided with Ptolemy. After the defeat and death of Perdiccas, Seleucus was rewarded for his loyalty with the territory surrounding Babylon, an area east of Syria.

? ? ? ? ? 公元前323年，亞歷山大去世，他的帝國(guó)在未來(lái)陷入毀滅。由于亞歷山大沒(méi)有指定繼任者，他的將軍佩爾狄卡斯想把有關(guān)指定新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的決定推遲到亞歷山大和羅克珊娜的孩子出生之后。而另一位將軍托勒密則希望帝國(guó)立即分裂（他看中了埃及）——繼承者戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始了，這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了近30年。托勒密在前往馬其頓的路上偷偷運(yùn)走了亞歷山大的尸體，并將其帶到亞歷山大城，佩爾狄卡斯和他的軍隊(duì)襲擊了托勒密和他在埃及的軍隊(duì)。塞琉古最初效忠于佩爾狄卡斯，后來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)而站在了托勒密一邊。在佩爾狄卡斯戰(zhàn)敗和死亡后，塞琉古因其忠誠(chéng)而獲得了巴比倫周圍的領(lǐng)土，即敘利亞?wèn)|部地區(qū)。

Seleucus was unable to maintain control of his newly-acquired territory and when it was invaded by his nemesis Antigonus the One-Eyed, he sought help from Ptolemy. In 312 BC Seleucus finally defeated Antigonus at the Battle of Gaza and regained his realm. After the Battle of Ipsus, he proved himself a very capable commander by expanding his empire into Syria, Asia Minor, and India. His son, Antiochus I (281-261 BCE) faced a series of revolts after his father's assassination in 281 BCE and was forced to concede territory in order to maintain peace. Unfortunately, his son, Antiochus II, (261-247 BCE) inherited a war against the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, the Second Syrian War, from his father.

? ? ? ? ? 塞琉古無(wú)法維持對(duì)其新獲得的領(lǐng)土的控制。當(dāng)它被死敵 “獨(dú)眼巨人”安提柯入侵時(shí)，塞琉古向托勒密尋求幫助。公元前312年，塞琉古在加沙之戰(zhàn)中擊敗了安提柯，重新獲得了敘利亞的領(lǐng)地。伊普蘇斯之戰(zhàn)后，他將自己的帝國(guó)擴(kuò)展到敘利亞、小亞細(xì)亞和印度，證明自己是一個(gè)非常有能力的指揮官。他的兒子安條克一世（公元前281-261年）在父親于公元前281年被暗殺后，面臨一系列的叛亂，為了維持和平局勢(shì)，他被迫讓出敘利亞的領(lǐng)土。不幸的是，他的兒子安條克二世（公元前261-247年）從他父親（一世）那里繼承了一場(chǎng)針對(duì)埃及托勒密王朝的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，即第二次敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

In an attempt to make peace, Antiochus II agreed to divorce and exile his wife Laodice and their sons to marry Ptolemy II's daughter, Berenice Syra. When he died, his wife (Berenice) and ex-wife (Laodice) fought over whose son should be named heir. Berenice, who had the support of the people of Antioch, asked her brother and new ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy III, to help secure her infant son's right to sit on the throne. When Ptolemy arrived in Antioch, he found his sister and nephew had been assassinated. A war, the Third Syrian War or Laodicean War, erupted. Peace brought control of the port of Antioch, Seleucia, to Ptolemy, but Seleucus II (Antiochus and Laodice's son) inherited the throne and was able to retain Antioch, making it his empire's new capital.

? ? ? ? ? ?為了謀取和平，安條克二世同意與妻子勞迪絲離婚并流放他們的兒子，與托勒密二世的女兒貝倫妮斯結(jié)婚。安條克二世死后，他的妻子（Berenice）和前妻（Laodice）為誰(shuí)的兒子應(yīng)該被指定為繼承人而爭(zhēng)吵。得到安條克人民支持的貝倫妮斯請(qǐng)求她的哥哥和埃及的新統(tǒng)治者托勒密三世幫助確保她的幼子坐上王位。當(dāng)托勒密到達(dá)安條克時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的姐姐和侄子都被暗殺了。一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，即第三次敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（老底嘉戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)），爆發(fā)了。和平給托勒密帶來(lái)了對(duì)安條克港口塞琉西亞的控制權(quán)，但塞琉古二世（安條克二世和勞迪絲的兒子）繼承了王位，并得以保留安條克，使之成為帝國(guó)的新首都。

Zeus Chrysaoreus神廟（金劍宙斯）位于小亞細(xì)亞（現(xiàn)代土耳其）的一座古城阿拉巴達(dá)。這座寺廟建于公元前 3 世紀(jì)。它是多立克柱式風(fēng)格的建筑，其短邊有 6 根柱子，長(zhǎng)邊有 11 根柱子，包括一個(gè)門廊和一個(gè)內(nèi)殿。

羅馬-安條克

The city would maintain its status as a capital well into the time of the Roman Empire. Because of its location on several major trade routes (primarily the spice trade), the city and its international population served as a strategic, economic and intellectual center for both the Seleucid Empire as well as Rome. The city's importance to the Roman Empire sometimes rivaled that of Egypt's chief city Alexandria.

? ? ? ? ? ?該城作為首都的地位將一直保持到羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期。由于它位于幾條主要的貿(mào)易路線上（主要是香料貿(mào)易），該城及其國(guó)際人口成為塞琉古帝國(guó)和羅馬的戰(zhàn)略、經(jīng)濟(jì)與知識(shí)中心。該城對(duì)羅馬帝國(guó)的重要性有時(shí)可與埃及的主要城市亞歷山大媲美。

Due to the reign of several feeble rulers, in 64 BCE Pompey made the region a Roman province. As with other Roman cities, the city would benefit from Roman rule. Antioch would become Romanized containing aqueducts, Roman baths, and even an amphitheater. Its sumptuous palaces (built by the Seleucid monarchs) became vacation residences of many Roman emperors. Septimius Severus took away the city's independence when they supported Pescennius Niger of Syria instead of him for Roman emperor. Because it was located on a major fault, the city was damaged by both a great fire and several earthquakes (earthquakes occurred under Tiberius, Caligula, Hadrian, and Diocletian).

? ? ? ? ? 由于幾個(gè)孱弱的統(tǒng)治者的統(tǒng)治，公元前64年，龐培將該地區(qū)變成了羅馬的省。與其他羅馬城市一樣，該城市將從羅馬統(tǒng)治中受益。安條克逐漸成為羅馬化的城市，城市里新建了包括水渠、羅馬浴場(chǎng)等羅馬式建筑，甚至還有一個(gè)圓形劇場(chǎng)。其奢華的宮殿（由塞流西德的君主建造）成為許多羅馬皇帝的度假住所。塞提米烏斯·塞維魯斯（Septimius Severus）在支持?jǐn)⒗麃喌呐逅骨心釣跛埂つ握軤枺≒escennius Niger）而不是其做羅馬皇帝時(shí)，剝奪了該城的獨(dú)立性。由于它位于一個(gè)主要的地質(zhì)斷層上，該城被一場(chǎng)大火和幾次地震所破壞（地震發(fā)生在提比略、卡利古拉、哈德良和戴克里先時(shí)期）。

Antioch was rebuilt by the Roman emperor Trajan, serving as the Roman army's winter quarters. After the empire was divided during the reign of Diocletian, the city fell into the Byzantine half or the Eastern Roman Empire. Under the rule of Constantine, it would be a leading city in the rise of Christianity, even containing a school for biblical studies. When the last pagan emperor, Julian the Apostate (361-363 CE) passed through Syria on his way to fight the Persians, he stopped at Antioch in 362 CE. The city was forced to house and feed his army. The resulting crisis over the price of grain eventually led to both a famine and food riots. Later, it would be sacked by the Huns in the 5th century CE and eventually captured by the Arabs in the 7th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 安條克在羅馬皇帝圖拉真時(shí)期重建，作為羅馬軍隊(duì)的冬季駐地。在戴克里先統(tǒng)治時(shí)期帝國(guó)被分裂后，該城落入拜占庭手中（東羅馬帝國(guó)）。在君士坦丁的統(tǒng)治下，它成為基督教興起的主要城市，這里甚至建造了一所研究圣經(jīng)的學(xué)校。當(dāng)最后一位異教皇帝朱利安（Julian the Apostate，公元361-363年）在與波斯人作戰(zhàn)的途中經(jīng)過(guò)敘利亞時(shí)，他于公元362年在安條克停留。這座城市被迫為他的軍隊(duì)提供住所和食物。由此產(chǎn)生的糧食價(jià)格危機(jī)最終導(dǎo)致了饑荒和騷亂。后來(lái)，它在公元5世紀(jì)被匈奴人洗劫，最終在公元7世紀(jì)被阿拉伯人占領(lǐng)。