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世界淡水蟹的科級(jí)簡介 · 下 · 彼岸雙生

2020-02-28 00:35 作者:果醬白鱀不是白框  | 我要投稿


緊接上文。

根據(jù)上文的解釋,大家都應(yīng)該知道了淡水蟹常用詞根“Thelphusa”(=telphusa)的來源和意思。當(dāng)歐洲人漂洋過海前往新大陸時(shí),相應(yīng)的也要忠實(shí)地記錄下當(dāng)?shù)氐奈锓N,帶回標(biāo)本給本土的科學(xué)家,相應(yīng)的科學(xué)家也會(huì)前往新大陸采集,發(fā)表那邊的物種。

很快他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸的無數(shù)淡水螃蟹。分別隸屬于兩個(gè)科。

原始來源:Evolutionary History of True Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) and the Origin of Freshwater Crabs

首先是這張圖的基干:偽神蟹科Pseudothelphusidae,從分子的角度,其實(shí)我個(gè)人認(rèn)為把偽神蟹并入溪蟹總科好像也不是不可以,畢竟偽神蟹+溪蟹總科是一整個(gè)整體,構(gòu)成了“真淡水蟹”的主干部分,這可以看做一個(gè)單系群。

偽神蟹科Pseudothelphusidae?Ortmann, 1893?

說到偽神蟹,諸位上一次偽神打的如何了?

分布于中南美洲的真淡水蟹,該科目前已知46屬,分為兩個(gè)亞科:最原始的上葉蟹*亞科Epilobocerinae Smalley, 1964僅一屬上葉蟹*屬Epilobocera Stimpson,1860和更先進(jìn)一點(diǎn)的偽神蟹亞科Pseudothelphusinae Ortmann, 1893有五個(gè)族,瓜分了剩余45屬。

(*:擬譯,未檢查原始描述)

網(wǎng)上有很多偽神蟹的活體圖,但是基本沒法鑒定。例如下圖的種類可能是 齒偽神蟹屬Odontothelphusa 的種類,這個(gè)屬廣泛分布于墨西哥中部和南部。暫時(shí)認(rèn)可的分類均以蠕蟲http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=439090為準(zhǔn)

齒偽神蟹Odontothelphusa sp 圖源:https://www.backyardnature.net/chiapas/crab.htm
某種上葉蟹Epilobocera sp 圖源:https://doris.ffessm.fr/Forum/Crabe-Cubain4
偽神蟹科的分布。圖源:Neil Cumberlidge
,Fernando Alvarez
?& Jose-Luis Villalobos (2014)Results of the global conservation assessment of the
freshwater crabs (Brachyura, Pseudothelphusidae and
Trichodactylidae): The Neotropical region, with an
update on diversity.ZooKeys 457: 133–157

以下內(nèi)容簡述來自404 維基百科:

偽神蟹科Pseudothelphusidae是一個(gè)淡水蟹科,主要生活在新熱帶界的山間溪流中。[2]它們被認(rèn)為起源于大安的列斯群島,然后通過上新世大陸橋穿越到中美洲。

Pseudothelphusidae的肺吸蟲對(duì)人類有重要意義,因?yàn)樵S多種類是并殖吸蟲屬肺吸蟲的第二宿主。[3]捕食Pseudothelphusidae的可感染的食肉動(dòng)物包括黃頭側(cè)頸龜和卷尾猴。[3]

[2]H. J. Dumont (1982). "Book review: Les crabes d'eau douce d'Amerique by G. Rodriguez". Hydrobiologia. 94 (3): 294. doi:10.1007/BF00016411.

[3]Gilberto Rodríguez & Célio Magalh?es (2005). "Recent advances in the biology of the Neotropical freshwater crab family Pseudothelphusidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 22 (2): 354–365.

由于是在缺乏很多資料,我不得不自己打字了。

偽神蟹有別于溪蟹總科另外幾個(gè)類群的外形特征是頭胸甲特別扁平,扇形,形似我國東南沿海的平額石扇蟹Epixanthus frontalis (H. Milne Edwards, 1834)?他們的頸溝非常明顯而眼后隆脊基本消失,前鰓齒基本不可見或者和前側(cè)緣齒形態(tài)相同。兩螯長節(jié)修長,螯長度明顯超過步足長度;他們的第三顎足外肢不同程度的退化,不存在外鞭(上葉蟹亞科Epilobocerinae具有相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)的外肢,但是沒有鞭毛?)。剩下的就是不同屬之間差異極其懸殊的G1部分,其末節(jié)和次末節(jié)是一體的,G1強(qiáng)烈骨化,具有大的隆起,末端凹入,卷曲,內(nèi)側(cè)有很多毛刺和顆粒,我舉個(gè)例子:

帕倫克齒偽神蟹Odontothelphusa palenquensis Alvarez & Villalobo, 1998,e 第三顎足,可見其外鞭消失,外肢退化。圖源:F.?Alvarez & J. L. Villalobo(1998)Six New Species of Fresh-Water Crabs (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) from Chiapas, MexicoFernando.Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(1):187-198?

更有甚者需要畫出復(fù)雜的三視圖:

查拉爾新斯特林格蟹Neostrengeria charalensis Campos y
Rodríguez, 1985圖源:Martha R. Campos, Ada Acevedo, Carlos A. Lasso y Jesús Fernández-Auderset(2018)Variaciones morfológicas y algunas notas
bioecológicas del cangrejo de agua dulce Neostrengeria
charalensis Campos y Rodríguez, 1985 (Decapoda:
Pseudothelphusidae), en ambientes exo y endocársticos de
los Andes colombianos.Biota colombiana 19(1):65-227

您可真能整點(diǎn)幺蛾子,變著法兒在不得了的地方瘋狂魔改···什么時(shí)候能長出個(gè)王之財(cái)寶的鑰匙我也信。

反觀舊大陸的類群:

無脊德肯蟹Deckenia miffs Hilgendorf, 1898;仿溪蟹科 圖源:Ng, P.K.L.,?tev?i?, Z.,Pretzmann, G(1995)A revision of the family Deckeniidae Ortmann, 1897 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamoidea), with description of a new genus (Gecarcinucidae: Gecarcinucoidea) from the Seychelles, Indian OceanJournal of Natural History 29(3):581-600?
美麗鄰束腹蟹Geithusa pulcher Ng,1989;擬地蟹科 圖源:Ng, P.K.L. (1989) Geithusa pulcher, new genus and species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae) from Pulau Redang, Trengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 37(1–2): 31–36.

所以這種偽神蟹的這種花里胡哨的生殖器,真的有什么奇怪的用處嗎···外觀上偽神蟹很樸實(shí),甚至顏色好看的種類也不多(至少搜不到),但是背地里玩這么花呢~

海特上葉蟹Epilobocera haytensis, Rathbun 1893圖源:http://www.biologie.uni-regensburg.de/Zoologie/Heinze/Staff/NicoleRivera/index.html
梯形上葉蟹Epilobocera sinuatifrons, Rathbun 1866圖源同上
依圖波拉金氏蟹Kingsleya ytupora Magalhes, 1986圖源:Célio Magalh?es, Rafael Robles, Edvanda A. Souza-Carvalho, Fabrício L. Carvalho,
José Celso de Oliveira Malta &?Fernando L. Mantelatto(2018)Annotated checklist of parasitic and decapod crustaceans from the middle
and lower Xingu (Amazon Basin) above and below the Belo Monte dam
complex, Pará State, Brazil.Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 166: 1-34
查胡爾溪代蟹Potamocarcinus chajulensis Alvarez & Villalobo, 1998圖源:F. Alvarez & J. L. Villalobo(1998)Six New Species of Fresh-Water Crabs (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) from Chiapas, MexicoFernando.Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(1):187-198
弓肢哥倫比亞蟹Colombiathelphusa culmarcuataCampos,Magalh?es,2014圖源:MARTHA R. CAMPOS
?& CéLIO MAGALH?ES(2014)Colombiathelphusa, a new genus of freshwater crab from Colombia, and the first
location record of Eidocamptophallus chacei (Pretzmann, 1967) (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae)Zootaxa 3860 (6): 571–579
匹午利比他偽神蟹Pseudothelphusa purhepecha Ojeda-Escoto, Villalobos & Alvarez, 2017圖源:Ojeda-Escoto JC,Villalobos JL & ?lvarez F(2017)Three new species of freshwater crabs of the genus Pseudothelphusa (De Saussure, 1857) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae) from Mexico.zootaxa.4216(6):559-571
匹午利比他偽神蟹Pseudothelphusa purhepecha Ojeda-Escoto, Villalobos & Alvarez, 2017,圖源同上
圓突溪代蟹Potamocarcinus lobulatus Campos & ?Lemaitre,2002圖源:Martha R. Campos & Rafael Lemaitre(2002)A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamocarcinus
H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura:
Pseudothelphusidae) from Panama.PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
115(3):600-604
小型金氏蟹Kingsleya hewashimi Magalh?es & Türkay, 2008(種名是對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐男⌒偷倪@種金氏蟹的稱呼,大的偽神蟹是另一個(gè)屬)圖源:Célio Magalh?es & Michael Türkay(2008)A new species of Kingsleya from the Yanomami Indians area
in the upper Rio Orinoco, Venezuela
(Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Pseudothelphusidae).Senckenbergiana biologica88 (2):? 231-–237
卡斯特金氏蟹Kingsleya castrensis Pedraza, Martinelli-Filho & Magalh?es, 2015圖源:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Male-and-female-of-Kingsleya-castrensis-Ilustrative-figure-unavailable-in-the-article_fig1_332227629
阿頓氏金氏蟹Kingsleya attenboroughi Pinheiro & Santana,2016圖源:Allysson P. Pinheiro?& William Santana(2016)A new and endangered species of Kingsleya Ortmann, 1897 (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) from Ceará, northeastern BrazilZootaxa 4171 (2): 365–372
阿頓氏金氏蟹的生境,圖源同上
巨螯新斯特林格蟹Neostrengeria macropa (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)圖源:https://neostrengeriamacropa.wordpress.com/
. 卡拉博森林蟹Sylvathelphusa kalebi Villalobos & álvarez, 2013圖源:JOSé LUIS VILLALOBOS
?& FERNANDO áLVAREZT(2013)wo new genera and three new species of freshwater crabs
(Crustacea: Pseudothelphusidae: Potamocarcinini) from Chiapas, Mexico.Zootaxa 3599 (5): 457–470
穴居森林蟹Sylvathelphusa cavernicola J.L. Villalobos & álvarez, 2013圖源同上
擬贊氏褶莖蟹Ptychophallus paraxantusi (Bott, 1968)圖源:https://www.flickr.com/photos/birdernaturalist/25969497053
鋸齒吉諾特蟹
Guinotia dentata (Latreille, 1825) 圖源:https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/534546?lg=en
鋸齒吉諾特蟹
Guinotia dentata (Latreille, 1825) 圖源http://arthropobaz.com/photos/picture.php?/3347/category/559

當(dāng)然也有洞穴的

查拉新斯特林格蟹Neostrengeria charalensis Campos y
Rodríguez, 1985,A和B是兩個(gè)不同的產(chǎn)地,這是一種洞穴的蟹,生活習(xí)性類似喜洞的內(nèi)溪蟹和中國溪蟹圖源:Martha R. Campos, Ada Acevedo, Carlos A. Lasso y Jesús Fernández-Auderset(2018)Variaciones morfológicas y algunas notas
bioecológicas del cangrejo de agua dulce Neostrengeria
charalensis Campos y Rodríguez, 1985 (Decapoda:
Pseudothelphusidae), en ambientes exo y endocársticos de
los Andes colombianos.Biota colombiana 19(1):65-227

某種盲偽神蟹,圖源:http://print.alvarezphotography.com/media/92e0c9a4-0a05-11e0-a493-8500bff63f32-a-cave-adapted-crab-an-animal-unique-to-the-chiquibul-cave-sys
刺螯盲偽神蟹Typhlopseudothelphusa acanthochela Hobbs 1986 圖源:Horton H. Hobbs(1986)A NEW TROGLOBITIC CRAB (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: PSEUDOTHELPHUSIDAE)
FROM BELIZE.Texas Mem. Mus.,
Speleol. Monogr., 1:1-4.? 這是什么神仙螃蟹,太帥了
刺螯盲偽神蟹Typhlopseudothelphusa acanthochela Hobbs 1986 圖源同上

查論文的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)一些好玩的東西:用簡易地籠抓偽神

偽神蟹的采集。圖源:Julian Yessid Arias-Pineda, Alexander García García
?& Martha Rocha CamposMONTANE CRABS (DECAPODA: PSEUDOTHELPHUSIDAE) FROM THE CLOUD
FORESTS OF THE SUMAPAZ EASTERN SUBREGION, TOLIMA (COLOMBIA)Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), no 55 (31/12/2014): 253–264.

偽神蟹看的差不多了,那么我們?cè)賮砜纯戳硪粋€(gè)國人關(guān)注度很低的類群:毛指蟹科。

毛指蟹科Trichodactylidae H.Milne-Edwards,1853

毛指蟹科是中南美洲的特產(chǎn)淡水蟹,隸屬于虎頭蟹總科Orithyioidea?Dana, 1852 ,共2亞科,15屬,種類不如偽神蟹多;迪洛蟹亞科Dilocarciniae H.Milne-Edwards,1853有12屬,毛指蟹亞科Trichodactylinae H.Milne-Edwards,1853僅有3屬。和偽神蟹不同,這個(gè)科幾乎不會(huì)離開水太遠(yuǎn),偽神蟹更喜歡森林地表的溪流,分布緯度明顯更高,毛指蟹就要更加偏南一點(diǎn);如果說偽神蟹就是南美的溪蟹,毛指蟹就是南美的束腰蟹。由于早期查找中文維基百科,翻譯有毛指蟹毛肢蟹毛子蟹好幾種不一而足,后來我查了拉丁文詞典,搜了谷歌,“dactyl-”的意思是手指,實(shí)際指毛指蟹科種類步足指節(jié)長毛,而不是G1長毛或者和毛子國有關(guān)。由于分布及其廣泛,這個(gè)屬的外形也要比偽神蟹更多樣一點(diǎn)。

毛指蟹科的分布。圖源:Neil Cumberlidge
,Fernando Alvarez
?& Jose-Luis Villalobos (2014)Results of the global conservation assessment of the
freshwater crabs (Brachyura, Pseudothelphusidae and
Trichodactylidae): The Neotropical region, with an
update on diversity.ZooKeys 457: 133–157

毛指蟹大部分種類都酷似束腰蟹,就是怎么看都有點(diǎn)怪怪的:他們的頭胸甲自眼后就特別窄(別的蟹一般甲寬大于加長,他們長寬差不多相等,似乎可能長略大于寬)以至于前側(cè)緣齒變成了側(cè)緣齒,看起來像一個(gè)不會(huì)畫畫的人隨手畫了一個(gè)螃蟹就活了過來一樣。

細(xì)點(diǎn)雨林蟹Sylviocarcinus pictus (H.Milne-Edwards,1853)♂ 圖源:http://www.planetainvertebrados.com.br/index.asp?pagina=especies_ver&id_categoria=25&id_subcategoria=23&com=1&id=160&local=2 注意步足的毛!

細(xì)點(diǎn)雨林蟹Sylviocarcinus pictus (H.Milne-Edwards,1853)♀ 圖源同上

細(xì)點(diǎn)雨林蟹還有阿巴瑟的活體視頻,這種生活在亞馬孫雨林邊緣,亞馬孫河里估計(jì)不少。

這里提一下這個(gè)毛指蟹的毛指特殊性:各位看過梭子蟹科或者翅果梭子蟹吧,梭子蟹科的各對(duì)步足都長毛,所以最初毛指蟹被分配到了梭子蟹總科,但是后來做分子就完全的把它和梭子蟹分離開來。反倒是和一直孤家寡人的中華虎頭蟹Orithyia?sinica?(Linnaeus, 1771)一起相互找到了失散多年的親人:鬼曉得毛指蟹唯一一個(gè)還活著的親戚在大洋彼岸的中國東部沿?!ぁぁざ@個(gè)洋親戚的處境·····這樣吧,或者這樣。還有這樣??粗秃芙拥貧猓芙又袊L(fēng)23333。不過根據(jù)http://lib.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=47560435所分析,虎頭蟹和梭子蟹也并不是很遠(yuǎn),不過毛指蟹和虎頭蟹更接近。

三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876)圖源:https://image.baidu.com/search/redirect?tn=redirect&word=j&juid=72CA60&sign=ckwewcizok&url=http%3A%2F%2F90sheji.com%2Fsucai%2F17679366.html&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Ftimgsa.baidu.com%2Ftimg%3Fimage%26quality%3D80%26size%3Db9999_10000%26sec%3D1582824770864%26di%3Ddf7c933770730940fff914bdd9ecc7ab%26imgtype%3D0%26src%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fku.90sjimg.com%252Felement_origin_min_pic%252F16%252F12%252F22%252Fcd5466a87e0af8035880f6e054d9d142.jpg 步足指節(jié)有毛
中華虎頭蟹Orithyia sinica (Linnaeus, 1771);注意步足指節(jié)。圖源:http://roll.sohu.com/20140415/n398230926.shtml
依次從左到右:鋸齒毛指蟹,舊約毛指蟹,河流毛指蟹;圖源:http://www.planetainvertebrados.com.br/index.asp?pagina=especies_ver&id_categoria=25&id_subcategoria=23&com=1&id=86&local=2
舊約毛指蟹 Trichodactylus petropolitanus ( Goeldi, 1886)圖源同上
舊約毛指蟹 Trichodactylus petropolitanus ( Goeldi, 1886)圖源:https://guaranature.blogspot.com/2013/01/trichodactylus-petropolitanus-ou.html
河流毛指蟹Trichodactylus fluviatilis
Latreille, 1828圖源:https://m.facebook.com/sosmorrodausipa/photos/trichodactylus-fluviatilis-mais-uma-esp%C3%A9cie-amea%C3%A7ada-na-mata-do-morro-da-usipa-d/740064716111154/
河流毛指蟹Trichodactylus fluviatilis
Latreille, 1828圖源:http://www.planetainvertebrados.com.br/index.asp?pagina=especies_ver&id_categoria=25&id_subcategoria=23&com=1&id=174&local=2

這個(gè)肯定不是河流毛指蟹,甚至都不是毛指蟹屬的

毛指蟹的G1看起來就不那么文雅了

河流毛指蟹Trichodactylus fluviatilis
Latreille, 1828的G1;圖源:https://docplayer.com.br/49170027-Trichodactylus-fluviatilis-latreille-1828-brachyura.html
齒緣泡泡蟹*Poppiana dentata (Randall, 1918)圖源:http://www.planetainvertebrados.com.br/index.asp?pagina=especies_ver&id_categoria=25&id_subcategoria=23&com=1&id=291&local=2

(*擬譯,為Bottiella 分開,屬名也應(yīng)該是人姓氏,一來呼應(yīng)屬名三個(gè)P,而來這個(gè)屬身形腫脹,泡泡形容外形)

齒緣泡泡蟹*Poppiana dentata (Randall, 1918)圖源同上
齒緣泡泡蟹*Poppiana dentata (Randall, 1918)圖源同上;幼年期真的太可愛了
帕氏迪洛蟹*Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861圖源;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/FIGURA-1-Dilocarcinus-pagei-Individuo-adulto-obtido-durante-coleta-com-redes-no_fig1_314353937

(*音譯,因?yàn)閐ilo-我只查到昆蟲和弱小兩個(gè)意思,還是沒有找到原文,另外Stimpson的時(shí)代,想找到詞源學(xué)基本等于白日做夢(mèng))

帕氏迪洛蟹的幼體,圖源:http://www.planetainvertebrados.com.br/index.asp?pagina=especies_ver&id_categoria=25&id_subcategoria=23&com=1&id=125&local=2
帕氏迪洛蟹,這配色,你就是南美的朱紅海南溪蟹?圖源:https://www.aquaonline.com.br/invertebrados/doce/caranguejos/2373-dilocarcinus-pagei
還是帕氏迪洛蟹。圖源:https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/male-red-freshwater-crab-dilocarcinus-pagei-1382827559
九齒迪洛蟹Dilopcarcinus septemdentatus (Herbst,1783)圖源C. Magalh?es,M. Türkay(2008)Taxonomy of the neotropical freshwater crab family Trichodactylidae IV. The Genera Dilocarcinus and Poppiana (Crustacea: Decapoda: Trichodactylidae)? Senckenbergiana Biologica88(2)185-215

截形迪洛蟹Dilocarcinus truncatus Rodríguez 1992圖源同上
阿根廷泡泡蟹Poppiana argentiniana (Rathbun 1905)圖源同上
?阿根廷泡泡蟹Poppiana argentiniana (Rathbun 1905)圖源同上
球莖泡泡蟹Poppiana bulbifer (Rodriguez 1992)圖源同上
Figure 2 Habitus, dorsal (left side) and ventral views (right side) of A, Goyazana castelnaui; B, Sylviocarcinus pictus; C, Dilocarcinus septemdentatus; D, Valdivia serrata. Scale: 2 cm.這次懶得翻譯了 圖源:http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-64972018000100808&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
?德氏雨林蟹Sylviocarcinus devillei H. Milne Edwards,
1853♂ 圖源:Célio Magalh?es, Rafael Robles, Edvanda A. Souza-Carvalho, Fabrício L. Carvalho,
José Celso de Oliveira Malta &?Fernando L. Mantelatto(2018)Annotated checklist of parasitic and decapod?crustaceans?from the middle
and lower Xingu (Amazon Basin) above and below the Belo Monte dam
complex, Pará State, Brazil.Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 166: 1-34
德氏雨林蟹♀,圖源同上

既然分布這么廣,那也進(jìn)個(gè)洞意思意思咯。

阿丹洛氏毛指蟹Rodriguezia adani
Alvarez & Villalobos, 2018圖源:https://zenodo.org/record/1168166

那么,新大陸雙雄已經(jīng)介紹完畢~請(qǐng)期待下一期的番外版哦~

世界淡水蟹的科級(jí)簡介 · 下 · 彼岸雙生的評(píng)論 (共 條)

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