考研的意義在于你真正投入的過程，請務(wù)必堅持信念，守得云開見月明！

臨近考研我們和同學(xué)們一樣緊張，也時刻關(guān)注著今年考研的動態(tài)，對每年的各專業(yè)的考研題目研究解析，這篇文章是針對川美環(huán)藝考研真題做的深度解析！（時刻更新歷年真題中）

一、真題展示?

公共衛(wèi)生間可以按照建筑形式、建筑等級、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、沖洗方式和資產(chǎn)歸屬等不同方法進(jìn)行分類。按照建筑形式，可分為獨立式、附建式和活動式;按照建筑等級，可分為一類公廁、二類公廁和三類公廁;按照建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，可分為磚混結(jié)構(gòu)公廁、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)公廁、木結(jié)構(gòu)公廁、磚木結(jié)構(gòu)公廁和簡易結(jié)構(gòu)公廁;按沖洗方式，可分為水沖式公廁和旱廁。

二、設(shè)計要求?

(1)設(shè)計一座位于濕地公園內(nèi)部的生態(tài)公共衛(wèi)生間，建筑面積約為90平方，場地北側(cè)有顆古樹，要求建筑利用其造景。

(2)公共衛(wèi)生間需具有生態(tài)功能和綠色可持續(xù)性。

(3）環(huán)境設(shè)計考慮周邊的綠地、硬質(zhì)及小品

三、題目解讀?

1、場地位于濕地公園，且場地北側(cè)有顆古樹，并要求建筑利用其造景?？梢詫⒐艠渑c公廁直接融為一體，即，使古樹穿插在建筑當(dāng)中，使二者“你中有我，我中有你”。

在廁所的材質(zhì)上可采用一些更加生態(tài)的材質(zhì)，比如木材（可在金屬架構(gòu)上刷上仿木漆）、竹、石頭等自然中常見的可利用來作為建材的材料，既能和整個環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)，也能滿足“生態(tài)”這個定位。

3、除了從材質(zhì)方面表現(xiàn)“生態(tài)”主題，同樣可以從技術(shù)層面表現(xiàn)更高一個層次的“生態(tài)”?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展也是生態(tài)的一個表現(xiàn)方式，因此，“雨水收集”等資源再利用的方式，也是在表現(xiàn)設(shè)計思路上一個很好的出發(fā)點。

構(gòu)筑物形態(tài)分析

公廁設(shè)計可以是一個非常常規(guī)的建筑體量設(shè)計，并沒有過多的空間尺度限制，其形態(tài)和元素可以是任何來源。為了能使整個建筑體和題目所要求的“生態(tài)”主題相契合，其中一個思路就是可以提取自然物的形態(tài)或者特點，加以變形組合構(gòu)成我們所需要的建筑物體。

四、示范快題?

五、實際案例?

Appreciation towards??Shigeru Ban Architects?for providing the following description:

由日本財團發(fā)起的“THE TOKYO TOILET”（東京公廁計劃）旨在建設(shè)人人可用的公共廁所，并將于東京澀谷的17個地點建造新的洗手間設(shè)施，作為邁向多元且包容的社會的舉措之一。自8月5日起，已有5間公廁正式向市民開放使用。

日本被認(rèn)為是全世界衛(wèi)生條件最好的國家之一，即便是公共廁所的衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也要高于世界上其他大部分國家。然而，在日本，由于人們對公廁存在“黑暗、骯臟、污臭和可怕”的刻板印象，選擇使用公廁的人往往有限。為了消除人們對公廁的誤解，日本財團與澀谷區(qū)政府進(jìn)行了合作，決定對東京澀谷的17間公廁進(jìn)行改造。這些公廁將由16位頂尖的創(chuàng)意人擔(dān)綱設(shè)計，并將憑借最先進(jìn)的設(shè)計方法，滿足不同性別和年齡層以及行動不便的用戶的需要，從而展示一個包容性社會所具有的可能性。除了建造之外，項目還涉及持續(xù)的維護(hù)工作，以保證人人都能舒適地使用公廁，同時不影響下一位使用者的體驗。

The Nippon Foundation is launching THE TOKYO TOILET project to build public toilets that can be used by anyone. The project will build new toilets at 17 locations in Shibuya, Tokyo, as a way of moving toward the realization of a society that embraces diversity.Five of the toilets are now available for use by the general public from August 5.

Japan is known as one of the cleanest countries in the world. Even public toilets have a higher standard of hygiene than in much of the rest of the world. However, the use of public toilets in Japan is limited because of stereotypes that they are dark, dirty, smelly, and scary. To dispel these misconceptions regarding public toilets, The Nippon Foundation has decided to renovate 17 public toilets located in Shibuya, Tokyo, in cooperation with the Shibuya City government. These public toilets are being designed by 16 leading creators, and will use advanced design to make them accessible for everyone regardless of gender, age, or disability, to demonstrate the possibilities of an inclusive society. In addition to the construction, we have arranged for ongoing maintenance so that people will feel comfortable using these public toilets and to foster a spirit of hospitality for the next person.

目前已經(jīng)投入使用的5間公廁：
5 toilets available for use：?

1.惠比壽公園公廁?
Ebisu Park (1-19-1 Ebisu-Nishi)
設(shè)計者：片山正通（Wonderwall）
Designed by: Masamichi Katayama (Wonderwall)

在日本，廁所的歷史可以追溯到繩文時代早期建造在河邊的“川屋”。在該項目中，設(shè)計師試圖營造一種與川屋類似的外觀和氛圍，通過對15面混凝土墻進(jìn)行隨機組合，創(chuàng)造出一種介于建筑小品與廁所之間的“模糊空間”。這些墻壁之間的空間將引導(dǎo)使用者進(jìn)入三個不同的區(qū)域，分別服務(wù)于男性、女性和“任何人”。該設(shè)計在用戶與設(shè)施之間建立了一種獨特的關(guān)系，帶來一種如同游樂場般的神奇體驗。

In Japan, toilets originated with?kawaya, huts built over rivers dating back to the prehistoric Jomon period. Trying to envision the Appearance and atmosphere of these primitive kawaya, we built an “ambiguous space” that is simultaneously an object and a toilet by randomly combining 15 concrete walls. The spaces between the walls lead users into three different areas designed for men, women, and everyone. The design creates a unique relationship in which users are invited to interact with the facility as if they are playing with a curious piece of playground equipment.

▼惠比壽公園公廁，The toilet in Ebisu Park??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation?

▼夜景，The toilet lit up at night??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation?

2&3.代代木深町小公園公廁 &?春之小川社區(qū)公園公廁
Yoyogi Fukamachi Mini Park &?Haru-no-Ogawa Community Park?
設(shè)計者：坂茂
Designed by: Shigeru Ban

由坂茂設(shè)計的這兩間公廁均位于公園內(nèi)部，因而設(shè)計主要考慮的因素是：如何保持廁所內(nèi)部的干凈，以及如何及時地知道是否有人待在里面。對此，設(shè)計師利用了一種新的技術(shù)，使廁所的玻璃外墻在關(guān)上之后會變成不透明的狀態(tài)，便于在進(jìn)去之前確認(rèn)內(nèi)部的使用情況。到了晚上，這些玻璃隔間會像優(yōu)美的路燈一般照亮公園的道路。

There are two concerns with public toilets, especially those located in parks. The first is whether it is clean inside, and the second is that no one is secretly waiting inside. Using a new technology, we made the outer walls with glass that becomes opaque when the lock is closed, so that a person can check inside before entering. At night, they light up the parks like a beautiful lantern.

▼代代木深町小公園公廁，Yoyogi Fukamachi Mini Park??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation

▼廁所的玻璃外墻在關(guān)上之后會變成不透明的狀態(tài)，The glass of the outer walls becomes opaque when the lock is closed??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation

▼春之小川社區(qū)公園公廁，Haru-no-Ogawa Community Park??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation?

?4.惠比壽東公園公廁

Ebisu East Park
設(shè)計者：槙文彥
Fumihiko Maki

這間公廁所在的惠比壽東公園是一個非常受歡迎的兒童游樂場，周圍綠樹成蔭。設(shè)計師希望在構(gòu)建廁所設(shè)施的同時，還能為公園提供陰涼的公共休息空間。

考慮到從兒童到上班者等不同年齡的使用者，設(shè)計采用了分散式的布局，為整個設(shè)施帶來良好的視野。充滿趣味的屋頂將不同的區(qū)域整合在一起，起到通風(fēng)和采光的作用，使廁所內(nèi)部變得整潔而明亮，同時又能夠和周圍的游樂場環(huán)境形成和諧的對話關(guān)系。

The project site, Ebisu East Park, is a popular neighborhood park that is used as a children’s playground and is filled with lush greenery. We wanted this facility to function not only as a public restroom but as a public space that serves as a park pavilion equipped with a rest area.

Thinking about a variety of users, from children to people on their way to work, we wanted to create a safe and comfortable space that uses a decentralized layout to allow for good sight lines throughout the facility. The cheerful roof that integrates the different sections promotes ventilation and natural light, creating a bright and clean environment while giving the facility a unique Appearance similar to playground equipment.

▼公廁與“章魚公園”形成呼應(yīng)，A “Squid Toilet” inside a park known as “Octopus Park”??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation

▼半透明的部分是洗手池區(qū)域，The semi-transparent booth in the back is the wash area??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation?

▼多功能廁所隔間，Multipurpose toilet cubicle??Photo: Satoshi Nagare, Courtesy: The Nippon Foundation?

5.東三丁目公廁（惠比壽車站附近）
Higashi Sanchome (near Ebisu Station)
設(shè)計者：田村奈穗
Nao Tamura

該項目的設(shè)計者是一位居住在紐約的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計師，她的設(shè)計理念源于對LGBTQ+群體和社會的思考：希望每個群體和個體都能夠擁有舒適、安全且具有隱私保證的空間。在此基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計師安排了三個獨立的空間，打破了公共廁所固有的空間模式。此外，設(shè)計師還以日本傳統(tǒng)的折紙包裝為靈感，為廁所賦予了一種禮物包裝盒般的外觀，體現(xiàn)了澀谷區(qū)多元和包容的社會氛圍，同時也為每個使用者創(chuàng)造了足夠安全和私密的空間。

Living in New York, I have been privileged to witness the LGBTQ+ community living in alignment with their sexual identities. As I designed this public bathroom for a small triangular lot in Shibuya, I envisioned a society that embraces the LGBTQ+ community and holds space for them to live their truth. I realized that what enables each user a comfortable experience boils down to safety, privacy and urgency. With this in mind, I created three separate spaces that redefine the way a public bathroom establishes personal space.

The design was inspired by Origata, a traditional Japanese method of decorative wrApping. A symbol of gift-giving, this motif embodies the spirit of hospitality towards Shibuya ward’s multinational visitors, and carries my vision to create a safe space that envelopes all users.?This design represents my hope for a society where people from all walks of life feel safe and are able to thrive.

▼從左到右依次是多功能隔間、男士隔間和女士隔間，F(xiàn)rom left: multi-purpose, men’s and women’s booths??SS Co.,Ltd. Hojo Hiroko

?

除以上5個項目外，西原一丁目公園（設(shè)計者：坂倉竹之助）和神宮大街（設(shè)計者：安藤忠雄）的兩間公廁將分別于8月31日和9月7日開放。其余的部分預(yù)計將于2021年春季完工（詳細(xì)地點和設(shè)計者可見文末列表）。每間公廁將由建筑商業(yè)公司DAIWA HOUSE INDUSTRY和知名潔具品牌TOTO合作完成建造；維護(hù)工作則由日本財團、澀谷區(qū)政府、澀谷區(qū)觀光協(xié)會三方共同負(fù)責(zé)。

These will be followed by openings on August 31 in Nishihara Itchome Park (Takenosuke Sakakura), and on September 7 in Jingu-Dori Park (Tadao Ando), with the remainder scheduled for completion by the spring of 2021 (Please refer to the attachment for a full list of locations and creators).The toilets will be constructed by DAIWA HOUSE INDUSTRY CO., LTD., and TOTO LTD. will advise on toilet equipment and layout. Maintenance of the toilets will be carried out under a three-party agreement concluded by The Nippon Foundation, the Shibuya City government, and the Shibuya City Tourism Association.