4. A brief history of alcohol
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Dk4y1q781?p=4
一.單詞
chimpanzee ? ? ?/?t??mp?n?zi?/? ? ? ? ?n.黑猩猩
windfall? ? ? ? ? ? ?/?w?ndf??l/? ? ? ? ? ? ?? n.意外之財(cái)；被風(fēng)吹落的果子
overripe? ? ? ? ??? /?o?v?r?ra?p/? ? ? ? ?? adj.過熟的
intoxicating? ? ? ?/?n?tɑ?ks?ke?t??l/? ? ??adj.醉人的
intoxication? ?? ? /?n?tɑ?ks??ke??(?)n/? ?n.喝醉
odor? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?/?o?d?r/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n.氣味
gorge? ? ? ? ? ? ?? /ɡ??rd?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???v.狼吞虎咽
unwitting? ? ? ? ??/?n?w?t??/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?adj.不知情的
eventually? ? ?? ?/??vent?u?li/? ? ? ? ? ? ???adv.最終，結(jié)果
harness? ? ? ??? ?/?hɑ?rn?s/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?v.控制并利用
alcoholic? ? ? ?? /??lk??hɑ?l?k/? ? ? ? ?? ?adj.酒精的
microscopic? ? /?ma?kr??skɑ?p?k/? ? ??adj.微小的
organism? ? ? ?/???rɡ?n?z?m/? ? ? ? ? ?n.生物
yeast? ? ? ? ? ? ?/ji?st/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???n.酵母
compound? ? ?/?kɑ?mpa?nd/? ? ? ?? ??n.混合物，化合物
ethanol? ? ? ? ?/?eθ?n??l/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.乙醇, 酒精
beverage? ? ? /?bev?r?d?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.飲料
fermentation ? ?/?f??rmen?te??n/? ? ? n.發(fā)酵
residue? ? ? ?? /?rez?du?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.剩余物，殘留物
millet? ? ? ? ? ??/?m?l?t/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.小米，粟
Mesopotamian? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?n.美索不達(dá)米亞
Egyptians ? ? /i?d??p?nz/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???n.埃及人
ration ? ? ? ? ? /?r??(?)n/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???n.定量
delicacy ? ? ?/?del?k?si/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???n.美味，佳肴
Greece ? ? ? /ɡri?s/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??希臘
Greek? ? ? ? ?/ɡri?k/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ?n.希臘語；希臘人
Rome ? ? ? ? /ro?m/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?n.羅馬
chicha? ? ? ? /?t??t?ɑ?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.吉開酒,奇恰酒
pulque? ? ? ??/?p?lki/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.龍舌蘭酒
sake? ? ? ? ?? /se?k/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? n.日本米酒，日本清酒
rum? ? ? ? ? ? /r?m/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.朗姆酒
brandy? ? ? ?/?br?ndi/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.白蘭地
gin? ? ? ? ? ?? ?/d??n/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.杜松子酒
hallucinogenic ? /h??lu?s?n??d?en?k/ ?adj.致幻的
cactus? ? ???? /?k?kt?s/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????n.仙人掌
sap? ? ? ? ? ? ?/s?p/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.汁，液
palm? ? ? ?? ? /pɑ?m/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.棕櫚
abuse? ? ? ? ?/??bju?s/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??v.濫用
temperance ? /?temp?r?ns/? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.戒酒；節(jié)欲
Jewish ? ? ? /?d?u???/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???adj.猶太教的
Christian? ? ? ? /'kr?st??n/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?adj.基督教的
ritual? ? ? ? ??? ? ?/?r?t?u?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??n.（宗教等的）儀式
excessive? ? ?? ?/?k?ses?v/? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? adj. 過度的
sin? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???/s?n/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.罪過
Islamic? ?? ? ?/?z?l?m?k??z?lɑ?m?k/? ? adj.伊斯蘭教的
pray? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ?/pre?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? v.祈禱
solidify? ? ? ? ? ??? ?/s??l?d?fa?/? ? ? ? ? ?? v.凝固
distillation? ? ? ??? ?/?d?st??le??(?)n/? ? ? n.蒸餾
Arabic? ? ? ? ? ??? ? /??r?b?k/? ? ? ? ? ? ??adj.阿拉伯的
vaporzie? ? ? ? ??? /?ve?p?ra?z/? ? ? ? ? ?v.蒸發(fā)
concentrated??? /?kɑ?nsntre?t?d/? ? ? ?adj.濃縮的
spirit? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?/?sp?r?t/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.烈酒
commodity? ? ? /k??mɑ?d?ti/? ? ? ?? ? ? n.商品、貨物
spoil? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?/sp??l/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? v.變質(zhì)
colony? ? ? ? ? ?? /?kɑ?l?ni/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n.殖民地
staple?? ? ? ? ?? ??/?ste?p(?)l/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.主要產(chǎn)品
sailor? ? ? ?? ? ?? /se?l?r/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.水手、船員
enslaved? ? ?? ?/enslave/? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?v.使成為奴隸
voyage? ? ? ? ?? /?v???d?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?n.航行
crew? ? ? ? ?? ? ? /kru?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n.全體船員
barrel? ? ? ??? ??/?b?r?l/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?n.桶
preservative? ? ? ?/pr??z??rv?t?v/? ? ? ?n.防腐劑
microbe? ? ?? ?/?ma?krob/? ? ? ?? ? ? ??? n.細(xì)菌
二.短語
stumble across ? 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)
split open? ? ? ? ? 裂開
BCE(before common era) ? 公元前
cereal grains ? ?糧谷；谷粒
be ideal for ? ? ? 非常適合
latch onto ? ? ? ? 對(duì)...產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣
testify to ? ? ? ? ? 證明
integrate...into... ? ?將...融入...
by-product ? ? ? ?副產(chǎn)品
level off ? ? ? ? ? 趨于穩(wěn)定
the invention of ? ? ...的發(fā)明
play a role in ? ?在...起作用
give sb a buzz? ? 給某人打電話、使某人感到眩暈
三、全文
This chimpanzee stumbles across a windfall of overripe pulms.
這只黑猩猩偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一堆熟透了的李子
Many of them have split open, drawing him to their intoxicating fruity odor.
好多已經(jīng)爛熟得裂開了口子， 飄出醉人的水果香氣。
He gorges himself, and begins to experience some ... strange effects.
它不由得狼吞虎咽起來， 然后一些……奇怪的感覺產(chǎn)生了。
This unwitting ape has stumbled on process that humans will eventually harness to create beer, wine and other alcoholic drinks.
這只不知情的黑猩猩 碰巧經(jīng)歷了一種作用過程，這一過程后來被人類所運(yùn)用于制造啤酒、紅酒和其他酒精飲料。
The sugars in overripe fruit attract microscopic organisims known as yeasts.
熟透的水果里的糖分吸引來一些名為酵母的微生物。
As the yeasts feed on the sugars they produce a compound called ethanol--the type of alcoholic beverages.
當(dāng)酵母進(jìn)食果糖后， 便產(chǎn)出一種名為乙醇的化合物，即酒精飲料里的酒精。
This process is called fermentation.
這個(gè)過程被稱為發(fā)酵。
Nobody knows exactly when humans began to create ferment beverages.
我們不知道人類第一次 制作發(fā)酵飲料的確切時(shí)間。
They earlist known evidence comes from 7000 BCE in China, where residue in clay pots,has revealed the people were making ?an alcoholic beverage from fermented rice, millet, grapes and honey.
已有的證據(jù)顯示 最早可追溯到公元前7000年的中國(guó)，出土陶罐中的殘留物表明那時(shí)人們已經(jīng)開始利用經(jīng)過發(fā)酵的 稻米、粟米、葡萄和蜂蜜制作酒精飲料了。
Within a few thousands years, cultures all over the world were fermenting their own drinks.
在幾千年間，世界上各個(gè)文明利用發(fā)酵， 制造著屬于自己的飲品。
Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians made beer form stored cereal grains.
古代美索不達(dá)米亞和埃及地區(qū)一年到頭都在利用儲(chǔ)存的谷物釀造啤酒。
This beer was available to all social classes and workers even received it in daily rations.
這種啤酒向社會(huì)各個(gè)階層開放，甚至每日向工人們定量發(fā)放。
They also made wine, but because the ?climate wasn't ideal for growing grapes, it was a rare and expensive delicacy.
他們還制作紅酒，但由于當(dāng)?shù)貧夂虿贿m宜種植葡萄，那是一種稀有而昂貴的佳釀。
By contrast, in Greece and Rome, where grapes grow more easily, wine was as readily available as beer was in Egypt and Mesopotamian.
相反，希臘和羅馬的環(huán)境適合葡萄生長(zhǎng)，那兒的紅酒就如同埃及和美索不達(dá)米亞的啤酒一般平常。
Because yeasts were fermented basically any plant sugars, ancient peoples made alcohol from whatever crops and plants grew where they lived.
由于酵母幾乎能使任何一種植物糖發(fā)酵，古人就利用當(dāng)?shù)氐母鞣N農(nóng)作物和植物釀酒。
In South America,people made chicha from grains, sometimes adding the hallucinogentic herbs.
在南美洲，人們用糧食釀奇恰酒，?有時(shí)還添加致幻草藥。
In what's now Mexico, pulque, made from cactus sap, was the drink of choice.
在墨西哥，由仙人掌汁液制成的龍舌蘭酒也大受歡迎。
While east Africans made banana and palm beer.
東非的人們制作香蕉啤酒和棕櫚啤酒
And in the area that's now Japan, people made sake from rice.
而在如今是日本的地區(qū)，人們用大米制成清酒。
Almost every region of globe had its own fermented drinks.
世界上幾乎各個(gè)角落都創(chuàng)造了其獨(dú)屬的酒飲。
As alcohol consumption became part of everyday life, some authorities latched onto effects they perceived as positive--Greek physicians considerd wine to be good for health, and poets testified to creative qualities.
權(quán)威們對(duì)酒精帶來的積極效用產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。希臘醫(yī)師們宣稱紅酒有益于身體健康，詩(shī)人們也贊嘆酒精對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的顯著裨益。
Others were more concerned about alcojol's potential for abuse.
其他人則對(duì)酒精的濫用表達(dá)了隱憂
Greek philosophers promote temperance.
?希臘的哲學(xué)家們就提倡要節(jié)制慎飲。
Early Jewish and Christian writers?in Europe integrated wine into rituals, but considered excessive intoxication a sin.?
早期的歐洲猶太教和基督教的作家們將紅酒融入禮教，但將醉酒斥為罪孽。
And in the middle east,?Africa, and Spain,?an Islamic rule?against praying while drunk gradually solidified?into a general ban on alcohol.
在中東、非洲和西班牙，一項(xiàng)伊斯蘭律法從禁止醉酒時(shí)祈禱逐漸演化成對(duì)酒精的全面抵制。
Ancient fermented beverages?had relatively low alcohol content.?
古法發(fā)酵飲品的酒精濃度相對(duì)較低。
At about 13 % alcohol,?the by-products wild yeasts?generate during fermentation?become toxic and kill them.?
大約發(fā)酵到 13% 時(shí)，野生酵母就會(huì)產(chǎn)生有毒副產(chǎn)品并殺死酵母。
When the yeasts die,?fermentation stops?and the alcohol content levels off.?
酵母失效后，發(fā)酵過程也終止了， 酒精濃度便隨之穩(wěn)定。
So for thousands of years,?alcohol content was limited.?
所以幾千年來， 酒精濃度都是有限的。
That changed?with the invention of a process?called distillation.?
而蒸餾的發(fā)明改變了這一切。
9th century Arabic writings?describe boiling fermented liquids?to vaporize the alcohol in them.?
9世紀(jì)的阿拉伯文獻(xiàn)有記載，沸騰的發(fā)酵液體能揮發(fā)出酒精?。
Alcohol boils?at a lower temperature than water,?so it vaporizes first.?
由于酒精的沸點(diǎn)比水低， 所以會(huì)首先揮發(fā)掉。
Capture this vapor, cool it down,?and what’s left is liquid alcohol?much more concentrated?than any fermented beverage.
將揮發(fā)的氣體收集起來，并冷卻， 便能得到比任何發(fā)酵飲料純度高很多的液體酒精。
At first, these stronger spirits?were used for medicinal purposes.?
一開始，這些高濃度酒精被用于醫(yī)療中。
Then, spirits became?an important trade commodity because, unlike beer and wine,?they didn’t spoil.
接著，它成了一種重要的交易品，這是因?yàn)榫凭幌衿【坪图t酒那樣會(huì)變質(zhì)。
Rum made from sugar?harvested in European colonies?in the Caribbean?became a staple for sailors?and was traded to North America.?
歐洲在加勒比的殖民地所收獲的糖，發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生了朗姆酒，并成為貿(mào)易中的主要商品， 被海員們賣到了北美。
Europeans brought?brandy and gin to Africa?and traded it?for enslaved people, land,?and goods like palm oil and rubber.?
歐洲人又將白蘭地和金酒引進(jìn)了非洲，用它們來交換奴隸、土地和物品， 例如棕櫚油和橡膠。
Spirits became?a form of money in these regions.
烈酒在這些地區(qū)成為了一種貨幣。
During the Age of Exploration,?spirits played a crucial role?in long distance sea voyages.?
在大航海時(shí)代，烈酒在長(zhǎng)途航海中有著重要的作用。
Sailing from Europe to east Asia?and the Americas could take months,?and keeping water fresh?for the crews was a challenge.?
從歐洲到東亞和美洲常常要航行數(shù)月，保持海員生存所需的淡水清潔， 是嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。
Adding a bucket of brandy?to a water barrel kept water fresh longer?because alcohol is a preservative?that kills harmful microbes.
往水桶中添加一勺白蘭地能延長(zhǎng)淡水的保質(zhì)期，因?yàn)榫凭鳛橐环N防腐劑能殺死有害微生物。
So by the 1600s,?alcohol had gone from?simply giving animals a buzz?to fueling global trade and exploration—?along with all their consequences.?
到了 17 世紀(jì)，酒精從一種能讓動(dòng)物感到暈眩的物質(zhì)，演變成全球貿(mào)易和探險(xiǎn)開拓的重要產(chǎn)品， 同時(shí)帶來了種種影響。
As time went on,?its role in human society?would only get more complicated.
隨著時(shí)間的推移，酒精在人類社會(huì)中的角色將會(huì)變得越來越復(fù)雜。
Tracing the history of our industry and agriculture gives us a fascinating look at what we value as the species and how we end up where we are today.
追溯我們的工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的歷史讓我們對(duì)我們作為物種的價(jià)值有了一個(gè)迷人的認(rèn)識(shí)以及我們?nèi)绾巫罱K走到今天這一步。
Check out these two lessons for a super-specific and eye-opening look at why we're like this.
看看這兩節(jié)課，你會(huì)對(duì)我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)這樣有一個(gè)非常具體和令人大開眼界的了解。
