CHAP?1

1-5 CADDC?

6-10 BEAEC?

11-15 EDBAD

16-20 DEBED

21-25 ABBCC

26-30 EECBC

CHAP 2

34-38 ACACB

39-43?BEDEC

44-48?DCABC

49-53?DCBCA

54-58?DADDA

59-64?ABCAE

55

58

CHAP 3

67-71 BACAD

72-76 BCABC

77-81 DEBEB

82-86?EDBDC

87-91 ABECD

92-96 ABCAD

68

77

84

CHAP 4

100-104 BDABB

105-109 DCEEC

110-114 DEDAB

115-119 ADCAA

120-124 CBECA

125-129 BBBDD

117 frost wedging 冰劈作用

Frost wedging is the?process by which water/ ice weathers and erodes landscapes through repeated freeze and thaw cycles. As water freezes it expands by 9 percent, wedging the rock apart only to melt again during the summer months.

CHAP 5

133-137?BAADD?

138-142?ECEAB?

143-147?CBADD?

148-152?ACECA?

153-157?DACEB?

158-162 DCEBA

CHAP 6

166-170?CCBEA?

171-175 BDEBD?

176-180 DADAA?

181-185 EDCAD?

186-190 BDACC?

191-195 BCCEC?

196-200 BCBAA

CHAP 7

204-208?BDDDC?

209-213 ADCBE?

214-218 ADDBD?

219-223 ACEBD?

224-228 DCCAB?

229-233 CBCBC?

chap 8

237-241?CCBAD

242-246 DECEA

247-251 BDDAE

252-256 BDBAC

257-261 BAEEB

262-266 CCADE

chap?9

270-274 BBDCE

275-279 ACBBA

280-284 BBCED

285-289 AECDA

290-294 CBEDB

295-298?CAAC

CHAP 10

302-306 DCBAC

307-311 DACCA

312-316 DEADC

317-321 EDDEB

322-326 BDDAE

327-331 CACBD

Chap11

335-339 ADCCE

340-344 DBCCB

345-349 ADABA

350-354?ACCDB

355-359 BCACD

360-364 CAACD

365 D

Chap 12

369-373 BBACE

374-378 DCBDD

379-383 DACEC

384-388 DBAAB

389-393 DCBAC

394-398 CDBDB

374

α射線，又稱α粒子流。α粒子是高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的帶正電的氦原子核。由于α粒子是帶正電的重粒子，質(zhì)量大，電荷多，電離本領(lǐng)大，但穿透能力差。在α、β、γ三種射線中，α射線的穿透能力最差，在空氣中的射程只有1～2厘米，通常用一張紙就可以擋住α粒子。但α射線的電離能力卻是三種射線中最大的，穿過(guò)空氣時(shí)可以使空氣變?yōu)閷?dǎo)體。

許多放射性核素能自發(fā)發(fā)射α射線，如鈾、鐳和钚。

由α射線的特征可以知道，防護(hù)來(lái)自外部的α射線是比較容易的，或者說(shuō)，α射線只要不進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，對(duì)人體是不會(huì)有大的影響的。但如果α放射性物質(zhì)經(jīng)吸入、食入或由傷口等途徑進(jìn)入到人體，由于其釋出的具有強(qiáng)的電離能力，會(huì)對(duì)鄰近的組織產(chǎn)生較大照射，對(duì)人α粒子體的影響要大于其他射線。

β射線是高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的電子流，帶負(fù)電荷，質(zhì)量很小，貫穿本領(lǐng)比α粒子強(qiáng)，電離能力比α粒子弱。β射線在空氣中的射程，因其能量不同而有較大差異，一般為幾米。通常用一般的金屬板或有一定厚度的有機(jī)玻璃板就可以較好地阻擋β射線對(duì)人的照射。

許多放射性核素能自發(fā)發(fā)射β射線，如氚、碳-14和鍶-90。

β射線具有一定的穿透本領(lǐng)和電離能力，容易被人體表面組織所吸收，引起組織表層的損傷，由體內(nèi)β放射性物質(zhì)釋出的β射線也可能對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生一定的影響。從保護(hù)人的健康考慮，既要注意防止外部β射線的直接照射，防止高能β粒子可能引起的皮膚燒傷，也要防止吸入被β放射性物質(zhì)污染的空氣或食入污染的食物，并避免皮膚（特別是傷口）被污染。

γ射線是波長(zhǎng)很短的高能電磁波，它不帶電，不具有直接電離的能力，但可以通過(guò)和物質(zhì)的相互作用，間接引起電離效應(yīng)。γ射線具有很強(qiáng)的穿透能力。不同放射性核素發(fā)射的γ射線，能量可以有很大差異，因而γ射線在空氣中的射程也是不同的，通常為幾百米（注意：某一放射源向空氣中發(fā)射γ射線，放射源周?chē)拿姘朔蕉紝⒔邮盏溅蒙渚€。隨著離源距離增大，接收γ射線的球面積迅速增長(zhǎng)，γ射線的強(qiáng)度迅速變小，幾百米后γ射線的強(qiáng)度一般已很?。?。要想有效阻擋γ射線，一般需要采用厚的混凝土墻或重金屬（如鐵、鉛）板塊。

許多放射性核素能自發(fā)發(fā)射γ射線，如在核技術(shù)應(yīng)用中經(jīng)常使用的鈷-60、銥-192等。

γ射線穿透力強(qiáng)，不直接引起電離效應(yīng)，因此，從保護(hù)人體健康考慮，要特別注意防止外部γ射線的照射。

379?

核廢料的特征是：

①放射性: 核廢料的放射性不能用一般的物理、化學(xué)和生物方法消除，只能靠放射性核素自身的衰變而減少。

②射線危害: 核廢料放出的射線通過(guò)物質(zhì)時(shí)，發(fā)生電離和激發(fā)作用，對(duì)生物體會(huì)引起輻射損傷。

③熱能釋放: 核廢料中放射性核素通過(guò)衰變放出能量，當(dāng)放射性核素含量較高時(shí)，釋放的熱能會(huì)導(dǎo)致核廢料的 溫度不斷上升，甚至使溶液自行沸騰，固體自行熔融。

386

輕水反應(yīng)堆是以水和汽水混合物作為冷卻劑和慢化劑的反應(yīng)堆，是和平利用核能的一種方式。

Chap13

402-406 BECAA

407-411 DAECC

412-416 DBDBB

417-421 BBCAA

422-426 EDCBB

427-431 CBBEC

chap 14

435-439?BABCE

440-444?ADCBE

445-449 ECAED

450-454 BCAEB

455-459?BCADE

460-464 DBACE

436

The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibilities for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.?

The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) was designed to ad- dress interstate transport of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. To do so, CAIR required certain states to limit annual emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide

445

In 1991, the U.S. and Canada entered into an agreement to address transboundary air pollution, whereby pollutants released at one location can travel long distances, affecting air quality at their sources, as well as many miles away. The 1991 Agreement led to reductions in acid rain in the 1990s, and was expanded in 2000 to reduce transboundary smog emissions under the Ozone Annex.

CHAP 15

468-472 BACDE

473-477 BCACE

478-482 DBCAB

483-487 DEECD

488-492 CABCD

493-497 EEEAD

482

“Polar amplification”?usually refers to greater climate change near the pole compared to the rest of the hemisphere or globe in response to a change in global climate forcing, such as the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs)

483

為什么鐵比鋁貴？

雖然鋁在地殼中的儲(chǔ)量要比鐵多，但是鋁的生產(chǎn)工藝要比鐵復(fù)雜的多，鋁是比較活潑的金屬元素，冶煉需要通過(guò)電解法，用碳是不能還原出鋁的，但是用碳可以還原出鐵。碳熱還原成本要明顯低于電解，電解極為費(fèi)電，因此在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中所要消耗的成本比鐵高。因此鋁明顯比鐵成本高，所以要貴，所以鋁的價(jià)格要高于鐵。

為什么鋁罐比鐵罐便宜？

市面上王老吉、八寶粥、紅牛等是用的比較硬的鐵罐，是因?yàn)楸话b物是沒(méi)有壓力的，用鋁罐容易變形。鐵罐在業(yè)內(nèi)也叫三片罐，鐵三片罐的生產(chǎn)工藝，較多是先平板印刷，然后裁剪后焊接成圓，先在制罐廠配上頂或底蓋，然后在灌裝后配上對(duì)應(yīng)的底或頂蓋。

鋁罐優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不易破碎、重量輕、不透光。市面上一般的碳酸飲料（可樂(lè)、啤酒等）使用鋁罐是因?yàn)殇X罐不易被酸腐蝕，而且鋁罐易于成型，制造成本相對(duì)低廉。而汽水里面的壓力比常壓大，在壓力的作用下，不用擔(dān)心變形。而且鋁罐能保證汽水中二氧化碳的壓力，讓汽水達(dá)到更好的口感效果。所以需要一個(gè)堅(jiān)固耐用的鋁罐以防止運(yùn)輸存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程中造成的變形。鋁易拉罐使用的不是純鋁，而是鋁合金。國(guó)內(nèi)的工藝，絕大部分都是由鋁卷沖壓后，滾筒印刷，配易拉蓋，業(yè)內(nèi)也叫兩片罐。

雖然鋁的價(jià)格比較高，換成鋁罐節(jié)約成本，一個(gè)是鋁罐輕于鐵罐，所以單個(gè)罐成本反而下降 第二個(gè)是鋁罐是兩片罐，鐵罐是三片罐，工藝上鋁罐也節(jié)省成本。至于賣(mài)廢品時(shí)候鋁罐比鐵罐值錢(qián)，是因?yàn)殇X罐好回收再利用，而鐵罐是鍍錫板，上面有層錫，一般的小工廠還沒(méi)那個(gè)工藝回收利用。

494

test 1

1-5?ADBCA?

6-10?CDEBA?

11-15?BCEAD?

16-20?EDBAC?

21-25?BDACE?

26-30?BEDCA?

31-35?EBDEB?

36-40?DAADB?

41-45?CCAEB?

46-50?CBEAA?

51-55?ABBCD?

56-60?CCADD?

61-65?ECBDE?

66-70?BADAC?

71-75?EADED?

76-80?EBBCC

81-85?BCBEA

86-90?BEABD

91-95?EADDC

96-100?CCDDD

73 subsidence 下沉，下陷

test 2

1-5 DBADC

6-10 DABEC

11-15 CBDEA

16-20 ACBED

21-25 EBCAD

26-30?BCAED

31-35 DADAE

36-40 ADBAB

41-45 BBCCD

46-50 BDEEB

51-55 DCEBC

56-60 BDDDD

61-65 BCBCE

66-70 CBDAA

71-75 DABBA

76-80 CCCEC

81-85 CDCCD

86-90 AABBC

91-95 EADBE

96-100 EDACD

33 ?

This graph illustrates what can happen to supplies of a nonrenewable?resource, such as oil. Curve A shows a resource which is being rapidly?consumed, which is not being recycled, and for which no new reserves are?found. Curve B shows a resource which can be partially recycled, for which?there are more reserves, and which is being conserved. Curve C is seen when?the use of the resource is reduced and there are relatively ample reserves.

47

(A), (C), and (E) all require the use of more mineral (and therefore nonrenewable) resources. (B) consumes mineral resources and is also costly. Sustainability is the ability of people to utilize a resource over the long term (for many generations). This can most economically be achieved by reducing demand and finding ways to reduce waste as much as possible. Replacing incandescent lightbulbs with florescent lightbulbs is one example of a way to decrease waste.

48?

CAFE is a standard enacted by U.S. Congress in 1975 with the objective to improve fuel economy for all?vehicles produced for sale in the U.S. The acronym stands for Corporate Average Fuel Economy, because it applies to automotive corporations marketing cars in the U.S. and the objective was to improve average?fuel economy.

94

Mid-latitude grasslands alternate between times of rapid growth and?drought. Drought and the cold winter temperatures permit only a small?amount of decomposition each year, which leads to the accumulation of?organic matter. In North America, this layer can be more than 30m thick. (A)?describes coniferous forest soils, (C) is arctic tundra, (D) describes desert?soil, and (E) refers to tropical rain forest soil.

99

Gray water is water from sources such as washing machines, showers,?dishwashers—almost any water-using appliances, except toilets. In areas of?limited rainfall, gray water is stored in underground tanks and used as?irrigation water for gardens, lawns, etc. It may constitute 50 percent to 80?percent of domestic wastewater. Generally, it is not used to irrigate crop?plants.

1998 Troubled Waters statement

Explain the ocean problems to the public