用的網(wǎng)易有道翻譯，這是前三分鐘的中文和英文

What is X ray diffraction, and what is it used for? In an X ray defraction experiment, a sample is placed into the center of an instrument and illuminated with a beam of X rays. The X ray tube and detector move in a synchronized motion. The signal coming from the sample is recorded in graft, where peaks are observed related to the atomic structure of the sample. Most materials are made up of many small crystals, like sand on a beach. Each of these crystals is composed of a regular arrangement of atoms, and each atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. It's at this scale that the story of X ray D fraction begins. X Rays are high energy light with a repeating period called the wavelength. Since the wavelength of an X ray is similar to the distance between atoms and a crystal, a special interference effect called diffraction can be used to measure the distance between the atoms. Interference occurs when X rays interact with each other. If the waves are an alignment, the signal is amplified. This is called constructive interference. If the waves are out of alignment, the signal is destroyed. This is called destructive interference. When an X ray encounters an atom, its energy is absorbed by the electrons. Electrons occupy special energy states around an ato. Since this is not enough energy for the electron to be released, the energy must be reimitted in the form of a new X ray,but the same energy as the original. This process is called elastic scattering in a crystal. The repeating arrangement of atoms form distinct planes, separated by well defined distances. When the atomic planes are exposed to an X ray beam, X rays are scattered by the regularly spaced atoms. Strong amplification of the emitted signal occurs at very specific angles where the scattered waves constructively interfere. This effect is called the fraction. The angle between the incident and the scattered beam is called tootheta. In order for constructive interference to occur, the scattered waves must be an alignment, meaning that the 2nd wave must travel a whole number of wavelengths. In this case, one half of a wavelength is traveled on the incident side and one half on the scattered side. Building one additional wavelen. In the case of the next X ray, one wavelength is traveled on both the incident and the scattered side, resulting in two wavelengths. This reinforcement occurs throughout the crystal, the exact angle at which the fraction occurs and be determined from the red triangle. The angle at the top is THETA half the angle between the incident and scattered beans. Alongside is a distance between the atomic planes and the short side, we know is one half of a wavelength. The relationship between the diffraction angle and the spacing between the atoms can be determined by applying the sign function well.

什么是X射線衍射，它的用途是什么？在X射線折射實(shí)驗(yàn)中，樣品被放置在儀器的中心，并用X射線束照射。X射線管和探測(cè)器同步移動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。在接枝中記錄來自樣品的信號(hào)，其中觀察到與樣品的原子結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)的峰值。大多數(shù)物質(zhì)是由許多小晶體組成的，就像沙灘上的沙子一樣。每一種晶體都是由規(guī)則排列的原子組成的，每個(gè)原子都是由一個(gè)被電子云包圍的原子核組成的。X射線D分?jǐn)?shù)的故事就是從這個(gè)尺度開始的。X射線是高能光，有一個(gè)重復(fù)周期，稱為波長。由于X射線的波長與原子和晶體之間的距離相似，一種叫做衍射的特殊干涉效應(yīng)可以用來測(cè)量原子之間的距離。當(dāng)X射線相互作用時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生干涉。如果波是對(duì)齊的，信號(hào)就會(huì)被放大。這被稱為建設(shè)性干涉。如果波沒有對(duì)準(zhǔn)，信號(hào)就會(huì)被破壞。這被稱為相消干涉。當(dāng)X射線遇到原子時(shí)，它的能量被電子吸收。電子在原子周圍占據(jù)特殊的能態(tài)。

由于這沒有足夠的能量讓電子被釋放，能量必須以新的X射線的形式重新釋放，但能量與原來的相同。這個(gè)過程被稱為晶體中的彈性散射。原子的重復(fù)排列形成了不同的平面，被明確的距離隔開。當(dāng)原子平面暴露在X射線束下時(shí)，X射線被規(guī)則間隔的原子散射。發(fā)射信號(hào)的強(qiáng)放大發(fā)生在散射波建設(shè)性干涉的非常特定的角度。這種效應(yīng)被稱為分?jǐn)?shù)。入射光束與散射光束之間的夾角稱為tootheta。為了產(chǎn)生建設(shè)性干涉，散射波必須是一條直線，這意味著第二波必須傳播整個(gè)波長。在這種情況下，波長的一半在入射一側(cè)傳播，另一半在散射一側(cè)傳播。建立一個(gè)額外的波。在下一個(gè)X射線的情況下，一個(gè)波長在入射側(cè)和散射側(cè)都傳播，從而產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)波長。這種強(qiáng)化發(fā)生在整個(gè)晶體中，分?jǐn)?shù)發(fā)生的確切角度由紅色三角形確定。頂部的角度是入射豆子和散射豆子夾角的一半。邊是原子平面和短邊之間的距離，我們知道是波長的一半。利用符號(hào)函數(shù)可以很好地確定衍射角與原子間距之間的關(guān)系。