UNIT12 Post-WWII American Foreign Policy第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后的美國外交政策

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冷戰(zhàn)的開端

美國歷史學(xué)家阿瑟·施萊辛格在《美國歷史的周期》一書中寫道，美國的外交政策一直在孤立主義和國際主義(干涉主義)之間搖擺。

The Beginning of the Cold War

American historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr.' writes in the "Cycles of American History" that American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism and internationalism (interventionism). 這可以用來描述二戰(zhàn)前的美國外交政策。 ?This can be used to describe American foreign policy up to the Second World War. 然而，到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，美國不僅毫發(fā)無損，而且成為世界上最強大的國家。 ?By the end of the war, however, the United States not only emerged unscathed but also became the strongest country in the world.? 作為唯一擁有原子彈的國家，擁有世界上70%以上的黃金儲備和世界上50%以上的工業(yè)產(chǎn)能，美國的規(guī)劃者們正在設(shè)想一個美國治下的和平。 ?As the sole possessor of atomic bombs, with over 70 % of the gold reserve of the world in its coffers and over 50% of industrial production of the world in its hands, the planners of the United States were visualizing a Pax Americana. 他們想要一個由美國主導(dǎo)的世界秩序，一個對美國商品和服務(wù)自由開放的世界市場，越來越多的國家效仿美國的制度和價值觀。 ?They wanted a world order dominated by the United States, a world market which was free and open to American goods and services, and more and more countries modeling on American institutions and values. 在追求這一目標的過程中，美國遇到了來自蘇聯(lián)的頑強而堅決的抵抗。 ?In pursuing this goal, the United States encountered stiff and determined resistance from the Soviet Union. 蘇聯(lián)在戰(zhàn)爭中損失慘重。 ?The Soviet Union suffered great losses in the war. 超過2700萬人在戰(zhàn)爭中喪生，31000多家工廠被毀。 ?Over 27 million people were killed in the war and over 31 000 factories were destroyed. 以這樣的代價，它想保留它在戰(zhàn)爭中得到的東西——蘇聯(lián)、美國、英國在雅爾塔達成的勢力范圍。 ?At suchd cost, it wanted to keep what it had got in the war- a sphere of influence agreed on by the United States and Britain at Yalta.蘇聯(lián)不允許任何國家將其影響力投射到其控制的地區(qū)。 ?The Soviet Union would not allow any country to project its influence into the area under its control. 漸漸地，美國和蘇聯(lián)這兩個戰(zhàn)時盟友分崩離析，冷戰(zhàn)開始在歐洲展開。 ?Gradually, the United States and the Soviet Union, the two wartime allies, fell apart and the Cold War began to unfold in Europe.雙方都開始把國家團結(jié)在自己周圍。 ?Both sides began to rally countries around them. 1949年成立的北大西洋公約組織(NATO)和1955年成立的華沙條約組織(Warsaw Pact)將世界分裂為兩個軍事集團，中間有大量不結(jié)盟國家。 ?The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of non-aligned countries in between. 軍備競賽開始了。 ?The Arms race began.軍備競賽為了打破美國對原子武器的壟斷，蘇聯(lián)長期致力于制造原子彈。 ?The Arms RaceIn order to break the monopoly of atomic weapons by the United States, the Soviet Union had long been working on the building of the bomb. 1949年，蘇聯(lián) ?In 1949, the Soviet

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引爆了第一枚原子彈。 Union detonated its first atomic device. 這促使美國繼續(xù)制造更多的核武器。 ?This spurred the United States on to build more nuclear weapons. 美國在1952年進行了第一次氫彈試驗，蘇聯(lián)在1953年緊隨其后。 ?The United States had its first test of the hydrogen bomb in 1952, and the Soviet Union followed in 1953. 1957年，蘇聯(lián)發(fā)射了兩顆人造衛(wèi)星。 ?In 1957, the Soviet Union launched two Sputniks?表明他們擁有將炸彈運往美國的運載工具。 ?into orbit showing they had the vehicle to carry the bombs to the United States. 這引起了美國方面的恐懼和焦慮。 ?This caused fear and anxiety on the part of the United States. 美國在艾森豪威爾政府和肯尼迪政府時期加強了核武器及其運載工具的研究和生產(chǎn)。 ?The United States under the Eisenhower Administration and the Kennedy Administration stepped up research and production of nuclear weapons and the carrying vehicles. 到20世紀80年代，兩國擁有超過5萬枚核武器，可以殺死世界上所有人很多次。 ?By the 1980s, the two countries had more than 50 000 nuclear weapons that could kill all the people in the world many times. 美國在20世紀50年代認為自己在核軍備競賽中占了上風(fēng)時，采取了“大規(guī)模報復(fù)戰(zhàn)略”。 ?The United States adopted the strategy of massive retaliation in the 1950s when it felt that it had the upper hand in the nuclear arms race. 后來，當蘇聯(lián)加強了核軍備競賽，并在核力量上與美國平起平坐時，美國的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)向了恐怖平衡——確保相互毀滅。 ?Later, when the Soviet Union stepped up its race in nuclear armaments and achieved parity with the United States in nuclear force, the American strategy shifted to the balance of terror — mutual assured destruction. 1982年羅納德?里根(Ronald Reagan)當選總統(tǒng)時，他想扭轉(zhuǎn)這種局面。 ?When Ronald Reagan became president in 1982, he wanted to reverse the situation. 他發(fā)起了《星球大戰(zhàn)》項目?！??He initiated the Star Wars project". 他計劃把蘇聯(lián)拖入另一輪軍備競賽，他確信這場競賽將以蘇聯(lián)的破產(chǎn)告終。（這是美國人事后諸葛亮的說法）??He planned to drag the Soviet Union into another round of the arms race, which he was sure would end in bankruptcy for the Soviet Union.除軍備競賽外，美國在20世紀40年代末還實施了遏制政策。 ?The Containment PolicyIn addition to the arms race, the United States put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. 1948年杜魯門總統(tǒng)提出了杜魯門主義，一般認為這是正式宣布實施遏制政策 ?In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal announcement of the implementation of containment.?美國所說的遏制意味著，它將使用包括軍事力量在內(nèi)的一切手段，阻止蘇聯(lián)擴張其勢力范圍。 ?By containment the United States meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. 在此基礎(chǔ)上，美國試圖將蘇聯(lián)勢力范圍縮小，直到蘇聯(lián)政治制度發(fā)生變化或崩潰。（再次事后諸葛亮，美國人的蜜汁自信）??On the basis of that, the United States would try to push back Soviet spheres until the Soviet political system changed or collapsed. 1949年國家安全委員會第68號文件明確說明了這一戰(zhàn)略。 ?This strategy is clearly stated in National Security Council Document 68 of 1949. 在20世紀50年代和60年代，美國在亞洲打了兩場戰(zhàn)爭:朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭和越南戰(zhàn)爭。 ?During 1950s and 1960s, the United States fought two wars in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 在這兩場戰(zhàn)爭中，美國各損失5萬人。 ?The United States lost 50 000 men in each of the two wars. 越南戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了20多年，極大地削弱了美國。 ?The Vietnam War, which lasted for more than 20 years, greatly weakened the United States. 蘇聯(lián)利用美國在越南戰(zhàn)爭中陷入困境的機會，走上了世界擴張的道路，這使美國非常擔心。美國作出了必要的調(diào)整，采取了戰(zhàn)略收縮的策略。 ?The Soviet Union, taking advantage of the United States being bogged down in the Vietnam War, embarked on a path of world expansion, which greatly worried the United States.15The United States made necessary adjustments and adopted a strategy of

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contraction. 尼克松主義明確表示，美國不再計劃在亞洲打地面戰(zhàn)，但將向該地區(qū)的盟友提供核保護，并向反對國內(nèi)共產(chǎn)主義的國家提供軍事和經(jīng)濟支持，但這些國家必須自己作戰(zhàn)。 ?The Nixon Doctrine made it clear that the United States no longer planned to fight a ground war in Asia, but would provide nuclear protection to its allies in the region and give military and economic support to countries fighting against domestic communism, but these countries had to do the fighting themselves. 尼克松還曾在1972年訪問XX，以改善與XX的關(guān)系，并利用XX牌與蘇聯(lián)打交道。 ?Nixon also made a trip to China in 1972 to improve relations with China and to use the China card to deal with the Soviet Union. 利用蘇聯(lián)的焦慮，美國隨后于1972年與蘇聯(lián)談判了《限制戰(zhàn)略武器談判協(xié)議》(SALT I)。 ?Exploiting Soviet anxiety, the United States then negotiated Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreements (SALT I) with the Soviet Union in 1972. 在越南，尼克松政府于1973年與北越達成停火協(xié)議，很快美國軍隊就完全撤出了越南。 ?In Vietnam the Nixon Administration negotiated a ceasefire agreement with North Vietnam in 1973 and soon American troops pulled out from Vietnam completely.在歐洲，以美國為首的北約和以蘇聯(lián)為首的華約分別于1958年和1961年在柏林發(fā)生了對峙。 ?In Europe, the confrontations between NATO led by the United States and the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union took place in Berlin in 1958 and 1961. 1961年柏林危機導(dǎo)致大量民眾逃離東柏林和東德。 ?The crisis over Berlin in 1961 led to a large number of people fleeing East Berlin and East Germany. 為了防止技術(shù)人員和專業(yè)人員從東德流向西部，東德政府于1961年8月13日開始建造一堵混凝土墻，將東西柏林分開。 ?In order to prevent the flow of technicians and professionals from the Eastern bloc to the west, the East German government began on August 13, 1961 to build a concrete wall, separating East and West Berlin. 這堵墻（柏林墻）成了冷戰(zhàn)的象征。有一次危機，美國和蘇聯(lián)處于核戰(zhàn)爭的邊緣。 ?This wall became the symbol of the Cold War.?On one occasion during the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war. 這就是1962年的古巴導(dǎo)彈危機。 ?This occasion was the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. 1959年，菲德爾·卡斯特羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的古巴革命者成功推翻了巴蒂斯塔政權(quán)，并上臺執(zhí)政。 ?In 1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro had succeeded in overthrowing the Batista regime and came to power.美國一直把拉美視為自己的后院，不允許其他大國在該地區(qū)擁有影響力，所以美國想要終結(jié)這個革命政府。 ?The United States had all along been regarding Latin America as its backyard and would not allow other powers to have influence in this region, so it wanted to put an end to this revolutionary government. 艾森豪威爾政府批準了中央情報局的一項計劃，訓(xùn)練古巴的流亡分子與古巴革命軍作戰(zhàn)。 ?The Eisenhower Administration approved a CIA plan to train Cuban émigrés and use them to fight against the Cuban revolutionary forces. 許多流亡分子都是巴蒂斯塔政權(quán)的支持者。 ?Many of the émigrés were supporters of the Batista regime. 當肯尼迪上任時，他發(fā)出了行動的命令。 ?When Kennedy came into office, he gave the go?ahead signal. 中情局訓(xùn)練的這些人在古巴的登陸遭遇了恥辱性的失敗——他們不是戰(zhàn)死就是被俘。 ?The landing of the CIA-trained émigrés on Cuba suffered a humiliating defeat-all of them were either killed in battle or captured. 這就是著名的豬灣事件。?This became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. 蘇聯(lián)利用這種情況擴大其在該地區(qū)的影響力，在未被美國發(fā)現(xiàn)的情況下向古巴輸入了中程導(dǎo)彈。 ?The Soviet Union, taking advantage of the situation to expand its influence in the region, introduced medium range and intermediate range missiles into Cuba without being detected by the United States. 直到1962年10月U-2偵察機帶回的照片顯示發(fā)射臺已接近完工，美國才意識到古巴存在導(dǎo)彈。 ?The United States was not aware of the existence of missiles in Cuba until the U-2 spy plane brought back photos in October, 1962, showing that the launching pads were near completion. 經(jīng)過多次討論和考慮，肯尼迪總統(tǒng)決定封鎖古巴??After much discussion and deliberation, President Kennedy decided to place a blockade

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以防止武器進一步運進古巴，并要求完全撤走古巴境內(nèi)的導(dǎo)彈。 around Cuba to prevent further shipment of weapons into Cuba, and demanded the total removal of missiles in place in Cuba. 最后，蘇聯(lián)做出了讓步，從古巴撤出了導(dǎo)彈。 ?In the end, the Soviet Union backed down and withdrew the missiles from Cuba. 肯尼迪政府的國務(wù)卿迪安·魯斯克生動地描述了當時的情況:“我們面對面，對方只是眨了眨眼睛?！??Dean Rusk, Secretary of State of the Kennedy Administration, vividly described the situation in this way, "We were eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked."?在亞洲，遏制政策是針對中華人民共和國的。?In Asia, the containment policy was directed against the People's Republic of China. 美國國務(wù)院1949年發(fā)表的《XX白皮書》顯示出美國對即將成立的新共和國的敵意。 ?The White Paper on China issued by the State Department in 1949 showed American hostility towards the new republic that was going to be established. 美國的估計是，XX共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的新政府將是一個過渡階段，美國不應(yīng)該承認這個政府，也不應(yīng)該做任何幫助這個政府生存下去的事情 ?The American estimate was that the new government led by the Chinese Communists would be a passing phase, and that the United States should not recognize this government and should not do anything that would help this government survive.?朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭使美國和XX在戰(zhàn)場上面對面，雙方都遭受了巨大損失。The?Korean War brought the United States and China face to face on the battlefield, and both sides suffered great losses. 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭使兩國之間的敵意固化，并將冷戰(zhàn)擴大到亞洲。 ?Fighting in Korea institutionalized hostility between the two countries and extended the Cold War to Asia. 直到1972年尼克松總統(tǒng)訪華，兩國冰凍的關(guān)系才解凍。1979年，美中外交關(guān)系正?；??The frozen relationship did not thaw until President Nixon visited China in 1972.24 The United States and China normalized diplomatic relations in 1979. 兩國走到一起的戰(zhàn)略基礎(chǔ)是反對蘇聯(lián)擴張主義。?The strategic basis for the two countries to come together was the struggle against Soviet expansionism. 這一戰(zhàn)略基礎(chǔ)一直持續(xù)到1980年代末和1990年代初。 This strategic basis lasted until the late 1980s and early 1990s.??20世紀80年代末和90年代初，世界經(jīng)歷了自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來最顯著的變化。 ?Engagement and ExpansionIn the late 1980s and the early 1990s the world witnessed the most remarkable changes since the end of the Second World War. 1989年柏林墻的倒塌、東歐國家政府的更迭以及1991年底蘇聯(lián)的解體從根本上改變了世界力量的平衡 ?The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the change of governments of the Eastern European countries and the disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 radically changed the balance of power in the world.?美國在國際舞臺上的主要對手被除掉，在沙漠風(fēng)暴(1991年針對伊拉克薩達姆·侯賽因的第一次海灣戰(zhàn)爭)中的勝利，使美國成為世界上唯一的超級大國。 ?The removal of its chief rival on the international arena, the triumph in the Desert Storm (the first Gulf War against Saddam Hussein of Iraq in 1991) made the United States the only superpower of the world. 美國的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃者們再次提出了“美國治下的和平”的概念。 ?American strategic planners again brought up the idea of a Pax Americana. 這一次，成功的可能性似乎更高了。 ?This time it seemed that the possibility of success was higher. 在克林頓政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，一百多個月的經(jīng)濟繁榮為美國追求霸權(quán)提供了堅實的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ) ?The more than one hundred months of economic boom under the Clinton Administration gave the American drive for supremacy a strong economic basis.?經(jīng)過幾次調(diào)整，美國全球戰(zhàn)略的目標變得清晰起來:為了保持美國在世界上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，美國不會允許 ?After several adjustments, the goal of the United States global strategy became clear: In order to maintain American leadership in the world, the United States would not allow

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任何世界大國或地區(qū)大國出現(xiàn)挑戰(zhàn)美國的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位以及在對美國國家利益至關(guān)重要的地區(qū)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。（霸道、霸權(quán)）?any world power or regional power to emerge to challenge American global leadership or leadership in regions vital to American national interests. 克林頓政府將國家安全、經(jīng)濟繁榮和促進民主作為美國外交政策的三大支柱。 ?The Clinton Administration made national security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy the three pillars of American foreign policy. 它的國際戰(zhàn)略是接觸和擴張，這意味著美國將更加積極地參與世界事務(wù)，更加積極地推動世界市場經(jīng)濟和美國式民主。 ?Its international strategy was engagement and expansion, which meant the United States would take a more active part in world affairs and would more actively promote the market economy and American-style democracy in the world. ?1999年對前南斯拉夫進行了長達44天的猛烈轟炸，這是對911事件后美國外交政策新戰(zhàn)略的一個考驗。2001年喬治·w·布什當選總統(tǒng)后，他和他的高級顧問們推行了一項戰(zhàn)略，該戰(zhàn)略大大改變了美國多年來奉行的一些外交政策原則。 ?The 44-day heavy bombing of the former Yugoslavia in 1999 was a test case for the new strategy 28American Foreign Policy after September 11When George W. Bush became President in 2001, he and his top advisers pursued a strategy that significantly changed some of the principles that had been practiced in American foreign policy for years. 這一戰(zhàn)略有兩個突出的因素:單邊主義和對軍事力量的信心。 ?This strategy had two prominent elements: unilateralism and faith in military strength. 他們希望從美國國家利益的角度審視政策和國際協(xié)議。 ?They wanted to review policies and international agreements from the point of view of American national interests. 如果他們認為任何國際協(xié)議不符合美國的國家利益，他們會毫不猶豫地放棄它。 ?If they thought any international agreement was not in line with American national interests, they would not hesitate to discard it. 因此，他們廢除了1972年與前蘇聯(lián)簽署的《京都議定書》和《反彈道導(dǎo)彈條約》。?這種單方面行為引起了世界各國的強烈批評。 ?Therefore, they scrapped the Kyoto Protocol and the Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty signed in 1972 with the former Soviet Union.29Such unilateral actions drew strong criticism from countries all over the world. 就在美國即將成為世界上孤獨的超級大國時，9·11恐怖襲擊發(fā)生了。 ?Just when the United States was on the point of becoming a lonely superpower in the world, the Sept. 11 terrorist attack took place. 2001年9月11日，恐怖分子劫持了四架美國客機，兩架撞向世貿(mào)大廈，一架撞向五角大樓，第四架撞向賓夕法尼亞州的田野，這都是乘客們勇敢反抗的結(jié)果。 ?On Sept. 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked four American passenger planes, two smashing into the World Trade Towers, one into the Pentagon, and the fourth one smashing into the fields in Pennsylvania as a result of the courageous struggle put up by the passengers. 3000名無辜的人在恐怖襲擊中喪生。 ?Three thousand innocent lives were lost in the terrorist attacks. 全世界都感到震驚，譴責(zé)這種濫殺無辜的行為。 ?The whole world was shocked, condemning such indiscriminate killing of innocent people. 反恐怖主義已成為世界上大多數(shù)國家的優(yōu)先議程。 ?Anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world. 恐怖主義是國際現(xiàn)象，反恐需要國際社會共同努力。 ?Since terrorism is an international phenomenon, antiterrorism requires the concerted efforts of the international community. 美國相應(yīng)地調(diào)整了政策，努力組建反恐聯(lián)盟。 ?The United States adjusted its policy accordingly and worked to form an anti-terrorism coalition. 人們一度期待布什政府放棄單邊主義。 ?For a time, people expected that the Bush Administration would drop its unilateralism. 布什政府很快就把矛頭指向了以本拉登為首的基地組織 ?The Bush Administration soon focused on al-Qaeda led by Bin Laden as the culprit of

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他們發(fā)現(xiàn)基地組織的成員得到了阿富汗塔利班的支持。 the terrorist attacks, and they found that the operatives of al-Qaeda were supported by the Taliban in Afghanistan. 美國向塔利班發(fā)出最后通牒，要求他們交出本·拉登和他的主要同伙，并允許美國軍隊進入摧毀所有的訓(xùn)練營。 ?The United States sent an ultimatum to the Taliban, demanding that they hand over Bin Laden and his key associates and allow the American forces in to destroy all the training camps. 塔利班拒絕了最后通牒。 ?The Taliban turned down the ultimatum. 于是在2001年10月，美國對阿富汗發(fā)動了全面進攻，并在兩個月內(nèi)取得了決定性的勝利。（美國人又可愛了，結(jié)果：阿富汗成為了又一個越南，美國倉皇撤出，顏面盡失）??So in October 2001, the United States launched an all round attack on Afghanistan and won a decisive victory in two months. ??The quick and relatively easy victory greatly boosted American arrogance, In the State of the Union message of 2002, President Bush surprised the world by naming Iraq, Iran and North Korea as the Axis of Evil. 美國的單邊主義再次顯現(xiàn)。 ?American unilateralism again became evident. 在對西點軍校畢業(yè)生的演講中，布什總統(tǒng)第一次提出了先發(fā)制人的戰(zhàn)略 ?In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption.?2002年9月發(fā)布的《國家安全戰(zhàn)略》正式規(guī)定了先發(fā)制人。 ?Preemption was formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in September 2002. 所謂先發(fā)制人，美國的意思是，當它確定一個對美國具有敵意的專制國家已經(jīng)獲得或生產(chǎn)了大規(guī)模殺傷性武器，或者有可能擁有這種武器時，美國應(yīng)該使用武力消除對美國安全的威脅，而不應(yīng)該等到危險迫在眉睫或美國受到攻擊時才采取行動 ?By preemption, the United States meant that when it determined that a country which was repressive and hostile to the United States had acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or had the potential to possess such weapons, the United States should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger became imminent or until the United States was attacked.??這就是眾所周知的布什主義。 ?This has come to be known as the Bush Doctrine.?雖然這一原則被批評為不符合國際法和聯(lián)合國憲章，但布什政府堅持這一原則，并在第二次海灣戰(zhàn)爭中進行了考驗。 ?Although this doctrine was criticized for not being in accord with international law and the UN Charter, the Bush Administration adhered to the doctrine, putting it to test in The Gulf War II. 2003年3月20日，美國未經(jīng)聯(lián)合國授權(quán)對伊拉克發(fā)動大規(guī)模空襲。 ?On March 20, 2003, the United States launched large-scale air attacks on Iraq without United Nation authorization. 在猛烈轟炸之后，美國和英國地面部隊進駐。 ?After heavy bombing, American and British ground forces moved in. 布什總統(tǒng)宣稱，這場戰(zhàn)爭是為了解除伊拉克的武裝，結(jié)束薩達姆政權(quán)，建立一個新的民主政府。 ?President Bush asserted that the war was to disarm Iraq, to end the Saddam regime and to put in a new and democratic government.根據(jù)一些分析，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭只是一場更廣泛、更長期的戰(zhàn)爭中的一場戰(zhàn)斗，目的是改變敘利亞、伊朗和沙特阿拉伯政府的性質(zhì)。換句話說，布什政府想按照自己的計劃和形象重塑中東。 ?d According to some analysis, the War on Iraq was only a battle in a wider and longer war to change the nature of the governments in Syria, Iran and Saudi Arabia.35 In other words, the Bush Administration wanted to remake the Middle East according to its plan and in its image. 美國在推翻薩達姆政權(quán)的過程中取得了迅速的勝利，但卻陷入了與伊拉克武裝派別的長期戰(zhàn)爭中。 ?America won a quick victory in toppling Saddam Hussein in Iraq, but got bogged down in a protracted war with the Iraqi armed factions. 如果伊拉克人民歡迎，或者至少對美軍的到來保持中立（就好了），（但）伊拉克人很快就轉(zhuǎn)而反對占領(lǐng)軍。 ?If the Iraqi people had welcomed, or at least had been neutral towards the arrival of American forces, they soon turned against the occupation forces. 美國政府提出的發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭的理由- -擁有大規(guī)模毀滅性武器和與薩達姆政權(quán)與基地組織有聯(lián)系- -證明是沒有根據(jù)的。 ?The reasons put forward by the American Government for the warthe possession of weapons of mass destruction and the link with al-Qaeda of the Saddam regime- proved to be unfounded. 布什政府的信譽和美國的形象受到嚴重損害。 ?The credibility of the Bush Administration and the image of the United States were severely harmed. ?

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反美主義變得普遍起來。 ?Anti?Americanism became widespread. 2008年12月布什卸任時，他的支持率為24%。 ?When Bush was to leave office in December 2008, his approval rating stood at 24%.在布什政府執(zhí)政的8年里，美國有10萬多名軍人在這兩個國家作戰(zhàn)，造成7千多人死亡，耗資數(shù)萬億美元。（軍工集團和美軍勢力賺的盆滿缽滿）??Throughout the eight years of the Bush administration, the United States had more than 100 000 troops fighting in the two countries with a death toll of more than 7 000 and a cost of trillions of dollars. 2007年，一場金融危機首先在美國爆發(fā)，然后蔓延到全世界。 ?In 2007, a financial crisis broke out first in the United States and then spread to the whole world. 這是自1929年大蕭條以來最嚴重的金融危機。 ?It was the greatest financial crisis since thed Great Depression of 1929. 到2008年，美國人民已經(jīng)受夠了戰(zhàn)爭和大蕭條。 ?The American people, by 2008, had enough of the wars and the depression. 他們要求改變。 ?They demanded a change.2008年大選與緊縮在兩場戰(zhàn)爭和經(jīng)濟衰退的背景下，巴拉克·奧巴馬以“變革，我們可以”的口號當選美國第44任總統(tǒng)。 ?The Election of 2008 and the Retrenchmen?tAgainst the background of two wars and an economic recession, with the slogand of "Change, We Can", Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States. 他采取了全球緊縮和地區(qū)擴張的大戰(zhàn)略。 ?He adopted a grand strategy of global retrenchment and regional expansion. 他開始結(jié)束這兩場戰(zhàn)爭，首先從伊拉克撤軍，這一行動于2011年基本完成。 ?He started to end the two wars by first withdrawing troops from Iraq, which was basically completed in 2011. 在阿富汗，他首先向那里派遣了更多的軍隊，希望在戰(zhàn)場上占據(jù)上風(fēng)，然后從該國撤軍。 ?In Afghanistan, he first dispatched more troops there hoping to get the upper hand on the battlefield, and then taking out troops from the country. 他承諾在離開白宮前完成這項任務(wù)，但美國軍隊仍在那里作戰(zhàn)，盡管人數(shù)少了得多（共和黨和軍工集團不想丟掉這個撈錢的好地方?。??He promised to fulfill the task before he left the White House but American troops are still fighting there, although in much smaller numbers.?與此同時，奧巴馬將美國的注意力轉(zhuǎn)向亞太地區(qū)，這一戰(zhàn)略最初被稱為“重返亞洲”，后來被重新定義為“再平衡”。 ?At the same time, Obama redirected US attention to the Asia-Pacific region, which was first called Pivot to Asia, then redefined as rebalancing. 美國采取軍事、政治和經(jīng)濟措施，擴大和加強其在亞太地區(qū)的影響力，以對抗美國人所謂的XX在該地區(qū)的影響力擴張。 ?The United States took military, political and economic measures to expand and strengthen its influence in the Asia-Pacific region to counter what the Americans called China's expansion of influence there. 美國宣布將把其60%的海軍力量部署到該地區(qū)，并將在那里部署最先進的飛機。 ?America declared that it would move 60% of its naval force to this region and would station the most advanced aircraft there. 美國努力在該地區(qū)建立一個聯(lián)盟伙伴關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并努力將其愿景強加于人。 ?The United States worked hard to knit an alliance-partnership network in the region and made a great effort to impose its vision. 美國違背了自己的承諾，公然干預(yù)XX南海，支持小國（菲律賓等）挑戰(zhàn)XX。 ?The United States broke its promise and intervened blatantly in the South China Sea and backed the claimants to challenge China.在歐洲，美國通過顏色革命縮小了俄羅斯的生存空間。 ?In Europe, the United States engaged in narrowing the living space of Russiad through color revolutions. 但事情并沒有像奧巴馬希望的那樣發(fā)展。 ?But things did not move as Obama wished. 當親俄政府被美國支持的示威活動推翻時，俄羅斯采取了吞并克里米亞的行動，并支持烏克蘭部分地區(qū)的抵抗活動。 ?Russia took action to annex Crimea and supported resistance in part of Ukraine when the proRussian government was toppled by American-supported demonstrations. 美國及其北約盟國對俄羅斯實施了嚴厲制裁 （把俄國GDP打掉了一半）?The United States, together with its NATO allies, imposed strict sanctions against Russia, which

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使美俄關(guān)系降至歷史最低點。 brought US-Russian relations to a historic low.在中東，美國及其北約盟國對利比亞進行了干預(yù)，造成了混亂的局面。 ?In the Middle East, the United States and its NATO allies intervened in Libya and left a chaotic situation there. 他們再次對敘利亞進行干預(yù)，導(dǎo)致有史以來規(guī)模最大的難民潮涌向歐洲。 ?Again they intervened in Syria, which brought about the largest exodus of refugees to Europe. 難民問題已成為所有歐盟國家頭疼的問題，并引發(fā)了國內(nèi)沖突。 ?The refugee problem has become a headache to all the EU countries and causes domestic conflicts. 這些干預(yù)為伊斯蘭國的崛起提供了可能，其影響力一度蔓延到一些阿拉伯國家。 ?The interventions made it possible for the rise of IS, whose influence for a time spread to a number of Arab countries. 今天，你可以看到伊拉克、敘利亞、蘇丹、也門和利比亞的戰(zhàn)斗仍在繼續(xù)，伊斯蘭國的影響正在非洲蔓延。 ?Today you see fighting going on in Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Yemen and Libya, and IS influence is spreading in Africa.這樣的事態(tài)發(fā)展使美國不可能將其注意力和資源完全轉(zhuǎn)移到亞太地區(qū)。 ?Such developments made it impossible for the United States to carry out the shift of its attention and resources completely to the Asia-Pacific region. 一位美國戰(zhàn)略家這樣說:奧巴馬政府犯了一個戰(zhàn)略錯誤，即同時與俄羅斯和XX這兩個大國對抗，并成功地將這兩個大國拉近了距離。 ?One American strategist had this to say: the Obama Administration made a strategic mistake of confronting two powers, Russia and China, at the same time and succeeding in driving the two closer together. 但其他右翼學(xué)者和評論員認為奧巴馬在外交政策上不夠強硬。 ?But other right-wing scholars and commentators thought Obama was not tough enough in foreign policy. 然而，人們對奧巴馬和他的團隊達成伊朗核協(xié)議、對古巴開放以及與XX合作達成環(huán)境保護方面的《巴黎協(xié)定》表示贊賞。 ?However, people give credit to Obama and his team for reaching the Iran nuclear deal, for opening up to Cuba and for working with China to bring about the Paris Agreement in environmental protection. 當奧巴馬離開白宮時，他的支持率在54%到58%之間，這在二戰(zhàn)后的總統(tǒng)中是非常高的。 ?When Obama left the White House, his approval rate was between 54% and 58%, which is very high among post World War Two presidents.美國現(xiàn)在有了一位新總統(tǒng)。 ?The United States now has a new president. 美國第45任總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普將如何執(zhí)行美國的外交政策? ?How will Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States conduct American foreign policy? 存在很大的不確定性。 ?There is great uncertainty. 所有的跡象都表明，美國的傳統(tǒng)做法可能會出現(xiàn)急劇的突破。 ?All signs show there might be a sharp break with America's traditional approach. 只有歷史才能告訴我們將會發(fā)生什么。 ?Only history will tell what will happen.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來的美國外交政策可以分為兩個階段:1945年至1991年的第一階段和1991年以后的第二階段。 ?ConclusionAmerican foreign policy since the Second World War can be divided into two phases: the first between 1945 and 1991 and the second after 1991. 在第一階段，美國外交政策的基本目標是遏制蘇聯(lián)的擴張，并最終促成蘇聯(lián)政治制度的變革。 ?In the first phase, the basic goal of the foreign policy of the United States was to contain Soviet expansion and to finally bring about change in the Soviet political system. 在第二階段，基本目標是盡可能長時間地保持美國在世界上的統(tǒng)治地位，并以美國為模板重塑世界。 ?In the second phase, the basic goal is to maintain American domination in the world as long as possible and to remake the world in America's image. 美國在過去半個多世紀奉行的任何政策，都是基于對世界形勢的分析和對美國核心利益的維護。（扯淡，許多政策出于黨派利益、個人喜好和政治利益，掏空美國的政策太多了）??Whatever policy the United States has pursued in the past half a century and more, it is based on the US analysis of the world situation and on the determination of American core interests.?

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美國人如何看待自己的基本國家利益，應(yīng)該始終是理解美國外交政策的出發(fā)點。

How Americans?view their basic national interests should always be the starting point in understanding American foreign policy.